Modal verbs and their equivalents

(REVISION)

He	1) can/could (logical conclusion; capability)	work here.
2) may/might (hypothetic possibility; permission)
3) must (certainty without fail; obligation)
4) should (advice)

Переклад:

1.	Він може працювати тут.	(логічна посилка)
2.	На мій погляд, він працює тут.	(я не певен, за моїм розсудом)
3.	Він працює тут.	(упевненість)
4.	Він має працювати тут.	(наказ)
5.	Йому слід попрацювати тут.	(порада)

 

Pay attention!

+ He can easily translate this text.

? Can he easily translate this text?

How can he translate this text?

- He can’t (can not) easily translate this text.

Exercise 12. Insert the appropriate modal verb:

1. She … not go to the library because she has no time. (logical conclusion)

2. “You … go for a walk every day,” the doctor said. (obligation)

3. He … go to the movies in the evening. (hypothetic possibility)

4. You … work more at your pronunciation. (advice)

5. He … invite you to the theatre. (hypothetic possibility)

6. The child … not walk though he is 2 years old. (capability)

7. … I take your pencil? (permission)

8. You … follow his instructions. (certainty without fail)

 

The equivalents of modal verbs:

can	to be able to	бути здатним	I am able to treat people. Я можу (здатен) лікувати людей.
may	to be allowed to	дозволяють	I am allowed to go home. Мені дозволяють піти додому.
must	to have to	доводиться	I have to prepare for the exam to pass it successfully. Мені доводиться готуватися до екзамену, щоб скласти його на відмінно.
to be to	мають	I am to prepare for the exam beforehand. Я маю підготуватися до екзамену заздалегідь.

Pay attention!

I am able to operate this patient.	Я можу прооперувати цього пацієнта.
I was able to operate this patient.	Я міг прооперувати цього пацієнта.
I will be able to operate this patient.	Я зможу прооперувати цього пацієнта.

Exercise 13. Translate the sentences into English using the equivalents of modal verbs:

1. Вона зможе робити уколи через кілька занять.

2. Цьому хворому дозволили ходити після операції.

3. Мені доводиться йти на роботу пішки.

4. Вони повинні прооперувати його наступного тижня.

5. Зараз ми можемо провести цей експеримент.

6. Хворим не дозволяється приймати ліки самим.

7. Йому доведеться лікуватися в стаціонарі.

8. Студентам дозволять провести огляд пацієнта самостійно.

Exercise 14. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes pulmonary tuberculosis.

2. This disease may affect bones, joints, lymphatic glands, kidneys.

3. Coughing can become worse at night and in the morning.

4. A considerable elevation of temperature is observed in pneumonic forms.

5. Loss of body weight may be the typical sign of pulmonary tuberculosis.

6. Natural immune defenses can sometimes heal the disease in the early stages.

7. There is a resurgence of pulmonary TB among immunocompromised patients.

8. Millions of tiny tubercles are carried throughout the body by the blood stream.

 

Exercise 15. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense form. Translate them into Ukrainian:

1. The causative agent of tuberculosis (to discover) by Koch in 1882.

2. The microscopic examination (to reveal) pus cells in sputum yesterday.

3. The patient states that the fever (to persist) at a level of 38°C for several months.

4. Profuse night sweats (to serve) the evidence of a severe form of tuberculosis.

5. Loss of body weight (can, to cause) by tuberculous intoxication.

6. Cough (to superadd) after the disease has been in progress for some time.

7. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (to produce) characteristic tuberculous changes in the mediastinum.

8. In the early stage of pulmonary TB the patient (may, to complain) of a general malaise, fatigue, loss of appetite and bodyweight.

 

Exercise 16. Fill in the table and describe pulmonary tuberculosis:

1.	Type of disease.
2.	Set of symptoms.
3.	Data of examinations.
4.	Treatment.
5.	Complications.

 

Exercise 17. Translate the sentences into English using modal verbs or their equivalences:

1. Тобі слід звернутися до лікаря, щоб попередити це захворювання.

2. Імунна система організму може зцілювати туберкульоз на дуже ранній стадії.

3. За допомогою аускультації лікар зміг виявити незрозумілі хрипи в легенях хворого.

4. Туберкульоз легень може поширюватися по всьому організму та викликати смертельні ускладнення.

5. Туберкульоз може розвиватися дуже швидко у людей з послабленим імунітетом.

6. Профілактичні заходи проти туберкульозу обов’язково мають включати рентген та реакцію Манту.

7. Якщо у пацієнта кашель триває протягом довгого часу, то, в першу чергу, необхідно підозрювати туберкульоз.

8. Щоб уникнути ускладнень, ти повинен закінчити повний курс лікування.

 

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

І. Перекладіть наступні словосполучення: 1. бактеріальна хвороба 2. збудник захворювання 3. передавати через чихання 4. скаржитися на втому 5. кашель з виділення мокротиння 6. виявити вологі хрипи у легенях 7. у хворих з послабленим імунітетом 8. поширюватися через кровоток 9. призводити до менінгіту 10. звернутися за допомогою до фтизіатра   ІІ. Дайте розгорнуту відповідь на наступні питання: 1. What kind of disease is pulmonary tuberculosis? 2. What is pulmonary tuberculosis caused by? 3. How can a person become infected with pulmonary tuberculosis? 4. What are the symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis? 5. What does the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis consist of? ІІІ. Розкрийте поняття терміну:туберкульоз легень

 

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Exercise 1. Topical vocabulary:

accumulation, n	[əˌkjuːmjəˈleɪʃən]	накопичення
atherosclerosis, n	[ˌæθərəʊskləˈrəʊsɪs]	атеросклероз
cholesterol, n	[kəˈlestərɒl]	холестерин
cumulative, adj	[ˈkjuːmjʊlətɪv]	сукупний
enable, adj	[ɪˈneɪbəl]	робити можливим
furring, n	[ˈfɜːrɪŋ]	утворення нальоту
hardening, n	[ˈhɑːdənɪŋ]	твердіння
multiple, adj	[ˈmʌltɪpəl]	численний
overstrain, n	[ˌəʊvəˈstreɪn]	перенапруження
plaque, n	[plɑːk]	бляшка, тромбоцит
stroke, n	[strəʊk]	інсульт
thicken, v	[ˈθɪkən]	згущувати(ся)

 

Exercise 3. Remember roots pertaining to the heart and blood vessels:

Root	Meaning	Example	Definition
cardi/o-	heart	cardiomyopathy	any disease of the heart muscle
arti/o	atrium	interatrial	between the atria
ventricul/o-	cavity, ventricle	ventriculotomy	surgical incision of the ventricle
valvul/o-, valv/o-	valve	valvuloplasty	plastic repair of a valve
angi/o-	vessel	angiogram	x-ray of a blood vessel
vas/o-, vascul/o-	vessel, duct	vasodilation	widening of a blood vessel
arter-, arter/o-	artery	arteriorrhexis	rupture of an artery
arteriol/o	ateriole	arteriolitis	inflammation of the arterioles
aort/o	aorta	aortostenosis	narrowing of the aorta
ven/o-, ven/i-	vein	venous	pertaining to a vein
phleb/o-	vein	phlebectasia	dilatation of a vein
varic/o-	twisted and swollen vein	varicosity	varix, varicose vein

Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks:

1. The word cardiogenic means originating in the …………….

2. An atriotomy is an incision into the………………………….

3. A valvectomy is surgical removal of a ……………………...

4. The word interventricular means between the ……………....

5. Vasoconstriction means narrowing of ……………………....

Exercise 5. Write the adjectives for each of the following definitions. The proper suffix is given for each:

1. Pertaining to the heart (-ac) ……………………………………….

2. Pertaining to the myocardium (-al) ……………………………….

3. Pertaining to the pericardium (-al) …………………………………

4. Pertaining to an atrium (-al) ……………………………………….

5. Pertaining to a ventricle (-ar) ………………………………………

6. Pertaining to a valve (-ar) ………………………………………….

 

Exercise 6. Write a word for each of the following definitions:

1. Inflammation of the lining of the heart (endo-) (-itis) ………………

2. Inflammation of the heart muscle (-itis) ……………………………

3. Inflammation of the fibrous sac around the heart (peri-) (-itis) …….

4. Study of the heart (-logy) …………………………………………...

5. Enlargement of the heart (-megaly) ………………………….……..

6. Pertaining to an atrium and a ventricle (-al, -ar) ……………………

7. Above a ventricle (supra-) ………………………………………….

8. Surgical incision of a valve (-tomy) ………………………………...

 

Exercise 7. Mach the synonyms:

1. to thicken	a) negative
2. to affect	b) to concern
3. to refer to	c) break
4. multiple	d) weakness
5. unfavorable	e) to solidify
6. to decrease	f) to gain
7. rupture	g) to influence
8. to occur	h) to reduce
9. to accumulate	i) numerous
10. overstrain	j) to happen

 

Exercise 8. Translate the following word combinations:

Arteriosclerotic vascular disease, accumulation of fatty materials, hardening or furring of the arteries, formation of multiple plaques within the arteries, remain asymptomatic for decades, metabolic disturbances, disturbances of cholesterol exchange, external evidence of the disease, preventive measures, follow a certain regimen, sound sleep, enable the nerve cells to rest, exclude mental and physical overstrain, incidence of atherosclerosis, insufficient physical activity, affect unfavourably, sufficient amount of proteins, take in limited doses, dilate peripheral vessels, improve general condition, advanced atherosclerosis.

 

Exercise 9. Read and translate the text:

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Cardiovascular diseases (also called heart disease) is a class of diseases that involve the heart, the blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins) or both.

Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, principally cardiac disease, vascular diseases of the brain and kidney, and peripheral arterial disease. The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and/or hypertension are the most common.

Atherosclerosis (also known as arteriosclerotic vascular disease or ASVD) is a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol. It is commonly referred to as a hardening or furring of the arteries. It is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries. Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that remains asymptomatic for decades. There is a number of factors which may determine its development.

Atherosclerosis of the blood vessels results from metabolic disturbances and particularly from disturbances of cholesterol exchange. These disturbances begin long before there is any external evidence of the disease. Therefore the doctor must prevent its appearance beginning preventive measures and treatment as early as possible.

Prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis consist mainly of a certain regimen for the patient, which he must strictly follow. The patient must get up, eat, work, and go to bed at exactly the same time every day.

Sound sleep is very important since it enables the nerve cells to rest. The patient with the signs of atherosclerosis must sleep not less than 7-8 hours and walk before going to bed. Mental and physical overstrain must be excluded.

The incidence of atherosclerosis is high in professional groups with insufficient physical activities. So physical exercises must be part of the prescribed regimen for such persons.

Smoking affects unfavourably the walls of the blood vessels and can result in their spasm, that is why patients suffering from atherosclerosis must not smoke.

The diet of the patients with atherosclerosis must contain sufficient amount of proteins, but fats and carbohydrates must be taken in very limited doses.

Vitamins are widely used in the treatment of atherosclerosis because some of them improve the metabolic processes and others dilate the vessels, particularly the peripheral ones.

Other drugs administered in treating atherosclerosis are the so-called lipotropic substances, which prevent fat from accumulating in the organism.

Since the nervous system affects the metabolic processes in the human body the patients with atherosclerosis are prescribed such drugs as bromide and valerian to improve its general condition.

Complications of advanced atherosclerosis are chronic, slowly progressive and cumulative. Most commonly, soft plaque suddenly ruptures, causing the formation of a thrombus that will rapidly slow or stop blood flow. It will lead to death of the tissues fed by the artery in approximately 5 minutes. This catastrophic event is called an infarction. One of the most common recognized scenarios is called coronary thrombosis of a coronary artery, causing myocardial infarction. The same process in an artery to the brain is commonly called stroke.

 

Exercise 10. Answer the following questions:

1. What is atherosclerosis?

2. What is atherosclerosis caused by?

3. What does prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis mainly consist of?

4. Why is sound sleep important for patients with atherosclerosis?

5. Who has a high incidence of atherosclerosis?

6. What must the diet of the patients with atherosclerosis contain?

7. Why are vitamins widely used in the treatment of atherosclerosis?

8. What drugs are administered in treating atherosclerosis?

9. What can advanced atherosclerosis lead to?

10. What does sudden rupture of soft plaque cause?

 

Exercise 11. Match the terms with their definitions:

1. heart 2. artery 3. plasma 4. furring 5. cholesterol 6. plaque 7. chronic 8. accumulation

a) continuing a long time or recurring frequently; b) gradual gathering of something; c) a white crystalline substance, found in animal tissues and various foods, that is normally synthesized by the liver and is important as a constituent of cell membranes; d) a hollow organ of blood circulation, composed mainly of smooth muscle, located in the chest between the lungs and slightly to the left and consisting of four chambers; e) a blood vessel that conveys blood from the heart to any part of the body; f) the formation of a coating of matter on something, as on the tongue; g) the liquid part of blood or lymph, as distinguished from the suspended elements; h) a flat, often raised, patch on the skin or other organ, as on the inner lining of arterial walls in atherosclerosis.

 

Exercise 12. Find the equivalents of the following word combinations in the text:

Кількість випадків атеросклерозу; запущений атеросклероз; покращувати загальний стан пацієнта; розширювати периферичні судини; впливати на метаболічні процеси; призначати ліки; приймати у дуже обмежених дозах; містити достатню кількість білків; несприятливо впливати на стінки кровоносних судин; недостатня фізична активність; міцний сон; давати змогу нервовим клітинам відпочити; неухильно дотримуватися певного режиму; порушення холестеринового обміну; зовнішні прояви хвороби; накопичення жирових матеріалів; формування численних бляшок в артеріях.

 

Exercise 13. Insert the missing prepositions into the gaps:

1. Patients suffering … atherosclerosis must not smoke.

2. Other drugs administered…treating atherosclerosis are the so-called lipotropic substances.

3. Atherosclerosis is commonly referred … as a hardening or furring of the arteries.

4. Atherosclerosis is caused … the formation of multiple plaques … the arteries.

5. Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that remains asymptomatic … decades.

6. Sound sleep is very important … it enables the nerve cells to rest.

7. The diet … the patients with atherosclerosis must contain sufficient amount … proteins.

8. The narrowing or obstruction … blood flow can occur... any artery within the body.

 

Exercise 14. Fill in the correct word:

1. In atherosclerosis the arterial walls become …. (thinned / thickened)

2. Atherosclerosis is defined as a chronic … response of the blood vessels. (purulent / inflammatory)

3. Atherosclerosis usually begins in …, it affects the majority of the arteries. (the elderly / adolescents)

4. Atherosclerosis … from a low-density lipoprotein molecules. (develops / terminates)

5. The cholesterol … causes the vessel walls to enlarge. (plaque / plague)

6. Atherosclerosis may be … by angiography. (divided / detected)

7. Plaque rupture can … artery lumen occlusion within seconds to minutes. (lead to / aggravate)

8. Some symptoms of atherosclerosis may be …, but the disease itself can't/ (healed / cured)

 

Exercise 15. Fill in the table to describe the following term “Atherosclerosis”:

Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Complications
Treatment

Exercise 16. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. The same process in an artery to the brain is commonly called stroke.

2. It will lead to death of the tissues in approximately 5 minutes.

3. Smoking affects unfavourably the walls of the blood vessels.

4. Atherosclerosis is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries.

5. Mental and physical overstrain must be excluded.

6. Atherosclerosis remains asymptomatic for decades.

7. Atherosclerosis of the blood vessels results from metabolic disturbances.

8. These disturbances begin long before there is any external evidence of the disease.

 

Exercise 17. Open the brackets with the appropriate forms of the verbs:

1. The diet of this patient (to contain) sufficient amount of proteins.

2. The same process in an artery to the brain (to call) stroke.

3. The nervous system (to affect) the metabolic processes in the human body.

4. The patient (to sleep) 8 hours last night.

5. Lipotropic substances (to administer) in treating atherosclerosis.

6. Lipotropic substances (to prevent) fat from accumulating in the organism.

7. He (to go) to bed at the same time every day.

8. Coronary thrombosis of a coronary artery (to cause) myocardial infarction in this patient.

 

REPORTING COMMANDS AND REQUESTS

To report commands or requests we use a reporting verb (advise, ask, beg, offer, order, tell etc) followed by a to-infinitive or a not to-infinitive.

Examples:

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
She said to me, “Come with me.” He said to her, “Please, don’t tell anyone about it!”	She told me to come with her. He asked her not to tell anyone about it.

 

Exercise 18. Report the doctor’s recommendations to the patient with atherosclerosis:

38. The doctor said to the patient, “Go to bed at exactly the same time every day.”

39. The doctor said to the patient, “Walk before going to bed.”

40. The doctor said to the patient, “Do not smoke.”

41. The doctor said to the patient, “Follow the prescribed regimen strictly.”

42. The doctor said to the patient, “Do not eat a lot of fatty food.”

43. The doctor said to the patient, “Avoid mental or physical overstrain.”

44. The doctor said to the patient, “Do not drink too much coffee.”

45. The doctor said to the patient, “Come for the next check-up in a month”

 

Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Лікар порадив пацієнту дотримуватися певної дієти.

2. Лікар наказав санітарам відвезти хворого на рентген.

3. Лікар сказав пацієнту не рухатися.

4. Лікар попросив медсестру зробити хворому ін’єкцію.

5. Він сказав їй не хвилюватися.

6. Вона благала лікаря не казати про це її матері.

7. Медсестра попросила хворого лягти на живіт.

8. Вона сказала нам залишатися тут і чекати на неї.

 

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть наступні словосполучення: 1. запущений атеросклероз 2. покращувати загальний стан пацієнта 3. розширювати судини 4. впливати на метаболічні процеси 5. призначати ліки 6. несприятливо впливати на судини 7. міцний сон 8. порушення холестеринового обміну 9. зовнішні прояви хвороби 10. формування бляшок   II. Дайте відповіді на наступні питання: 1. What is atherosclerosis? 2. What does prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis mainly consist of? 3. Who has a high incidence of atherosclerosis? 4. What can advanced atherosclerosis lead to? 5. What does sudden rupture of soft plaque cause?   III. Розкрийте поняття: Атеросклероз

 

Test

1. Atherosclerosis is a condition in which an artery wall … as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol.

a) strains b) contracts c) drains d) widens e) thickens

 

2. It is commonly referred to as a hardening or furring of …

a) the vessels b) the arteries c) the walls d) the ventricles e) the atria

 

3. It is caused by the formation of multiple … within the arteries.

a) ulcers b) sores c) cells d) plaques e) furs

 

4. Atherosclerosis of the blood vessels results from metabolic disturbances and particularly from disturbances of … exchange.

a) fat b) glucose c) cholesterol d) carbohydrate e) protein

 

5. Drugs administered in treating atherosclerosis are the so-called … substances, which prevent fat from accumulating in the organism.

a) lipotropic b) dissolvant c) vasodilator d) accumulative e) vasoconstrictors

 

6. Since … affects the metabolic processes in the human body the patients with atherosclerosis are prescribed such drugs as bromide and valerian to improve its general condition.

a) the alimentary system b) the respiratory system c) the cardiovascular system d) the endocrine system e) the nervous system

 

7. Complications of advanced atherosclerosis are …, slowly progressive and cumulative.

a) long-turn b) chronic c) rapid d) acute e) severe

 

8. Most commonly, soft plaque suddenly …, causing the formation of a thrombus that will rapidly slow or stop blood flow.

a) widens b) thickens c) tightens d) occluses e) ruptures

 

9. It will lead to death of the tissues fed by the artery in approximately...

a) 5 seconds b) several days c) 5 hours d) an hour e) 5 minutes

 

10. One of the most common recognized scenarios is called coronary thrombosis of a coronary artery, causing ….

a) rheumatic endocarditis b) angina pectoris c) shock d) myocardial infarction e) stroke

 

 

HYPERTENSION

 

Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:

aging, n	[‘eɪdʒɪŋ]	старіння
alcohol intake, n	[ˈɪnteɪk]	вживання алкоголю
asymptomatic, adj	[æˌsɪmptəˈmætɪk]	безсимптомний
hypertension, n	[ˌhaɪpəˈtɛnʃən]	гіпертонія
hypotension, n	[ˌhaɪpəʊˈtɛnʃən]	гіпотонія
insufficient, adj	[ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənt]	недостатній
measurement, n	[ˈmɛʒəmənt]	вимірювання; вимір
moderate, adj	[ˈmɒdərɪt]	помірний
persistent, adj	[pəˈsɪstənt]	стійкий
potassium, n	[pəˈtæsɪəm]	калій
sedentary, adj	[ˈsɛd^əntərɪ]	сидячий
stroke, n	[strəʊk]	інсульт

 

Exercise 2. Match the definitions with the words from active vocabulary:

1. The process of growing old or maturing;

2. Loss of brain function due to a disturbance in the blood supply to the brain;

3. Characterized by much sitting;

4. Without symptoms;

5. Abnormally low blood pressure;

6. Inadequate or deficient;

7. Insistently repetitive or continuous;

8. Abnormally elevated blood pressure.

 

Exercise 3. Translate the word combinations:

Cardiac chronic medical condition; systemic arterial blood pressure; primary hypertension; secondary hypertension; obvious medical cause; persistent hypertension; risk factors for stroke; chronic kidney failure; moderate elevation; shortened life expectancy; dietary and lifestyle changes; associated health complications; ineffective or insufficient; accelerated hypertension; direct cause; sedentary lifestyle; potassium deficiency; salt sensitivity; inherited genetic mutations; family history of hypertension.

 

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:

HYPERTENSION

Hypertension or high blood pressure is a cardiac chronic medical condition in which the systemic arterial blood pressure is elevated. What that means is that the heart has to work harder than it should to pump the blood around the body. Blood pressure involves two measurements, systolic and diastolic. Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm/Hg. The first figure is the systolic blood pressure, the pressure there is in the arteries when your heart is contracting. The second, or lower figure, is the diastolic blood pressure, which is the pressure in your arteries between heart beats. High blood pressure is anything above 140/90 mm/Hg. Hypertension is the opposite of hypotension. Hypertension is classified as either primary hypertension or secondary hypertension. About 90–95% of cases are categorized as "primary hypertension," which means high blood pressure with no obvious medical cause. The remaining 5–10% of cases (іecondary hypertension) are caused by other conditions that affect the kidneys, arteries, heart or endocrine system.

Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for stroke, myocardial infarction and heart failure, and is a leading cause of chronic kidney failure. Moderate elevation of arterial blood pressure leads to shortened life expectancy. Dietary and lifestyle changes can improve blood pressure control and decrease the risk of associated health complications, although drug treatment may prove necessary in patients for whom lifestyle changes are ineffective or insufficient.

Mild to moderate essential hypertension is usually asymptomatic. Accelerated hypertension is associated with headache, drowsiness, confusion, vision disorders, nausea, and vomiting.

Although no direct cause for hypertension has been identified, there are many factors such as sedentary lifestyle, smoking, stress, obesity, potassium deficiency, salt sensitivity, alcohol intake, and vitamin D deficiency that increase the risk of developing hypertension. Risk also increases with aging, some inherited genetic mutations, and having a family history of hypertension.

The first line of treatment for hypertension includes some lifestyle changes such as dietary changes; physical exercises; weight loss.

 

Exercise 5. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What is systolic blood pressure?

2. What is diastolic blood pressure?

3. What blood pressure is considered to be normal?

4. What may persistent hypertension lead to?

5. What are the consequences of moderate elevation of blood pressure?

6. What is accelerated hypertension associated with?

7. What increases the risk of developing hypertension?

8. How is hypertension usually treated?

 

Exercise 6. Find the translation of the following word combinations in the text:

Первинна гіпертонія; виправдовувати негайне застосування ліків; стійка гіпертонія; зміни у способі життя; помірне підвищення кров’яного тиску; пряма причина; наявність гіпертонії у сім’ї; дефіцит калію; сидячий спосіб життя; фактори ризику інсульту; фізичні вправи; зміни у харчуванні; успадковані генетичні мутації; чутливість до солі; неефективний та недостатній.

 

Exercise 7. Find antonyms of the following words:

1.	effective	a.	shortened
2.	prolonged	b.	secondary
3.	decreased	c.	hypotension
4.	hypertension	d.	ineffective
5.	deteriorate	e.	elevated
6.	sufficient	f.	intake
7.	consumption	g.	improve
8.	primary	h.	insufficient