Beginning“ relates the struggle for power between generations of gods. First

Kumarbi deposed Anu (and before the latter there was Alalu who mied the world),

931

but then he succumbed to Tessub. " In successive songs Kumarbi attempted to re-

Cover power through his progeny. Unfortunately, the only preserved fragments of

932 933 934.

the cycle are songs of the monster LAMMA," Silver, " Hedamnvuf and Ulli-

935

Kummi.

The archives of Hattusa preserve fragments of Hittite adaptations of many other

Hurrian myths taking place in Syria (Saulka and the Pisaisa mountam, Jjb the Song of

937.. 938

Release') and eastern Anatolia (Elkunirsa and Asertu ’), bigger epic cycles (story

939

about the hunter Kesse,' * the Epic of Gilgames in the Hittite, Hurrian and Akkad-

ian versions,'" 0 and the epos of Atra(m)hasis 941), as well as stories and fahles with

Corti 2007.

931 CTH 344, Güterbock 1946: 6 ff.; Otten 1950b: 5ff.; Laroche 1969b: 153ff.; Bernabe 1987: 146ff.;

Pecchioli Daddi - Polvani 1990: 115ff.; Ünal 1994b: 8280:.; Hoffner 1998: 42ff; Garda Trabazo

Ff.; Haas 2006: 133ff.

932 CTH 343, Laroche 1969b: 145ff.; Güterbock 1961b: 161.ff.; Bernabe 1987: 203ff.; Hoffner 1998:

Ff.; Haas 2006: 144ff.

933 CTH 364, Laroche 1969b: 177ff.; Bernabe 1987: 209ff.; Hoffner 1988: Ünal 1994b: 856ff.; Hoffner

Ff.; Haas 2006: 148ff.

CTH 348, Friedrich 1949, Laroche 1969b: 169ff; Siegelova 1971: Soff; Bernabe 1987: 18Off.;

Pecchioli Daddi - Polvani 1990: 131.fl; Ünal 1994b: 844ff; Hoffner 1998: 50ff.; Haas 2006: 153ff.

935 CTH 345, Güterbock 1952; Jakob-Rost 1977; Bernabe 1987:.1.71.11; Pecchioli Daddi - Polvani

1990: 14211: Ünal 1994b: 83011; Hoffner 1998: 5511; Giorgieri 2001; Garcla Trabazo 2002: 176ff.;

Haas 2006: 15611; Groddek 2007: 313ff. For Ea. and the Beast, another song related to the

Kumarbi cycle, see Archi 2002c. Cf. also n. 936.

CTH 350, Friedrich 1953: 147ff.; Haas 1994a: 46211; 2006: 2121 This story was reclassified with

Several other Hittite and Hurrian fragments as pari of the Song of the Sea, a hitherto unknown

Episode of the Kumarbi cycle, see Rutherford 2001; Blam 2004; Singer 2007: 6341

CTH 789, Neu 1996; Hoffner 1998: 6 ofl; Wilhelm 2001; Haas 2006: 177.fl; cf. also Wilhelm 1992a;

1997.

938 CTH 342, Otten 1953; Hoffner 1965; Laroche 1969b: 139£L; G. Beckman apud Beckman Hoffner

1997: 149; Hoffner 1998: 90ff; Garcia Trabazo 2002: 141rt; Haas 2006: 218:?!; Singer 2007.

939 CTH 361, Friedrich 1950; ünal 1994b: 8511; Hoffner 1998: 87fl; Haas 2006: 206fl; cf. also Xe’lla

Neu 1993; Wilhelm 1999a; Haas 2005: 369ff.

940 CTH 341, Otten 1958a; I960: Wilhelm 1988; Beckman 2001: 2003; Haas 2006: 272££.: cf. also

Klinger 2005: 11411

941 CTH 347, Polvani 2003; Haas 2006: 277f£,

I

A moral presenting the go

943

Sun-god and the Cow,

ds in substantial roles (Appu and his Two Sons," 4i The

Story about Gurparanzait” 44). All these legends are of

Hurrian origin or eise they reached Anatolia via the Hurrians. These are already

Literary texts, however, which hacf no connection with cult praetice and ritual.

Eschatology, burial customs and the ancestor cult

In Life man was a combination of the body (Hittite tuekka-, Nl.TE) and a spiritual

Component, the soul (Hittite ista.nza(n)-, ZI). The soul was the seat of rational

thoughts in the sense of thinking, will, personality, as well as — along with the ‘in-

nards (Hittite karctt-, feA) — the seat of emotions. *' The gods (like human beings)

Had both body and soul, as did the anirnals, too, A certain text which speaks

Oi: the spirit of a sheep being eaten. by birds and foxes 946 suggests that unlike the

Söuls of humans, those of anirnals died with the body. The souls of gods and the

Deceased were represented sometimes in symbolic form as objects of precious

Metals.

The Hittites perceived the difference between ‘good’ and ‘evilthat is. untimely

947..,

death.' If a persor, died young, the fate goddesses Gulses (Hurrian Hudena) (3.2.4

& 6) could be blamed accordingly. Mostly, however, such an untimely death was

Considered a reaction on the gods’ part to human, behavior in the past. The gods’

Anger, as in the case of the plague, could have affected the whole community. Most

Often the reasons for the anger were unknown and answers were sought through

Oracles (3.2.8). An effort was also made to appease the gods by prayer (3.2.7). It was

Hoped that death, although inevitable, could be manipulated to a certain extent. By

942 CTH 360, Friedrich 1950; Siegelovä 1971; Bernabe 1987: 217ff.; Pecchioii Baddi - Polvani 1990;

Ff.; Onal 1994b: 848ff.; H.A. Hoffner apud Beckman - Hoffner 1997: lSSff,: Hoffner 1998:

Ff.; Haas 2005; 362ff.; 2006: 194ff.

943 CTH 363, Güterbock 1946; Friedrich 1950; Hoffner 1981; Ünal 1994b: 853ff.: H.A. Hoffner apud

Beckman - Hoffner 1997: 155f.; Hoffner 1998: 85ff.; Haas 2005: 366ff.; 2006: 199ff.