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Or unsolicited omens really were messages, where the king should spend the winter,
S,.» a which routes of eampaigns would be the best, etc. ‘ Some of these inquiries are the Source of interestmg historical information. 868 The results of an individual question Were checked, usually by means of another System of oracles. The Hittites practiced at least six different methods of taking oracles. 867 Extispicy, designated by Hittite scribes as the TE(RETU) ‘exta’ or KUS ‘flesh’ Oracle (CTH 570- Called for the examination of the innards of a slaughtered sheep. Hepatoscopy hü- • • LÜ was part of a testing procedure. A diviner (sumerographically ' HAL or AZU) Carried out the expertise, and the Hurrian technical terms connected with this div- Inatory technique indicate that it had reached Anatolia via the Hurrians. In a related ‘sheep’ or ‘bed’ oracle (CTH 576) the diviner observed the behavior of a sheep on its way to slaughter for a ‘flesh’ oracle. The Mesopotamian divinatory genre behind this practice is summa immeru, ‘If a sheep...’ The Hittite ‘bed’ oracles, With their Hurrian termini technici, may stem from Hurrian versions of the omens. 808 859 Augury, or the Observation of birds (CTH 573), derived from a local tradition. The augurs (^MUSEN.DÜ or L ^IGI.MUÖEN) observed the flight and other move- Ments of various types of birds (at least 25 are mentioned in the texts) in a strictly Defined oracular field resembling the templum of Roman bird watchers. 860 Beckman 1999a: 526ff.; Beal 2002b; 2002c; now also Haas 2008. For the contents of oracle questions, see Unai 1978: 14ff. 856 e.g.< CTH 569. van den Hont 1998. For their adequate description, see Beal 2002b; cf. also Kammenhuber 1976b: 9ff.; Beckman 1999a: 527ff.: van den Hout 2003-2GÖ5a; Haas 2008. Hoffner 1993; Beal 2002b: 641; Y. Cohen 2007. 859 Ünal 1973; Archi 1975b; Beal 2002b: 65ff., 78. For the social Status of the augurs, see now Hazenbos 2007: 99ft. An oracle text KIJB 49.60 preserves in column iv the right half of a roughly sketched. plan of the demarcated oracular area; cf. Archi 1975b: 150 n> 87; Haas — Wegner 1996; 108 Fig, 1; Czyzewska 2007: 150. 148 Hittite Anatoua Similarly as hepatoscopy, Anatolian augury was in all probabiiity ancestral to fche Similar Roman practice, adopted frorn the Etruscans acting in this case as an inter- it remains a puzzle how the gods sent messages through the HURRl-hiräs, per- Haps a type of duck that nested in a burrow. This type of oracle (CTH 574) was Performed by a diviner and has nothing to do with augurv. As Richard Beal remarks, perhaps HUM.RI- bird. oracles were bird-extispicy,... or perhaps poison oracles, or Perhaps HUR.R1- bird.s simply gave a heads or tails response, either literally or figu- . • -i „861 rativeiy.' Another native form are the ‘symbol’ (KIN) oracles (CTH 572). 862 They were per Formed by an Old Woman and they shouid presumably be «nderstood as a kind of Game using three types of symbols. The active symbol (perhaps some animal in this role?) called with the name of a deity, or ‘the dais,’ ‘the king,’ etc., took the passive Ones (usually abstract ideas of a positive or negative meaning) and gave them to the receptacles (gods, familiär and unfamiliar persons, and abstract concepts). The ac- Tual course of the divination remains a mysterv, Snake oracles (CTH 575) resembie The last mentioned type of divination that made use of symbolic tokens. 863 Water Snakes assigned to particular symbols moved from one symbolically named spot in
The basin to another. In dreams the gods spoke directly to humans, although not all night visions fea- tured deities.' ’ Many dreams, including ‘evil’ ones, 865 were symbolic, and their Message called for an Interpretation. 866 In the ease of unfavorable signs, which were The source of contamination, magic was a great help. Mentions of message dreams or ‘evil’ dreams oceur in prayers, magic incantations, historical texts, and also as a reason for oracular inquiries (see above). ' The best known dreams perhaps are Beal 2002b: 72. 862 Archi 1974; Orlamünde 2001; Beal 2002b: 76ff. Laroche 1958; Beal 2002b: 74; Lefevre-Novaro - Mouton 2008. CTH Vieyn . Mouton 2007a; 244ff,; cf. also H.G. Güterbock apud Oppenheim 1956: 2545;
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