Exercise 7. Find the terms that match the following definitions.

The state or condition of discharging abnormally large quantities of urine, often accompanied by a need to urinate frequently
Chronic excessive thirst and fluid intake
An abnormal desire to consume excessive amounts of food
Increased urination due to the presence of certain substances in the fluid filtered by the kidneys. This fluid eventually becomes urine. These substances cause additional water to come into the urine, increasing its amount
Any disease of the retina, the light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye
A collection of disorders that occurs when nerves of the peripheral nervous system (the part of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord) are damaged
Damage to or disease of a kidney
Excessive loss of body water, with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes
The presence of glucose in the urine

Exercise 8. Match the following English word combinations with the Russian ones:

1. the body’s failure	a. швидка змiна зору
2. an absolute insulin deficiency	b. неспроможнiсть органiзму
3. a high blood glucose level	c. бути контрольованим медикаментами
4. triggered by certain infections	d. загальна скарга
5. lifestyle factors	e. забезпечувати ефективнiсть
6. rapid vision change	f. виробляти iнсулiн
7. to produce insulin	g. високий рiвень глюкози в кровi
8. a common complaint	h. визваний деякими iнфекцiями
9. to ensure the effectiveness	i. абсолютна недостатнiсть iнсулiну
10. to be controlled with medications	j. фактори способу життя

 

Exercise 9. Make the corresponding pairs:

1. metabolic	a. sugar
2. to inject	b. resistance
3. gestational	c. condition
4. diabetes	d. changes
5. blood	e. disease
6. insulin	f. insulin
7. chronic	g. diabetes
8. classical	h. population
9. Self-glucose	i. therapy
10. vision	j. symptoms
11. prescribed	k. monitoring

 

Exercise 10. Approve or contradict the following statements:

1. There are two main types of diabetes.

2. Type 2 diabetes: results from the body’s failure to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin.

3. Type 1 diabetes is partly inherited and then triggered by certain infections.

4. The main complications of diabetes mellitus are diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, foot ulcers.

5. The cause of diabetes does not always depend on the type.

 

Exercise 11. Fill in the table with appropriate translation of the words and terms:

metabolic		produce
	збільшений		поступово
genetics		trigger
	зневоднення		підозрювати
Diabetes population		certain
	поглинання		забезпечувати
cure		depend on
	кришталик		розпливчастий
rapidly		subtle

 

Exercise 12. Read some facts about diabetes and fill in the gaps with the word combinations given in the table below:

 

complications	diabetes capital	under the age
sedentary lifestyle	delay	'silent killer disease'
middle-income group	silent epidemic	246 million people in the world
kidney failure	3.2 million people	feeling thirsty

 

1. Diabetes is a …………… and according to WHO there are ……………. living with diabetes. This is almost 6% of the world's adult population.

2. India is the……….. of the world. It is estimated that currently there are 40 million people with diabetes in India and by 2025 this number will swell to 70 million. This would mean every fifth diabetic in the world would be an Indian.

3. Diabetes causes 6 deaths every minute and one in 20 deaths in the world is due to the condition. Every year it is estimated that ………….in the world die due to the diabetes or its related causes.

4. Diabetes is an important……………… as there is usually no early symptom of the disease. The commonest early symptom is……………………..

5. Almost 90 to 95% of diabetes is of type 2 or maturity onset type; that affects people in their middle age. Type 1 or juvenile diabetes affects 70,000 children………………of 15 years every year.

6. The major cause of increase in the incidence of diabetes is a …………. Exercise and diet can either reduce or.…… the incidence of diabetes by over 50%.

7. Diabetes is the number one cause of …………… in the world. Besides this every year it is responsible for 5% or 5 million blindness in adults and one million limb amputations. Diabetes is also an important cause of heart disease, stroke and cataract.

8. The current cost of treating diabetes and its ………… in the world is estimated as US $ 215-375 billion. The disease is growing fastest in developing countries where there are more people in the lower and …………..

 

Exercise 13. Fill in the table:

Causes of diabetes
Signs and symptoms
Analyses
Treatment
Complications

 

Exercise 14. Fill in prepositions where necessary:

1. A lot of people worldwide suffer …… diabetes.

2. Doctors should instruct their patients … self-glucose monitoring.

3. The cause of diabetes depends ….. the type.

4. Glucose absorption leads … changes in the shape of the lenses of the eyes.

5. Type 2 diabetes may be controlled … medications.

6. He complained … splitting headache.

7. I was ill … bronchitis and had to stay out … … shool … a aweek.

 

Exercise 15. Put the questions to the underlined words:

1. There are three main types of diabetes.

2. Type 2 diabetes results from insulin resistance.

3. Several million people worldwide suffer from diabetes.

4. The classical symptoms of diabetes are polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia.

5. Type 2 diabetes may be controlled with medications.

6. Symptomatic hyperglycemia may persist for days or weeks.

7. All patient should be instucted in self-glucose monitoring.

 

Exercise 16. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct tense and voice:

1. The patient (to suffer) from diabetes for 10 years.

2. The cause of diabetes (to depend) on the type.

3. Type 2 diabetes (to result) from insulin resistance.

4. Diabetes (to suspect) in case of rapid vision changes.

5. Symptomatic hyperglycemia (persist) for days or weeks.

6. All patients (to instruct) in self-glucose monitoring.

7. Treatment regimens (to differ).

8. Insulin (to become) available in 1921.

9. Lifestyle and genetics (to cause) type 2 diabetes.

10. One of the main Mr. Willis’s complaints (to be) blurred vision.

 

Exercise 17. Translate into English:

1. Ця реакцiя вiдбуваеться при низьких температурах.

2. Я звiльнюся через 2 години.

3. Пацiент скаржиться на слабкiсть та безсоння.

4. Мiсцевi анестетики розподiляються на 2 групи згiдно з iх дiею.

5. Розрив селезiнки було виявлено при операцii.

6. Укус собаки призводить до сказу.

7. Деякi люди мають алергiю на рiзнi лiки.

8. Пацiент скаржиться на бiль у лiвому боцi.

 

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть наступні словосполучення: 1. швидка змiна зору 2. неспроможнiсть органiзму 3. бути контрольованим медiкаментами 4. загальна скарга 5. забезпечувати ефективнiсть 6. виробляти iнсулiн 7. високий рiвень глюкози в кровi 8. визваний деякими iнфекцiями 9. абсолютна недостатнiсть iнсулiну 10. фактори способу життя   II. Дайте відповіді на наступні питання: 1. What is diabetes mellitus? 2. What is type 1 diabetes? 3. What is type 2 diabetes? 4. What is gestational diabetes? 5. What are the main complications of diabetes? III. Розкрийте поняття:цукровий дiабет, iнсулiн

 

Test

1. Diabetes mellitus, often simply diabetes, is a group of ……. diseases.

a) hereditary b) metabolic c) contagious d) chronic e) acute

 

2. Type 2 diabetes results from ……….

a) body’s failure to produce insulin b) insulin resistance

c) nutritional deficiency d) immunity failure e) kidney failure

 

3. There are …… main types of diabetes.

a) 2 b) 3 c) 5 d) 4 e) 6

 

4. The cause of diabetes depends on …...

a) the type b) blood group c) character d) age e) sex

 

5. When did insulin become available?

a) 1898 b) 1921 c) 1914 d) 1941 e) 1945

 

6. The classical symptoms of diabetes are:

a) headache, nausea, vomiting b) insomnia, fatigue, general malaise

c) breathlesnes, cyanosis, itching d) polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia.

e) high temperature, rash, heartburn

 

7. The main complications of diabetes mellitus are:

a) diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy b) nocturia, hernia

c) diabetic nephropathy, foot ulcers d) gastritis, dizziness

e) edema, tinnitus, paralysis

 

8. Both type 1 and 2 are chronic conditions that usually ………. be cured.

а) can b) cannot c) might d) mustn’t e) should

 

9. Prolonged high blood glucose can result in:

a) hearing problems b) vision changes c) insomnia d) hallucinations

e) swelling

 

10. …………is important to ensure the effectiveness of the prescribed therapy:

a) patient control b) patient education c) patient’s emotional poise d) bed regimen e) insulin resistance

 

GOITER

 

Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:

affect, v	[əˈfekt]	уражати
community, n	[kəˈmjuː.nə.ti]	спільнонта
dwarfism, n	[dwɔːfizm]	карликовість
fortify, v	[ˈfɔː.tɪ.faɪ]	укріпляти, посилювати
goiter, n	[ˈɡɔɪ.tə]	зоб
impairment, n	[imˈpeərˌmənt]	порушення
involve, v	[ɪnˈvɒlv]	спричиняти, включати
lack (of), n	[læk]	нестача, відсутність
miscarriage, n	[ˈmɪsˌkær.ɪdʒ]	викидень
result in, v	[rɪˈzʌlt]	бути результатом, приводити
require, v	[rɪˈkwaɪə]	вимагати
soil, n	[sɔɪl]	земля, грунт
stillbirth, n	[ˈstɪl.bɜːθ]	народження мертвого плоду

 

Exercise 2. Translate the word combinations:

Noncancerous; thyroid gland; the most common cause; mountainous regions; iodine; mental; brain; salivary glands; a runny nose; table salt; production; diet; metabolism; taste; disorder; weakness; seafood; to detect; to regulate; condition; diffuse; nodule.

Exercise 3. Form the following new words and translate them:

-y: run, rain, sun, wind, fun, fog, bone, blood, health, sleep, taste, water, noise, dirt, ease.

- ment: enlarge, impair, develop, achieve, treat, require, equip, move, establish, appoint, measure, excite, argue, state.

- ism: cretin, giant, hyperthyroid, hypoinsulin, narcotic, embole, iodine, human, alcohol, fatal, hero, Darwin, evolution, modern, criticize;

- ness: weak, deaf, dull, cold, ill, fresh, red, tired, restless, calm, kind, polite, cool, dry, dark.

 

Exercise 4. Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs:

Little, warm, lately, frequent, high, clear, shy, bad, far, good, comfortable, great, much, big, rare, rich, fur, necessary, dangerous, little, cold, many, useful, easy.

 

Exercise 5. Give English equivalents to the following words:

Бідний, найкращий, менше, більше, більший, гірше, цікавий, далекий, найнебезпечніший, більш розповсюджений, найпоширеніший.

 

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

GOITER

A goiter is a noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid gland in the front of the neck. The enlargement may be diffuse – involving most of the gland, or localized – limited to a particular area, as in a solitary (single) nodule. Many conditions can cause goiter, but the most common is a lack of sufficient iodine in the diet, which is usually a result of the soil in which food is grown being iodine-poor—a condition that occurs in many mountainous regions away from the sea. Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate the body's metabolism. Other factors that may lead to the condition include certain medicines (e.g. lithium), infections, cigarette smoking, certain foods (e.g. soy, peanuts, broccoli and cabbage).

Surveying communities for goiter is one of the best ways of detecting iodine deficiency, which, if not treated, can cause stillbirths, miscarriages, cretinism, mental impairments, deafness, and dwarfism. Physical examination involves feeling of a neck on swallowing. Swelling in the region of the thyroid may be felt. If goiter is very large there may be swelling in neck vein. Blood test is ordered to measure thyroid function.

The main symptom of goiter is enlarged thyroid. The size may range from a small nodule to a large neck lump. In rare cases, an enlarged thyroid can put pressure on the trachea. This can lead to breathing difficulties, cough, hoarseness, swallowing difficulties.

An excess too much, or a deficiency – too little of circulating hormones causes a wide range of medical conditions, for example hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Where there is an excess of hormone, one form of treatment consists of giving the patient something which inhibits the production of hormone, as in the use of carbimazole to treat hyperthyroidism. When a hormone is deficient, treatment may be by replacement therapy, for example injections of insulin in the treatment of Type I diabetes.

Iodine deficiency is the most common preventable cause of brain damage and mental retardation, affecting about 50 million people worldwide. However, these disorders have been reduced simply by using table salt fortified with iodine.

Adults require at least 20 micrograms of iodine daily, but 150 micrograms is recommended. Seafood is excellent source, while the iodine content of other foods varies depending on animal feed and soil. Iodism (iodine poisoning) is a rare condition that results in weakness, swollen salivary glands, a metallic taste in the mouth, and a runny nose.

 

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the types of goiter?

2. What is required for the production of thyroid hormones?

3. What is the most common cause of goiter?

4. What is hyperthyroidism?

5. What is hypothyroidism?

6. What can goiter cause?

7. What does iodism result in?

8. What is one of the best ways of detecting iodine deficiency?

9. How much iodine do adults require daily?

10. What is the excellent source of iodine?

 

Exercise 8. Choose the correct definitions to the following terms:

1) metabolism 2) iodism 3) thyroid gland 4) dwarfism 5) cretinism 6) goiter

a) poisoning induced by ingestion of iodine or its compounds. b) an endocrine gland of vertebrates, consisting in man of two lobes near the base of the neck. It secretes hormones that control metabolism and body growth. c)the condition of being a dwarf. d) the swelling of the thyroid gland. e) a condition arising from a deficiency of thyroid hormone, present from birth, characterized by dwarfism and mental retardation. f) the sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organism, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc.

 

Exercise 9. Give English equivalents of the following word combinations:

Розумова відсталість; пошкодження мозку; гірській район; поганий грунт; збільшення щитовидної залози; столова сіль; отруєння йодом; рідкісний стан; металевий смак у роті; опухлі слинні залози; єдиний вузлик; лікування хвороби; нежить; регулювати обмін речовин; замінне лікування.

 

Exercise 10. Continue the sentences:

1. The most common cause of goiter is ….

2. Surveying communities for goiter is ….

3. If not treated goiter can cause ….

4. Iodine deficiency affects ….

5. Seafood is ….

6. The enlargement may be …..

7. Iodism results in ….

8. Iodine deficiency may lead to ….

 

Exercise 11. Open the brackets and use verbs in the correct tense and voice:

1. The number of goiter cases (to vary) greatly by region.

2. Iodine (to require) for the production of thyroid substances.

3. Thyroid hormones (to regulate) the body’s metabolism.

4. Iodine deficiency (to affect) about 50 million people worldwide.

5. Iodine deficiency (can, to cause) mental impairments, miscarriages, cretinism.

6. The table salt (to fortify) with iodine.

7. A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet (to result from) the iodine - poor soil in which food is grown.

8. The examination (to reveal) an enlarged thyroid, red sweaty palms and a fine tremor of the hands.

9. An enlarged thyroid gland (to call) a goiter.

10.Hyperthyroidism (to confirm) by the correct examination.

 

Exercise 12. Make up questions to the underlined words:

1. Adults require 20 micrograms of iodine daily.

2. Iodism is a rare condition.

3. Iodism results in weakness, swollen salivary glands and a runny nose.

4. Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones.

5. Many conditions can cause goiter.

6. About 740 million people have goiter.

7. A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet occurs in many mountaneous regions.

8. She has noticed that her hands have a tendency to shake.

9. Recently she has developed palpitations, heat intolerance and diarrhea.

10. Sufferers of type I diabetes are deficient in insulin.