Найдите в тексте “Chapter 1. Civil Legislation” соответствующие английские предложения.

 

1. Граждане (физические лица) и юридические лица осуществляют свои гражданские права своей волей и в своих интересах.

 

2. Гражданские права могут быть ограничены на основании федерального закона.

 

3. Ограничения перемещения товаров и услуг могут вводиться в соответствии с федеральными законами.

 

4. Участниками регулируемых гражданских законодательных отношений являются граждане и юридические лица.

 

5. Правила, установленные гражданским законодательством, применяются к отношениям с участием иностранных граждан, лиц без гражданства и иностранных физических лиц.

 

6. Неотчуждаемые права и свободы человека и другие нематериальные блага защищаются гражданским законодательством.

 

Самостоятельная работа.

Изучите раздел Гражданского кодекса РФ об основных положениях гражданского законодательства и отношениях, регулируемых им. Найдите ответы на вопросы.

 

1. Does Article 2 “Relations regulated by civil legislation” embrace the whole sphere of individualized creativity and nonmaterial relations? (Yes\No? Why?)

 

2. What does Civil legislation consist of and how are its provisions implemented?

 

3. What is the effect of Civil legislation in time?

 

4. How do you understand the notion “Business Custom”?

 

5. What is meant by “Application of Civil legislation by analogy”?

 

6. How does Civil legislation correlate with International Law?

 

10. На основе текста “Chapter 1. Civil Legislation” подготовьте презентацию на тему “General provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation”. При подготовке презентации используйте следующие выражения.

Introducing the topic:

• This morning I’m going to …. (talk about)
• Today I’d like to …….. (describe……)
• The aim of my presentation this morning is to …….(explain…..)
• I’ve divided my presentation into\My talk will be in….. (three parts)
• First, I’d like to …..(give you an overview of the project)
• Second, I’ll move on to …….
• Then I’ll focus on …….
• After that we’ll deal with…….
• Finally, we’ll consider …….

Referring to questions:

• Feel free to/Do interrupt me if there’s anything you don’t understand
• If you don’t mind, we’ll leave questions till the end

Introducing each section:

• So, let’s start with……(the objectives)
• Now let’s move on to…… (the next part)
• Let’s turn our attention to …….
• This leads me to …..(my third point)
• Finally, ….. (let’s consider)

Summarizing a section:

• That completes my …. (description of….)
• So, to summarize …… (there are five key points….)

Referring:

• I mentioned earlier
• I’ll say more about this later
• We`ll come back to this point later
• As you know…..

Checking understanding:

• Is that clear / Are there any questions?

Concluding:

• That concludes my talk. / That brings me to the end of my presentation.
• If you have any questions, I’d be pleased / I’ll do my best to answer them.
• Thank you for your attention.

Dealing with questions:

• That’s a good point. / I’m glad you asked that question.
• Can I get back to you on that later?
• I’m afraid, I don’t have…… (the information at present).
• I’m afraid, I’m not the right person to answer that.

Unit 2. CIVIL PROCEDURE IN THE UK

1. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What branch of law would you like to choose as your future profession – civil law or criminal law?

2. What do you know about civil procedure?

3. What is procedural law? How is it distinguished from substantive law?

4. Are there any stages of judicial proceedings that are common to all kinds of hearings?

Переведите определение понятия «Гражданский процесс».

Civil procedure is the body of law that sets out the rules and standards that courts follow when adjudicating civil lawsuits (as opposed to procedures in criminal law matters). These rules govern how a lawsuit or case may be commenced, what kind of service of process (if any) is required, the types of pleadings or statements of case, motions or applications, and orders allowed in civil cases, the timing and manner of depositions and discovery or disclosure, the conduct of trials, the process for judgment, various available remedies, and how the courts and clerks must function.

 

Прочитайте и переведите текст “Differences between Civil and Criminal Procedure”.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

Criminal and civil procedures are different. Although some systems, including the English and French, allow private persons to bring a criminal prosecution against another person, prosecutions are nearly always started by the state, in order to punish the defendant. Civil actions, on the other hand, are started by private individuals, companies or organizations, for their own benefit. In addition, governments (or their subdivisions or agencies) may also be parties to civil actions. The cases are usually heard in different courts, and juries are not so often used in civil cases.

In Anglo-American law, the party bringing a criminal charge (that is, in most cases, the state) is called the "prosecution", but the party bringing most forms of civil action is the "plaintiff" or "claimant". In both kinds of action the other party is known as the "defendant". A criminal case against a person called Ms. Sanchez would be described as “The People v. (="versus", "against" or "and") Sanchez,” "The State (or Commonwealth) v. Sanchez" or "[The name of the State] v. Sanchez" in the United States and “R. (Regina, that is, the Queen) v. Sanchez” in England. But a civil action between Ms. Sanchez and Mr. Smith would be “Sanchez v. Smith” if it was started by Sanchez, and “Smith v. Sanchez” if it was started by Mr. Smith.

Most countries make a clear distinction between civil and criminal procedure. For example, a criminal court may force a convicted defendant to pay a fine as punishment for his crime, and the legal costs of both the prosecution and defense. But the victim of the crime generally pursues his claim for compensation in a civil, not a criminal, action. In France and England, however, a victim of a crime may incidentally be awarded compensation by a criminal court judge.

Evidence from a criminal trial is generally admissible as evidence in a civil action about the same matter. For example, the victim of a road accident does not directly benefit if the driver who injured him is found guilty of the crime of careless driving. He still has to prove his case in a civil action, unless the doctrine of collateral estoppel* applies, as it does in most American jurisdictions. In fact he may be able to prove his civil case even when the driver is found not guilty in the criminal trial, because the standard to determine guilt is higher than the standard to determine fault. However, if a driver is found by a civil jury not to have been negligent, a prosecutor may be estopped**from charging him criminally.

If the plaintiff has shown that the defendant is liable, the main remedy in a civil court is the amount of money, or "damages", which the defendant should pay to the plaintiff. Alternative civil remedies include restitution or transfer of property, or an injunction to restrain or order certain actions.

The standards of proof are higher in a criminal case than in a civil one, since the state does not wish to risk punishing an innocent person. In English law the prosecution must prove the guilt of a criminal “beyond reasonable doubt”; but the plaintiff in a civil action is required to prove his case “on the balance of probabilities”. Thus, in a criminal case a crime cannot be proven if the person or persons judging it doubt the guilt of the suspect and have a reason (not just a feeling or intuition) for this doubt. But in a civil case, the court will weigh all the evidence and decide what is most probable.

Notes:

*estoppel –лишение права возражения, лишение права ссылаться

**estopped – лишенный права возражения, лишенный права ссылаться

Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания из текста.

 

1) civil action

2) criminal prosecution

3) service of process

4) pleading

5) motion

6) application

7) deposition

8) disclosure

9) remedy