Exercise 3. Form the new nouns with the meaning “inflammation”.

Model: appendix – appendicitis

Retina, sinus, esophagus, parodont, meninges, pulp, bronchus, myocardium, gingiva, thyroid, conjunctiva.

 

Exercise 4. Read and translate the following sentences:

Retention – затримка

The retention of urine is one of the clinical manifestations of a kidney disease.

Mortality – смертність

In untreated cases, mortality is high because of the risk of rupture leading to peritonitis.

Tenderness – хворобливість

The patient complained of a moderate tenderness on palpation.

Remove – видаляти

The surgeon removed the tumor which had involved the stomach.

Rupture – розрив

The laboratory analysis failed to reveal rupture of the appendix.

Obstruction – закупорка

The stone in the bile ducts caused the obstruction of bile flow.

Bloating - здуття живота, метеоризм

The patient was admitted to the reception ward with bloating and nausea.

Constipation – закреп

It was very difficult for the physician to make a correct diagnosis as the constipation was from time to time alternating with diarrhea.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the following word-combinations:

A narrow, finger-shaped organ, high rate of mortality, to spill fecal material, obstruction of the appendix, abdominal cavity's lining, a lump of feces, fecal debris, deep breathing in and coughing, constipation, nausea and vomiting, retention of gases, swelling and bloating, the appearance of complications.

 

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

APPENDICITIS

Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, the narrow, finger-shaped organ that branches off the first part of the large intestine on the right side of the abdomen. Appendicitis may be acute or chronic.

Acute appendicitis is the most common reason for abdominal surgery in the world. If it is not treated promptly, the inflamed appendix may burst, spilling fecal material into the abdominal cavity. The usual result is a life-threatening infection of the abdominal cavity's lining (the peritoneum) that is peritonitis - a serious inflammation with rather high rate of mortality unless it is treated quickly with strong antibiotics.

Appendicitis is caused by obstruction of the appendix. The appendix may become obstructed by a lump of feces, calcium salts and fecal debris or tumors, leading to inflammation and infection.

Acute appendicitis is known to begin with vague discomfort or tenderness near the navel (early in an attack) or suddenly with sharp pain which is at first felt in epigastrium but then becomes generalized in the abdomen. The pain becomes worse on movement, deep breathing in and coughing, it does not radiate but is accompanied by constipation, nausea and vomiting, retention of gases, possibly alternating with diarrhea. The temperature is normal or subfebrile. A high fever (possibly accompanied by chills) may indicate an abscessed appendix. Abdominal swelling or bloating, especially in infants may be occasionally observed.

Diagnosis of an acute appendicitis is based on patient history (symptoms) and physical examination. Physical examination is necessary to rule out other disorders that produce symptoms similar to those of appendicitis.

· A rectal examination may be performed.

· Blood and urine samples should be taken for analysis.

· CT (computed tomography) scan or an abdominal x-ray may be necessary.

Chronic appendicitis may appear with mild abdominal tenderness, pain, and malaise or lethargy. Often, individuals with chronic appendicitis are undiagnosed until an acute episode of appendicitis occurs. Diagnosing chronic appendicitis can be difficult because the symptoms can be similar to those occurring with other conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders such as constipation or diarrhea.

The treatment of an acute appendicitis is surgical. The surgical procedure for the removal of the appendix is called an appendicectomy.

Laparotomy is the traditional type of surgery used for treating appendicitis. This procedure consists in the removal of the infected appendix through a single larger incision in the lower right area of the abdomen. The incision in a laparotomy is usually 51 to 76 mm long. This type of surgery is used also for visualizing and examining structures inside the abdominal cavity.

A traditional appendectomy is performed under general anesthesia. The entire procedure should not last longer than an hour if complications do not occur.

The newer method to treat appendicitis is the laparoscopic surgery. This surgical procedure consists of making three to four incisions in the abdomen, each 6.4 to 12.7 mm long. This type of appendectomy is made by inserting a special surgical tool called laparoscope into one of the incisions. The laparoscope is connected to a monitor outside the patient's body and helps the surgeon to inspect the infected area in the abdomen. The other two incisions are made for the specific removal of the appendix by using surgical instruments. Laparoscopic surgery also requires general anesthesia and it can last up to two hours.

Full recovery from appendectomies takes about four to six weeks, but can be prolonged to up to eight weeks in case of the appearance of complications, such as the rupture of the appendix.

 

Exercise 7 Answer the following questions:

1. What is appendix?

2. What is the cause of appendicitis?

3. What types of appendicitis are there?

4. What are the manifestations of acute appendicitis?

5. What is the difference of acute and chronic appendicitis?

6. Why is it difficult to make a diagnosis of chronic appendicitis?

7. What complications can occur in case of untreated acute appendicitis?

8. How can acute appendicitis be treated?

9. How can acute appendicitis be diagnosed?

10. What is the difference in laparotomy and laparoscopy?

 

Exercise 8. Match the following Ukrainian words and word combinations with the English ones:

1. the appearance of complications	a. закупорка апендиксу
2. full recovery	b. вистилка черевної порожнини
3. incision in the abdomen	c. проводити операцію
4. obstruction of the appendix	d. розріз у черевної порожнині
5. to begin with tenderness	e. супроводжуватися закрепом
6. a life-threatening infection	f. високий рівень смертності
7. to perform the operation	g. починатися з хворобливістю
8. abdominal cavity's lining	h. повне одужання
9. high rate of mortality	i. виникнення ускладнення
10. to be accompanied by constipation	j. загрозлива для життя хвороба

 

Exercise 9. Say whether the sentences are true or false:

1. Appendicitis can be of acute and chronic form.

2. Laparoscopy consists of the removal of the appendix through one incision in the lower left part of the abdominal cavity.

3. Acute appendicitis begins with pains in substernal area.

4. The pain is accompanied by fever, perspiration and discharge of sputum.

5. An acute appendicitis is treated with antibiotics.

6. The rupture of appendix can lead to the infection of the peritoneum.

7. It is difficult to diagnose chronic appendicitis because symptoms are vague.

8. A high fever in acute appendicitis may indicate inflammation of the abdominal cavity's lining.

 

Exercise X. Match the following terms with their definition:

1. Gastritis	a. a condition in which there is difficulty in emptying the bowels, usually associated with hardened faeces
2. Constipation	b. a tube-shaped sac attached to and opening into the lower end of the large intestine
3. Diarrhea	c. a feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit
4. Appendix	d. the serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering the abdominal organs
5. Peritoneum	e. a condition in which feces are discharged from the bowels frequently and in a liquid form
6. Nausea	f. is an inflammation of thin tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers most of the abdominal organs.
7. Peritonitis	g. An inflammation of the stomach lining (mucosa)

 

Exercise 11. Translate the words given in italics into English. Translate the whole sentences into your native language:

1. The patient complained of the pain that супроводжувалася нудотою.

2. Закреп was relieved with the administration of laxatives.

3. The operation on acute appendicitis проводилася under загальна aneasthesia.

4. Закупорка of the appendix lumen was the cause of nausea, pains and vomiting.

5. The surgeon видалив the appendix to prevent its розрив.

6. Suppurative appendicitis may cause ускладнення such as peritonitis.

7.Peritonitis is загрозлива для життя інфекція with високим рівнем смертності.

8. Acute appendicitis usually починається з хворобливістю in the abdominal cavity.

 

Exercise 12. Put the words from the box instead of synonyms in the sentences:

Tenderness, obstruction, rupture, mortality, constipation, vomiting, nausea, recovery

 

1. The blockage of the appendix lumen caused unbearable pains and fever.

2. Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading factors of deaths in the world nowadays.

3. The disease is accompanied by severe soreness in the abdominal cavity.

4. One of the most frequent complications of an acute appendicitis can be the burst of appendix that can lead to peritonitis.

5. Retention of feces is one of the symptoms of acute appendicitis.

6. The patient with indigestion complained of retching and diarrhea.

7. Sickness can be a side effect of many medications including cancer chemotherapy, or morning sickness in early pregnancy.

8. Full convalescence of acute appendicitis can occur after four - six weeks of treatment.

Exercise 13. Read and translate paying attention to modal verbs:

1. The environment must be provided with the proper amount of oxygen for the growth of aerobic microorganisms.

2. The doctor ought not to have told him that the disease is incurable. He should have encouraged him.

3. The doctor had to palpate the patient’s abdomen and make an abdominal X-ray to exclude the possible diagnosis of an acute appendicitis.

4. The students may watch the operation on acute appendicitis in practical classes.

5. Appendicitis in this patient must have resulted from obstruction of the appendix with a tumour.

6. Everyone should remember that most viruses are destroyed at the temperature 500-600 within 30-60 minutes.

7. Acute appendicitis should be treated surgically either by laparotomy or laparascopy.

8. Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored for long periods of time in the body’s fatty tissue and the liver.

Exercise 14. Fill in the blanks with suitable modal verbs in a proper form and translate the text:

At about 2 o’clock in the cold winter morning a man telephoned a doctor and asked him if he ….. come at once. “You …. hurry”, he said. The doctor …. drive 7 miles to this call. When he reached the place, the man who had called him in said: “Doc, I ….. strained myself (втомився). I haven’t got any pain or anything, but I have a terrible feeling that I …. die soon.” The doctor examined the patient, felt his pulse and took the temperature. “Have you made your will? (заповіт) he asked at last. – Why, no, doctor.” The man looked frightened. – You … done it long ago,” said the doctor. “ Have you got a family?” – “Yes” said the patient. – “You …. send for them immediately. And your parents ….. be called too.” – “Do you really think I’m going to die?” – “No, I don’t” replied the doctor. “But I don’t want to be the only one whom you made fool of that night.”

 

Exercise 15. Translate into English the parts of the sentences given in brackets using modal verbs:

1. The ambulance (змоглa дістатися) to the hospital within 10 minutes despite a traffic jam.

2. I don’t remember that I saw such symptoms and so I (не зможу) help you in making a diagnosis.

3. Full recovery from appendectomies (може відбутися) after 4 to 6 weeks of treatment.

4. I’ll write you the prescription that you (слід дотримуватися) to achieve full recovery.

5. I suppose that this medicine (повинно допомогти).

6. (Нема чого хвилюватися). The operation was performed successfully.

7. He has a scar in the lower right area of the abdomen. He (можливо зробили) laparotomy.

8. You (не слід) get out of bed before the doctor allows you to do it as the stitches (можуть) not hold.

 

Exercise 16. Put questions to the underlined members of sentences:

1. Acute appendicitis is due to the obstruction of the appendix with fecal debris.

2. The rupture of appendicitis may cause peritonitis.

3. Treatment of acute appendicitis consists of surgical intervention.

4. There may be no acute symptom of chronic appendicitis at all.

5. Anorexia is commonly noted early in the morning.

6. The patient with ruptured appendix will be operated immediately.

7. On admission to the hospital the patient complained of a severe pain in epigastrium.

8. Cases of appendicitis have been noted even in infants.

 

Exercise 17. Open the brackets and put the verbs in a correct tense:

1. The surgeon (to perform) this operation from 10 till 11 o’clock.

2. Two hours ago, a patient with acute pains (to bring) to the reception ward.

3. Eye drops may (to use) for the prevention of ocular infection.

4. The patients (to examine) by a doctor in charge now.

5. If the patient has TB bacilli in the sputum, he (to stay) in the hospital for six or eight months.

6. The patient cannot be discharged from the hospital because he not (to recover) yet.

7. When we came, the solution (to boil) in the water-heater system.

8. After the injection, given an hour ago, the patient (to feel) much better.

 

Exercise 18. Translate into English:

1. Гострий апендицит — одне з найпоширеніших гострих хірургічних захворювань органів черевної порожнини.

2. Найчастіше гострий апендицит викликається обструкцією червоподібного відростка каловими камінням.

3. Для правильної діагностики гострого апендициту лікар зобов'язаний провести ретельне обстеження хворого.

4. Початок хвороби характеризується тупим ниючим болем у правій здухвинній ділянці.

5. Основний тип лікування гострого апендициту є хірургічне втручання.

6. Перитоніт (запалення очеревини) виникає при некрозі та перфорації в стінці червоподібного відростка, з наступним витіканням кишкового вмісту в вільну черевну порожнину.

7. Апендикулярний абсцес– виникає коли відбувається локалізація процесу, тобто запалення обмежується лише зоною відростка та прилягаючими тканинами.

8. Після видалення червоподібного відростка його функцію на себе беруть інші органи шлунково-кишкового тракту, що дозволяє організму людини повноцінно функціонувати.

 

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів

I. Перекладіть словосполучення на англійську мову: 1. закупорка апендиксу 2. супроводжуватися закрепом 3. повне одужання 4. розрив апендиксу 5. загрозлива для життя хвороба 6. вздуття та нудота 7. вистилка черевної порожнини 8. високий рівень смертності 9. ускладнення хвороби 10. хворобливість у пупковій зоні   II. Дайте відповідь на наступні питання: 1. What is appendix? 2. What is the cause of appendicitis? 3. What are the manifestations of acute appendicitis? 4. Why is it difficult to make a diagnosis of chronic appendicitis? 5. What complications can occur in case of untreated acute appendicitis?   III.Дайте визначення:апендицит

 

Test

1. Appendicitis is a condition characterized by …………….

A) inflammation of the stomach B) inflammation of the appendix

C) ulcers in appendix D) infection of the peritoneum E) Adhesions in appendix

2. Mortality is high because of the risk of rupture leading to ……………...

A) Gastritis B) peritonitis C) angina pectoris

D) tumours E) lung abscess

3. Suppurative appendicitis may lead to complications such as …………...

A) Gastric ulcer B) rupture, abscess C) tumour

D) pyelonephritis E) nephritis

4. Acute appendicitis is treated ……………….

A) by antibiotics B) surgically C) by sulfanilamides

D) by antipyretics E) by homoeopathy

5. Acute appendicitis seems to be the end result of ………………..

A) erosions in the appendix mucosa B) obstruction of the appendix lumen C) inflammation of the intestines D) inflammation of the peritoneum

E) inflammation of the bile ducts

6. The appendix is removed to prevent its rupture which may result in ……….

A) Pyelonephritis B) peritonitis C) nephrolithiasis

D) gastritis E) urosepsis

7. The pain in acute appendicitis is accompanied by ………………….

A) Diarrhea, belching B) nausea, retention of stools and gases

B) vomiting, heartburn D) infection E) bleeding, belching

8. The appendix may become obstructed by ……………...

A)a stone B) a lump of faeces C) mucus D) calculus E) food debris

9. Symptoms of acute appendicitis are …………..

A) Pains, heartburns, retention of gases B) acute pains, nausea, retention of gases C) diarrhea, high fever D) coughing and sneezing

E) pains, mucopurulent sputum, belching

10. Full recovery from appendectomies takes about ………….

A) 4 to 6 weeks B) up to 8 weeks C) no more than 3 weeks

D) a month E) about 10 days

 

 

Cholecystitis

Exercise 1. Learn the new words:

Advent, n	[´ædvənt]	поява
Cholelithiasis, n	[,kבləliθi'eisis]	жовчокам’яна хвороба
Correlate, v	[´kבrilait]	бути у співвідношенні
Disability, n	[,disə´biliti]	непрацездатність
Incision. n	[in´siʒ(ə)n]	надріз
Irritate. v	[´iriteit]	дратувати

 

Exercise 2. a)Read the following word-combinations and translate them:

Treatment: emergency treatment, effective treatment, immediate treatment, inpatient treatment, long-term treatment

Diagnosis: correct diagnosis; definite diagnosis; delayed diagnosis, initial diagnosis

Inflammation: severe inflammation; painful inflammation; acute inflammation; to reduce inflammation; signs of inflammation

Substance: dangerous substance; harmful substance; toxic substance; pure substance; soluble substance

b) Make up short sentences using the above given word combinations:

Exercise 3. Translate the following word-combinations:

Obstruction of the cystic duct; accumulation of bile; swelling of the gallbladder; normal blood flow; insufficient oxygen; delayed diagnosis; morbidity and mortality; intense pain; umbilical area; tender and distended; cold perspiration; severe tenderness; irritation of the peritoneum; slight jaundice of sclerae; greasy, fatty, or fried foods; to result from the effect of toxic substances; several small incisions; surgical site infection

 

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:

CHOLECYSTITIS

Cholecystitis (Greek, - cholecyst, "gallbladder", combined with the suffix -itis, "inflammation") is inflammation of the gallbladder, which occurs most commonly due to gallstones (cholelithiasis). Blockage of the cystic duct with gallstones causes accumulation of bile in the gallbladder and increased pressure within the gallbladder. Concentrated bile, pressure, and sometimes bacterial infection irritate and damage the gallbladder wall, causing inflammation. Inflammation and swelling of the gallbladder can be reduced to areas of the gallbladder, which can lead to cell death. The main forms of cholecystitis are the following: catarrhal, purulent and gangrenous.

Risk factors for cholelithiasis and cholecystitis are similar and include increasing age, female sex, pregnancy, certain medications, obesity, and rapid weight loss. Females are twice as likely to develop cholecystitis as males. Uncomplicated cholecystitis has an excellent prognosis; however, more than 25% of patients require surgery or develop complications. Complications of acute cholecystitis increases morbidity and mortality. The patient with cholecystitis is known to complain of intense pain, localized in the right hypochondrium and in the umbilical area

The gallbladder may be tender and distended. During the attack of pain the face is moist with cold perspiration, the skin is pale, and the tongue and lips are dry. Even a slight palpation reveals severe tenderness due to irritation of the peritoneum. Approximately in 50% of cases there is slight jaundice of sclerae. The pain grows much worse when the patient is lying on his right side. It may also correlate with eating greasy, fatty, or fried foods. Diarrhea, vomiting, and nausea are common.

The chemical blood analysis is known to reveal some changes; they result from the effect of toxic substances in the liver. For most patients diagnosed with acute cholecystitis, the definitive treatment is surgical removal of the gallbladder, cholecystectomy.

Purulent form of cholecystitis is highly dangerous to life and requires an emergency operation. An even more severe course is observed in gangrenous cholecystitis. Recovery is achieved by surgical treatment, it being followed by prolonged antibiotic therapy and chemotherapy.

Since the advent of laparoscopic surgery in the early 1990s, laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the treatment of choice for acute cholecystitis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is performed using several small incisions located at various points across the abdomen. Several studies have demonstrated the superiority of laparoscopic cholecystectomy when compared to open cholecystectomy. Patient undergoing laparoscopic surgery report less incisional pain postoperatively as well as fewer long - term complications and less disability following the surgery. Additionally, laparoscopic surgery is associated with a lower rate of surgical site infection.

 

Exercise 5. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What is cholecystitis?

2. What are the main forms of cholecystitis?

3. What are the manifestations of cholecystitis?

4. Where is the pain localized in attack of cholecystitis?

5. When does the pain grow worse in acute cholecystitis?

6. Where can the pain irradiate in case of acute cholecystitis?

Exercise 6.Memorize the meaning of the following term-elements:

Chole- [kבli] - combining form of Greek origin denoting bile

Hepato- [hepatב] - combing form of Greek origin denoting liver

Read the definition and fill in the blanks with the words given in brackets:

Hepatology, hepatitis, hepatoblastoma, hepatoma, hepatologist, hepatopathy, hepatomegaly, hepatogenous, cholecystitis, cholecyst, cholecystectomy, cholecystopathy, cholecystotomy, cholecystography

 

1. A malignant tumour of the liver in newborns or children

2. A specialist in liver diseases

3. Any disease of the liver

4. The scientific study about liver diseases -....

5. Gallbladder -....

6. A malignant tumour of the liver

7. Inflammation of the gallbladder

8. The surgical cutting (incision) of the gallbladder

9. Surgical removal of the gall-bladder

10. Any disease of the gallbladder

11. Originating in the liver

12. An abnormal enlargement of the liver caused by congestion, inflammation, or a tumour

13.Inflammation of the gallbladder, characterized by fever, jaundice and weakness

14.Radiography of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast medium

 

Exercise 7.Match the explanations with the terms:

1. A condition in which bowel evacuations occur infrequently and cause difficulty or pain.	a. inflammation
2. A yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, indicating excess bilirubin in the blood.	b. gall-bladder
3. The process of examining part of the body by careful feeling with the hands or fingertips	c. constipation
4. A pear-shaped sac lying underneath the right lobe of the liver, in which bile is stored	d. palpation
5. The body’s response to injury, which may be acute or chronic. It is characterized by five signs: swelling, pain, redness, warmth and dysfunction	e. jaundice

Exercise 8. Find the corresponding equivalents; memorize the meanings of these word combinations:

Місце хірургічної інфекції, невелика жовтяниця склер, біль в розрізі, пупкова область, сальні, жирні або смажені продукти, накопичення жовчі, швидка втрата ваги, недолік кисню, сильний біль, сильна хворобливість.

 

Exercise 9. Translate the sentences paying attention to the construction Complex subject:

1. This diet seems to be good for the patients and should be recommended.

2. The basic mode of action is thought to be the same.

3. An ECG-based diagnosis may prove to be extremely difficult in patients with re-infarction.

4. A new imaging system is expected to give radiology additional information to guide biopsy recommendation.

5. Coronary patients are established to be at an increased risk of cardiac infarction.

6. Environmental factors are known to of significance.

7. Additional studies are required to determine the precise role of protein.

8. Sometimes pain is observed to appear suddenly in quite healthy persons.

9. The chemical blood analysis is known to reveal some changes, they resulting from the effect of toxic substances in the liver.

10. This phenomenon has been found to have a wide occurrence.

 

Exercise 10. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense of the Indefinite group. Translate the sentences:

1. Products of protein, fat, and carbohydrate digestion (to be absorbed) from the gastrointestinal tract by the liver in which they (to undergo) further chemical processes.

2. The liver (to destroy) toxic substances which usually (to be formed) in the intestinal tract as well as some poisons which (to enter) the body from without.

3. Jaundice (to be known) to be the disease which (to be due to) the presence of a large amount of bilirubin in the blood and tissues.

 

Exercise 11. Choose the appropriate form of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences:

1. The patient was known... stool retention accompanied by nausea a month before his present admission to the hospital. (a) to have; b) to have had; c) to be having)

2. Sensitivity to antibiotics was reported... not only in this patient but in all the other members of the family as well since their early age. (a) to be present; b) to have been present)

3. Prophylactic vaccination was found... since no cases of hepatitis were diagnosed after its administration. (a) to be effective; b) to have been effective)

4. Skin irritation was revealed... after each parenteral administration of this preparation. (a) to occur; b) to have occurred; c) to be occurring)

 

Exercise12. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Hydrochloric acid is greatly diminished or absent in untreated cases of chronic gastritis.

2. Cases of appendicitis have been noted even in infants.

3. Tuberculosis may affect not only the lungs but also other organs.

4. The pain often occurs between meals and early in the morning.

5. Blood pressure involves two measurements.

6. The blood analysis revealed moderate leucocytosis and an elevated ESR.

7. People with ulcers may experience serious complications.

8. The bacterium produces substances that weaken the stomach’s protective mucosa.

9. Symptoms vary with the severity of the inflammation.

10. On admission to the hospital the patient complained of a severe pain in the epigastrium.

Exercise 13. Translate into English:

1. Причинами виникнення холециститу є ураження різними інфекційними хворобами.

2. Останнім часом виникнення холециститу пов'язують також з вірусною природою (внаслідок вірусного гепатиту).

3. Сприяють виникненню холециститу застій жовчі в жовчному міхурі, наявність жовчних каменів, дискінезія жовчних шляхів, яка виникає під впливом стресових станів і негативних емоцій, розладнання функцій ендокринної, центральної і вегетативної нервових систем.

4. Велику роль у цієї хвороби відіграють переїдання, особливо жирної їжі, надмірна маса тіла, гіподинамія, шкідливі звички: споживання алкоголю,куріння

5. Виділяють гострий і хронічний холецистит, які важко піддаються лікуванню.

6. Холецистит часто ускладнюється запаленням жовчних шляхів (холенгітом), іноді запаленням підшлункової залози (панкреатитом).

7. Основні ознаки гострого холециститу: нападоподібні болі в правій половині живота, що іррадіюють в праве плече, лопатку; нудота і блювота; озноб і підвищення температури тіла; можливі жовтяниця і свербіння шкірного покриву.

8. Небезпечне ускладнення холециститу— перитоніт.

 

NEPHRITIS

 

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

comprise of, v	[kəmp'raiz]	складати
encourage, v	[in'kʌridƷ]	сприяти
glomerulus, n	[glə'merələs]	гломерула
lupus, n	[lu:pəs]	вовчак
sophisticated, adj	[səfisti'keitid]	складний
tubule, n	['tju:bju:l]	трубочка
quarts, n	[kw]	кварта (1,13 л)

 

Exercise 2. Read the abstract and remember the main information about kidneys. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words from the table:

 

surrounded by, third lumbar vertebrae, a tough, fibrous, the urinary system, connective renal capsule, filter blood, lies

 

Kidnyes are the primary organs of …………. They are the organs that ……….., remove wastes, excrete wastes in the urine, and perform the functions of the urinary system. The paired kidneys are located between the twelfth thoracic and ……….., one on each side of the vertebral column. The right kidney usually …… lower than the left one. Each kidney is held in place by connective tissue and is …… a thick layer of adipose tissue. ………… closely envelopes each kidney and provides support for the soft tissue that is inside.

 

Exercise 3. Match the following Ukrainian word combinations with their English equivalents:

1. печіння під час сечовипускання	a. to pass out of the body through the urethra
2. складна система видалення відходів	b. to remove waste products and excess water
3. низький рівень калію в крові	c. a burning sensation while urinating
4. видаляти шлаки і зайву воду	d. cloudy urine with blood or pus
5. простір між нирковими канальцями	e. a sophisticated waste removal system
6. виходити з організму через сечівник	f. low potassium in your blood
7. сприяти інфекції	g. spaces between the renal tubules
8. каламутна сеча з кров'ю чи гноєм	h. to encourage an infection

 

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:

NEPHRITIS

Kidneys are our body’s filters which are a sophisticated waste removal system comprised of two bean-shaped organs. Every day our hard working kidneys process 200 quarts of blood and remove two quarts of waste products and excess water. If the kidneys suddenly become inflamed, there will develop a condition called acute nephritis. Acute nephritis has several causes and can lead to kidney failure.

There are several types of acute nephritis. They are:

Interstitial Nephritis

In interstitial nephritis, the spaces between the renal tubules that form urine become inflamed. The kidneys swell from the inflammation. This type is often caused by an allergic reaction to a medication or antibiotic. An allergic reaction is the body’s immediate response to a foreign substance.

Other causes include the following: having low potassium in your blood (potassium is a mineral that helps regulate many functions in the body, including metabolism); taking medications for long periods of time may damage the tissues of the kidneys.

Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis is an infection in the bladder that travels up the ureters and spreads into the kidneys. Ureters are two tubes that transport urine from each kidney to the bladder, the muscular organ that holds urine until it passes out of the body through the urethra. The majority of pyelonephritis infections occur from the bacteria Escherichia coli, which is found in the intestine.

Although bacterial infections are the leading causes of pyelonephritis, there are other possible causes: urinary examinations that use a cystoscope (an instrument that looks inside the bladder); surgery on the bladder, kidneys, or ureters; the formation of kidney stones.

Glomerulonephritis

This type of acute nephritis produces inflammation in the glomeruli. Glomeruli are the tiny capillaries that transport blood and behave as filtering units. Damaged and inflamed glomeruli may not filter the blood properly.

The main cause of this type of kidney infection is unknown. However, some conditions may encourage an infection: having problems in the immune system; having a history of cancer; having an abscess that breaks and travels to your kidneys through your blood circulation.

Certain people are at greater risk for acute nephritis. The risk factors include: a family history of kidney disease and infection; having an immune system disease, such as lupus; taking too many antibiotics or pain medications; recent surgery in the urinary tract.

The symptoms will vary depending on the type of acute nephritis the patient has. The most common symptoms for all three types of acute nephritis are: pain in the pelvis, pain or a burning sensation while urinating, frequent need to urinate, cloudy urine, blood or pus may be present in urine, pain in the kidney area and/or abdomen, swelling in the body, commonly in the face, legs, and feet, vomiting, fever, high blood pressure.

Various diagnostic tests may be needed to confirm a case of acute nephritis. These tests include the following: a biopsy of the kidneys (a biopsy is a small tissue sample taken from an organ and examined in a laboratory setting); urine and blood testing (these tests detect location of bacteria and signs of infection); a CT scan may be used to take pictures of your pelvis and abdomen.

Antibiotics and pain relievers may be used if a patient has pyelonephritis. If high blood pressure is present, the patient may need calcium channel blockers. Corticosteroids or other immune suppressing medications may also be administered.

Exercise 5. Answer the questions:

1. What is the role of kidneys in the human body?

2. What happens when the kidneys inflame?

3. How many types of acute nephritis are there?

4. Give brief information for all types of acute nephritis (general characteristics, causes).

5. Name the risk factors for acute nephritis.

6. List the most common symptoms for all three types of nephritis.

7. What diagnostic tests may be needed to confirm a case of acute nephritis?

8. What medications may be administered to patients with acute nephritis?

 

Exercise 6. Translate the word combinations into English:

To be comprised of two bean-shaped organs; to lead to kidney failure; to swell from the inflammation; response to a foreign substance; to travel up the ureters; to pass out of the body through the urethra; formation of kidney stones; to behave as filtering units; an immune system disease, such as lupus; pain in the pelvis; cloudy urine with blood or pus; to confirm a case of acute nephritis.

 

Exercise 7. Match the following terms with their definitions:

1. fever	a. excreting urine
2. urination	b. a very large group of microorganisms comprising one of the three domains of living organisms
3. bacteria	c. an abnormally high body temperature accompanied by fast pulse rate, dry skin etc.
4. pyelonephritis	d. hard rock-like formations consisting of minerals and other waste material
5. kidney stones	e. any manipulation of the body or one of its organs to repair damage, arrest the progress of disease, remove foreign matter
6. operation	f. inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis
7. colic	g. a condition characterized by acute spasmodic abdominal pain

 

Exercise 8. Insert the necessary preposition:

 

until, or, on, although, into, to, of, in, than

 

The treatment of nephritis depends … the type and cause of the condition. The aim is to reduce inflammation, limit the damage … the kidneys and support the body … kidney function is back to normal. Limitation … sodium (salt), potassium, protein and fluids … the diet may be necessary. Sometimes bed rest is advised. Steroids or more powerful immunosuppresants may be given to reduce the inflammation. Antibiotics may sometimes also be needed. Certain medications may also be needed to control blood pressure. In severe cases, renal dialysis may be necessary, … this may only be a temporary measure. Adults are slower to recover … children and more likely to develop complications or progress … chronic nephritis. Acute nephritic syndrome is unlikely to ruccur but if it does the person may require permanent dialysis … a kidney transplant.

Exercise 9. Translate the words in italics into English:

1. Kidneys are our body’s filters which are складна система видалення відходів comprised of two bean-shaped organs.

2. If the kidneys suddenly запалюються, there will develop a condition called acute nephritis.

3. In interstitial nephritis, простір між нирковими канальцями that form urine become inflamed.

4. The majority of pyelonephritis infections occur from the bacteria Escherichia coli, яка знаходиться в кишківнику.

5. Пошкоджені або запалені гломерули may not filter the blood properly.

6. The most common symptoms for all three types of acute nephritis are кров та гній in urine, набряк по тілу, commonly in the face, legs, and feet, блювота, fever, high blood pressure.

Exercise 10. Fill in the gaps using the words from the box:

urinary, bladder, kidneys, reabsorption, renin, acid-base balance (кислотно-лужний баланс), ammonium, retroperitoneum (заочеревиний простір), excrete, renal, urine, ureter

The … are paired organs which have the production of … as their primary function. Kidneys are seen in many types of animals including vertebrates and some invertebrates (безхребетні). They are part of the … system but have several secondary functions concerned with homeostatic functions. These include the regulation of electrolytes, …, and blood pressure. In producing urine the kidneys … wastes such as urea and …; the kidneys are also responsible for the … of glucose and amino acids. Finally, the kidnyes are important in the production of hormones including vitamin D, … and erythropoietin.

Located behind the abdominal cavity in the …, the kidneys receive blood from the paired renal arteries, and drain into the paired … veins. Each kidney excretes urine into a … itself, a paired structure that empties into the urinary ….

Exercise 11. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Маса нирки складає приблизно 120-200г.

2. Зазвичай права нирка дещо менша від лівої.

3. Нирка вкрита оболонкою, яка називається фіброзна капсула.

4. Нирка має бобоподібну форму.

5. Ниркова артерія, ниркова вена, лімфатичні судини та нерви проходять крізь нирки.

6. Сечові канальці утворюють більшу частину нирки.

7. Окрім виділення, нирки відіграють важливу роль залоз внутрішньої секреції.

8. Сечовий міхур – тимчасовий резервуар для зберігання сечі.

9. Скорочення м’язів виштовхує сечу із сечового міхура.

10. Сечівник – це канал, через який сеча виходить із організму.

 

Exercise 12. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Acute glomerulonephritis usually develops a few weeks after a strep infection (стрептококова інфекція) of the throat or skin.

2. Diuretics may be prescribed to increase urination.

3. Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli, small round filters located in the kidney.

4. Kidney stones cause painful problems when they block the flow of urine through or out of the kidney.

5. Urine is formed by the kidneys.

6. Kidney stones cause problems when they interfere with the normal flow of urine.

7. Surgical removal of a stone may become necessary when a stone appears too large to pass.

8. Kidney stone usually passes more quickly if the patient is encouraged to drink large amounts of fluids.

 

Exercise 13. Re-write sentences using the appropriate tense form. Translate them:

Dialysis is the artificial process of getting rid of waste and unwanted water from the blood. This process naturally (to do) by our kidneys. Some people, however, may have damaged kidneys which cannot (to carry out) the function properly – they may need dialysis. In other words, dialysis (to be) the artificial replacement for lost kidney function. Dialysis (to use) for people who (to become ill) and have acute kidney failure, or for fairly stable patients who permanently (to loose) kidney function.

 

Exercise 14. Describe the term “nephritis” according to the plan:

Definition
Causes
Types
Symptoms
Risk factors
Treatment

 

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть та вивчіть наступні словосполучення: 1. складатися з двох бобовідних органів 2. видаляти відходи 3. простір між нирковими канальцями 4. набрякати від запалення 5. запалення клубочків 6. печіння підчас сечовипускання 7. призводити до ниркової недостатності 8. каламутна сеча з кров’ю або гноєм 9. попереджувати рецидив захворювання 10. пошкоджені або запалені гломерули   II. Дайте відповіді на наступні питання: 1. What happens when the kidneys inflame? 2. How many types of acute nephritis are there? 3. Give brief information for all types of acute nephritis. 4. What diagnostic tests may be needed to confirm a case of acute nephritis? 5. What medications may be administered to patients with acute nephritis?   III. Розкрийте поняття терміну:нефрит

 

Test

1. Acute infections practically always precede the onset of … nephritis.

a) chronic b) acute c) prolonged d) contagious

 

2. The main predisposing diseases of acute nephritis are:

a) diphtheria, measles b) myocardial infarction c) tonsillitis, sore throat

 

3. The site of initial lesion in acute nephritis is:

a) capillaries of glomeruli b) tonsils c) throat membrane d) adenoids

 

4. Acute nephritis may develop within:

a) one-two weeks b) two-eight days c) a month d) half a year

 

5. Patients are known to suffer from renal inflammation as shown by:

a) X-rays b) blood test c) urinalyses d) renal examination

 

6. Acute nephritis can lead to ….

a) measles b) kidney failure c) tonsillitis d) myocardial infarction

 

7. The sign of unfavorable prognosis is:

a) a scanty flow of urine b) chronic migraines c) hypertension

 

8. Various diagnostic tests … to confirm a case of acute nephritis.

a) may need b) need c) may be needed d) will need

 

9. Sometimes the edema is … and hardly recognized by the examining physician.

a) severe b) acute c) grave d) very mild

 

10. If the kidneys suddenly become inflamed, there will develop a condition called.….

a) renal insufficiency b) angina pectoris c) heart failure d) acute nephritis

 

 

PYELONEPHRITIS

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

albuminuria, n	[æl'bju:mi'nju:riǝ]	альбумінурія (наявність білків у сечі)
ascendin, adj	[ǝ'sendiŋ]	висхідний
bacteriuria, n	[ˏbæktiri'ju:ǝriǝ]	бактеріурія (наявність бактерій у сечі)
cloudy, adj	['klaʋdi]	каламутний
concomitant, ad j	[kǝn'kɒmitǝnt]	супровідний
congenital, adj	[kǝn'ʤenitl]	вроджений
consume, v	[kǝn'sju:m]	споживати
consumption, n	[kǝn'sʌmpʃǝn]	споживання
culture, n	['kʌlʧǝ]	культура
ensue, v	[in'sju:]	виникати
haematuria, n	[ˏhemǝ'tjuǝriǝ]	гематурія (наявність крові в сечі)
obtuse, adj	[ǝb'tju:z]	тупий
penetrate, v	['penitreit]	проникати
scarred, adj	['ska:d]	вкритий рубцями
shivering fits, n	['ʃivǝriŋ 'fits]	озноб, лихоманка

 

Exercise 2. a) Match the term element with its meaning:

1. pyel(o)	a. heart
2. hepato	b. lung
3. cardio	c. nerve
4. angio	d. liver
5. pulm(o)	e. chest
6. neuro	f. brain
7. pector	g. kidney pelvis
8. cerebr(o)	h. vessel

b) Guess what is meant:

pulmonologist, angioplasty, cerebrology, hepatocyte, pyelonephritis, neurologist, pectoralgia, cardiodynamics

1. Study of the brain

2. Inflammation of the kidney pelvis

3. Specialist who deals with nervous diseases

4. Specialist in lung diseases

5. Pain in the chest

6. Cell of the liver

7. Surgical restoration of blood vessels

8. Mechanism of the heart activity

 

 

Exercise 3. Read the following word-combinations and translate them into Ukrainian:

An ascending infection of the kidney, congenital renal pathologies, a general set of symptoms, obtuse pain in the loins, cloudy and bloody urine, to be caused by bacteria, to penetrate through the urethra, to ensue in the course of cystitis, to have persistent hypertension, to be replaced by the non-functional tissue, to lead to kidney failure, to determine the underlying cause, to prevent the recurrence of disease, to require surgery.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the use of the pronouns one/ones. Say what function they perform in sentences:

1. Hard beds are healthier than soft ones.

2. These stretchers are broken. Take those ones.

3. I’ve lost my inhaler. I need a new one immediately.

4. Don’t put this white gown on, it's dirty. Put this one on.

5. If you haven’t got average syringes, small ones will also do.

6. Do you remember Dr. Green? – Is that the one who operated on me last year?

7. The doctor has asked me to bring another case history. This one is crumpled.

8. In chronic processes the normal organic tissue may be replaced by the non-functional one.

 

Exercise 5. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian:

PYELONEPHRITIS

Pyelonephritis (pyel(o) – combining form denoting the pelvis of the kidney) is an ascending infection of the kidney. As a rule, it is caused by bacteria that penetrates into the urinary tract from outside through the urethra. It may also ensue in the course of such concomitant diseases as cystitis in women, glomerular nephritis, or urinary stone disease (urolithiasis).

There are two forms of pyelonephritis: acute and chronic ones.

Acute pyelonephritis often begins suddenly with chills. The patient has the general set of symptoms: malaise, headache, profuse sweating, nausea and vomiting. Then, the fever raises rapidly up to 39-40 °C. It is usually accompanied with the dull pain in the loins on the side of the affected kidney. Urination may not be disturbed in uncomplicated cases of pyelonephritis. However, the urine is cloudy and bloody due to the presence of bacteria, protein, and erythrocytes in it. If timely revealed and treated, the patient quickly recovers with the return of the normal kidney function.

Chronic pyelonephritis results from the undertreated acute form of the disease. It is often asymptomatic and can be detected only by means of urinalysis or if the patient has persistent hypertension. In chronic pyelonephritis, the normal renal tissue is replaced by the connective non-functional one. The kidney becomes small and scarred that leads to kidney failure. Among other complications are pyonephrosis (purulent inflammation of the kidney) and urosepsis (presence of urine waste products throughout the body).

A full urological investigation is carried out to determine the underlying cause of pyelonephritis. It includes urinalysis that detects such signs of urinary tract infection as haematuria, albuminuria, bacteriuria, etc.; a urine test strip that reveals the presence of leukocytosis; blood tests; microbiological culture of the urine and antibiotic sensitivity testing.

The first aim of treatment of pyelonephritis consists in removing the underlying abnormalities to prevent the recurrence of disease. Therefore, it includes the administration of appropriate antibiotics to relieve the inflammatory process in the kidney and antibacterial drugs to remove bacteria. The patient must strictly follow a certain diet: one must consume a lot of fruit and vegetables, and drink 3-4 l of water daily. Spicy and fatty food must be avoided. The consumption of salt must be excluded. Surgery is required in severe cases of pyelonephritis or in cases of congenital renal pathologies.

Exercise 6. Answer the questions:

1. What is pyelonephritis?

2. What are the possible causes of the disease?

3. How many forms are there of pyelonephritis?

4. What are the symptoms of acute pyelonephritis?

5. How does chronic pyelonephritis manifest itself?

6. What can chronic pyelonephritis lead to?

7. What investigations are performed to determine pyelonephritis?

8. How is pyelonephritis treated?