Exercise 9. Match the terms with their explanation.

1. hypoxemia	a. Inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria, in which the alveoli become filled with the inflammatory cells and the lung becomes solid
2. pneumonia	b. A rise in body temperature above the normal, i.e. above an oral temperature of 36.6ºC.
3. coryza	c. Reduction of the oxygen concentration in the arterial blood, recognized clinically by the presence of central and peripheral cyanosis.
4. leucocytosis	d. A catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose due to either a cold or hay fever
5. fever	e. an increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood

Exercise 10. Find the corresponding equivalents; memorize the meanings of these word combinations:

Тривалі симптоми, повне загоювання, обструкція дихальних шляхів, важкий неускладнений випадок,найбільш поширенa причина, стійкій озноб, в'язке мокротіння, летальні ускладнення, слизове мокротиння, кров прожилками або іржаве мокротиння,супутнє хронічне легеневе захворювання, початок бронхіту

Exercise 11. Translate into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the translation of the Passive Voice:

1. Acute infectious bronchitis is often preceded by symptoms of a URI.

2. Dyspnea may be noted secondary to the airways obstruction.

3. Oral fluids are advised during the febrile course.

4. Antibiotics are indicated when there is concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

5. A chest X-ray is indicated if symptoms are serious or prolonged.

6. Pneumococcal pneumonia should be suspected in anyone with an acute febrile illness.

7. A presumptive diagnosis can be based on the history, changes on chest X-ray, culture and gram stains of appropriate specimens.

Exercise 12. Fill in the correct form of the verb in the Active or Passive Voice:

1. Considerable skill, patience and tact (to require) to examine a child.

2. Yesterday he (to awake) with a severe headache.

3 The doctor thought that the patient (to recover) from his illness but on the contrary he (to get) worse.

4. I (to feel) wretched for I (to catch) a severe cold the day before

5. Infectious diseases (to transmit) by direct contact or through the respiratory route.

6. The medical students (to practise) in the clinic at patient's bed-side in order to learn to recognize and treat various diseases.

7. The man (to die) unless he (to operate on) without delay.

Exercise 13. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Acute bronchitis may develop after a common cold.

2. Diagnosis is usually based on the symptoms and signs.

3. Oral fluids are advised during the febrile course.

4. Antibiotics are indicated when there is concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

5. Persistent chills suggest an alternative diagnosis.

6. Lab studies usually show leucocytosis with a shift to the left.

7. A diagnosis can be based on the history, changes on the chest X-ray.

Exercise 14. Fill in the missing prepositions. Some of prepositions may be used more than once. Translate the sentences:

in by (2) on during(2) to for

1. Oral fluids are advised … the febrile course.

2. Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally per year, and results … about 4 million deaths

3. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is admitted … hospital.

4. Acute bronchitis is characterized… the development of a cough or small sensation in the back of the throat, with or without the production of sputum.

5. Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis, followed … exposure to air pollutants.

6. Treatment of pneumonia depends … the underlying cause.

7. Acute bronchitis often develops … an upper respiratory infection such as the common cold or influenza.

Exercise 15. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct tense and voice. Translate the sentences:

1. Rest (to indicate) until fever subsides.

2. The onset of the disease (to be) often sudden with a single shaking chill.

3. Treatment (to depend) on the kind of pneumonia.

4. Dyspnea (to note) secondary to the airways obstruction.

5. Onset of cough (to signal) onset of bronchitis.

6. The cough usually (to become) productive with purulent, blood-streaked sputum.

Exercise 16. Explain the following terms. Use the previously given scheme:

Bronchitis, Pneumonia

 

 

PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

BCG vaccine, n (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin)	[bǝ'silǝs 'kælmǝt gǝ'rɛn]	вакцина БЦЖ (бацилла Кальметта-Герена)
blood streaked, adj	['blʌd 'stri:kt]	з прожилками крові
crackles, n	['kræklz]	вологі хрипи
detection, n	[di'tekʃn]	виявлення
discharge, n	[dis'ʧa:ʤ]	виділення
fluctuate, v	['flʌkʧʋeit]	змінюватися, варіюватися
heal, v	[hi:l]	зцілюватися
identify, v	[ai'dentifai]	встановлювати, визначати, розпізнавати
immunocompromised, adj	[iˏmjʋ:nǝ'kɒmprǝmaizd]	з послабленим імунітетом
lesion, n	['li:ʒn]	ураження, пошкодження
Mantoux test, n	['mæntʋ 'test]	реакція Манту
mediastinum, n	[ˏmi:diǝs'tainǝm]	середостіння
meninges, n	[mǝ'ni:nʤiz]	оболонки головного мозку
nodular, adj	['nɒdjʋlǝ]	вузликовий, нодулярний
phthisiatrician, n	[ˏfƟi:ziǝ'triʃn]	фтизіатр
resurgence, n	[ri'sɜ:ʤǝns]	рецидив
smoulder, v	['smǝʋldǝ]	тліти
sputum, n	['spju:tǝm]	мокротиння
superadd, v	[ˏsju:pǝr'æd]	додаватися
tubercle, n	['tju:bɜ:kl]	туберкул, вузлик
vulnerable, adj	['vʌlnǝrǝbl]	уразливий, незахищений,

 

Exercise 2. a) Memorize the plural forms of nouns of Latin and Greek origin:

Latin
singular	plural
-us [ǝs] bacillus	-i [ai] bacilli
-a [ǝ] vertebra	-ae [i:] vertebrae
-um [ǝm] bacterium	-a [ǝ] bacteria
Greek
-sis [sis] synthesis	-ses [siz] syntheses

b) Choose the correct plural form:

Noun	Plural
diagnosis	diagnoses	diagnosises
stimulus	stimula	stimuli
datum	datums	data
formula	formule	formulae
nucleus	nuclei	nucleum
analysis	analys	analyses
spirillum	spirilla	spirillae

 

Exercise 3. Form nouns with the help of the suffix -(a)(t)ion. Translate the pair of words into Ukrainian:

Model: to infect – infection

інфікувати – інфекція

To characterize, to form, to inhale, to fluctuate, to detect, to combine, to populate, to vaccinate, to examine, to auscultate, to palpate, to complete, to migrate.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian:

The causative agent of the disease, the formation of nodular lesions, to set up a primary tubercle, natural immune defenses, to smoulder for months or years, to fluctuate with the patient’s resistance, to transmit by coughing and sneezing, blood streaked sputum discharge, the detection by X-ray screening, vaccination with BCG vaccine, tuberculous crackles in the lungs, a yearly Mantoux test, a resurgence of pulmonary tuberculosis, in immunocompromised patients, to seek help from phthisiatrician.

 

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease. The causative agent of the disease is Mycobacterium tuberculosis that was first identified by R. Koch in 1882. It is characterized by the formation of nodular lesions (tubercles) in the mediastinum.

In pulmonary tuberculosis the bacillus can be inhaled into the lungs where it sets up a primary tubercle and spreads to the nearest lymph nodes. Natural immune defenses may heal it at this stage. Alternatively the disease may smoulder for months or years and fluctuate with the patient’s resistance. Many people become infected but show no symptoms. Others develop a chronic infection and can transmit the bacillus by coughing and sneezing.

In the early stages of pulmonary tuberculosis the patient usually complains of general malaise, fatigue, loss of appetite and as a result loss of body weight, caused by tuberculous intoxication. The subfebrile fever persists for a long time. Then cough superadds.

Symptoms of the active form of pulmonary tuberculosis include high fever that ranges from 38° to 39°C, profuse night sweats, and cough with blood streaked sputum discharge.

Pulmonary tuberculosis is treated by various combinations of antibiotics. The treatment may last up to 6-8 months. Preventive measures must include the detection of cases by X-ray screening of vulnerable populations and vaccination with BCG vaccine of those with no immunity to the disease. Regular physical examinations are necessary as well: auscultation reveals characteristic tuberculous crackles in the lungs; palpation identifies the swollen lymph nodes in the neck or other areas. Another method of detecting pulmonary tuberculosis is a yearly Mantoux test.

Recently, there has been a resurgence of pulmonary tuberculosis in immunocompromised patients (i.e. who have HIV or AIDS). The number of patients with the disease has also increased due to patients not completing drug courses.

In some cases the bacilli spread from the lungs to the blood-stream, setting up millions of tiny tubercles throughout the body (miliary tuberculosis), or migrate to the meninges to cause tuberculous meningitis. Entering by mouth bacilli may spread to abdominal lymph nodes, leading to peritonitis, and sometimes spread to other organs, joints, and bones.

Though pulmonary tuberculosis is curable, it is a terminal disease if not treated in time. So, if a person develops any signs slightly resembling pulmonary tuberculosis, he should immediately seek help from phthisiatrician.

 

Exercise 6. Answer the questions:

1. What kind of disease is pulmonary tuberculosis?

2. What is pulmonary tuberculosis caused by?

3. What kind of formations is the disease characterized by?

4. How can a person become infected with pulmonary tuberculosis?

5. What are the symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis?

6. What does the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis consist of?

7. How can pulmonary tuberculosis be prevented?

8. What complications may pulmonary tuberculosis lead to?

Exercise 7. Match the symptoms of pulmonary TB given in English with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1.	subfebrile or high fever	a	втрата ваги
2.	general malaise and fatigue	b	вологі хрипи у легенях
3.	cough with sputum discharge	c	вузликові ураження
4.	crackles in the lungs	d	субфібрильна чи висока лихоманка
5.	profuse night sweats	e	кашель з виділенням мокротиння
6.	nodular lesions	f	набряклі лімфатичні вузли
7.	loss of body weight	g	надмірна пітливість уночі
8.	swollen lymph nodes	h	загальне нездужання та втома

 

Exercise 8. Match the kinds of diagnostic tools with their explanations:

1.	X-ray screening	a)	a method of skin testing aimed at detecting tuberculosis, named after the French physician
2.	vaccination	b)	examination by touch for the purpose of diagnosing disease
3.	Mantoux test	c)	the procedure during which a patient is thoroughly examined from head to toes
4.	physical examination	d)	the laboratory analysis of specimen taken from the patient for culturing the Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms
5.	auscultation	e)	laboratory examination of physical / chemical properties and the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, etc.
6.	palpation	f)	process of giving injections of a killed microbe in order to stimulate the immune system against it, thus, preventing disease
7.	blood analysis	g)	the act of listening, either directly or through a stethoscope or other instrument, to sounds within the body as a method of diagnosis
8.	sputum analysis	h)	a radiographic image of the body internal organs and structures, usually used for diagnostic purposes

Exercise 9. Find the synonyms in the text to the words and word-combinations given below:

therapy –	moist rales –
inoculation –	excessive perspiration –
check-up –	productive cough –
tubercles –	cause of disease –

Exercise 10. Re-write the sentences translating the words and word-combinations in italics:

1. Регулярні медичні огляди must be carried out twice a year.

2. Кашель з виділення мокротиння is called productive cough.

3. During the check-up the physician heard вологі хрипи in the patient’s lungs.

4. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a смертельне захворювання, if not treated in time.

5. It is difficult to make a correct diagnosis на ранніх стадіях of some diseases.

6. People with туберкульозом легенів suffer from втрати ваги caused by tuberculous intoxication.

7. Втрата апетиту is a very important symptom, which a physician must always pay particular attention to.

8. There are a lot of бактеріальних інфекційних хвороб such as scarlet fever, whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria, etc.

Exercise 11. Insert the necessary preposition:

at; by; due to; in (2); to (2); of

1. In pulmonary tuberculosis there are a lot of nodular lesions … the mediastinum.

2. Yesterday the patient complained … general malaise, slight fatigue and headaches.

3. Profuse sweats … night serve the grave sign of pulmonary tuberculosis.

4. Swollen lymph nodes … the neck indicated the presence of infection in the body.

5. People having no immunity … diseases often suffer from various infections.

6. TB spreads throughout the world … … patients not completing drug courses.

7. People with pulmonary TB can transmit it … coughing and sneezing.

8. The bacilli of pulmonary TB can migrate … the meninges and cause tuberculous meningitis.