Sa on the Hills of Osmankayasi and Baglarbagukayasi, 1000 Kazankaya north west of

; See above 8.2.6 with n. 718.

; Cf. also KUB 18.54, KÜB 42.83 vi 2’.

KBo 12.140 rev. 12’: N ] A *bekur Pirwa m Tu\thaliya? (Imparati 1977; 50ff. with n. 113) suggests

a Connection between Pirwa (=? Pirengir) and one of the kings named Tut haliya.

KBo 10.35 i? 4’ (Imparati 1977: ja. 23); KUB 56.37 i? T[.

HE!) 3:355 (‘dynastic mausoleum?’); Taracha 1998b: 191; 2000: 200f; Kapelus 2006-

Ff.; 2007.

Taracha 2007a.

for f. ""MUi.f.MüL) in Ebla, see, e.g., Xella 1983: 28S. ‘Star of Ebla’ was a title of the kings

Of nbla. Most scholars Interpret the bt ihn kbkm in Ugarit as a sanctuary of the dynastic

Ancestor cult, e.g. Spronk 1986: 157f.: Dietrich - Loretz 1991: 87. For a different opinion, see

Van der Toorn 1991: 50.

See, m general, Emre 1978: 123ff.: 1991; Haas 1994a: 234ff.: van den Hout 1994a: 53ff ■ Popko

A: 166ff.

Bittel - Herre — Olten — Rohrs - Scheuble 1958.

Demirci-

■ 3.2. The Empire Period

Qekerek,* 00 * ilica in the region of Ankara/ 002 Yanarlar near Afyon, 1008

höyük-Sanket near Eski§ehir, J and Gordion some 200 km west of Ankara/ 000 In

The second miilennium BC, cremation became increasingly common. At Osmanka

yasi and Baglarba§ikayasi there is a mixture of cremation and inhumation. Different

Kinds of vessels were used as urns for ashes; they were sometimes placed in pithoi

Ana covered with stones or cups. At Ilica, all the burials with the exception of one

Eist grave were cremations with beak-spouted pitchers used as urns. This cemetery

Is characterized by rows of stone monoliths marking the burials, proof that the liv-

Ing needed to be able to locate the graves of specific family members at a later date.

Memorials of this kind were not noted elsewhere. At Osmankayasi and ilica, the

Pottery was intentionally damaged during the funerary rites before being deposited

In the grave. Connected with the same rites were libation vessels and animal bones

- burnt in the graves at ilica, and at Osmankayasi sometimes compiete burials of

Oxen, pigs, sheep, or equids; in the case of the latter, isolated skuils were also found.

At Kazankaya, only inhumation burials were attested. Similarly as in the case of

The cemetery of pithoi graves at Yanarlar lying farther west and at Gordion, where three

Forms of inhumations occur: pit graves, pithoi graves and eist graves. Cremation also

started being used in the west. Among several dozen skeletal graves in Demircihöyük-

Sanket a few urns with ashes were discovered, as well as three pithoi graves, where

Ashes of a later cremation were added to an earlier inhumation. A similar Situation was

observed at cemeteries in Panaztepe near Izmir and Be§iktepe in Troas. The deceased

Were members of the same community, even the same family. This also demonstrates

That the dissemination of cremation as a funerary rite, considered possibly to guarantee

a ‘hetter’ passage to the netherworld, was not connected with ethnie changes; neither

Did it presumably bring about more significant changes in eschatological beliefs (see

Also 1.2)/ 1 The people who practiced cremation apparently held to the religious con-

Cept of the soul apart from the body (see above). By contrast, West Semitic contempor-

Aries of Syro-Palestine, including the Israelites, believed that the body and soul were

Xnseparable, which for them made cremation unthinkable, as noted in the Bible.

1001 T. Özgüc 1978: vol. 1, 69ff.

Orthmann 1967.

Emre 1978.

Seeher 1991; Seeher - Jansen - Pernicka - Witt wer-Backofen 2000.

Mellink 1956.

Seeher 1993; cf. also Novak 2003: 65ff.

I

j

'1

BIBLIOGRAF HY

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2007. “Gurparanzah Destamna Birle§en Yen! Bir Tablet Fargasi,” in: Acts VI ICH, vol. I, 1-20.

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Halaf Mortuary Practices: A Survey,” in: Fs van Loon, 75-88.

Alaura, S.

2001. “Überlegungen zur Bedeutung der Fundumstände einer fragmentarischen Stierfigur aus

den Winkler’schen Grabungen in Bogazköy-Hattusa,” in: Fs Haas, 1-17.

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2004. •'“‘...onlarfa otuxacak, yiyecek ve yaglanacak”...ushat aklat u passat isfiäunu.” Ar An. 7/1,

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