Лабораторная работа 3 (лексико-грамматическая)

Задание I. Повторите за диктором следующие слова, словосочетаний и предложения:

1. element                 - элемент

These elements are rare on the earth. Some of the elements are very important for our. laboratory.

2. to discover           - открывать, раскрывать

For many centuries man could not discover the structure of matter. The anti-electron, called proton, was discovered in 1932.

3. to enter                 - входить, вступать

This element enters into chemical reactions rather easily.

Bу a catalyst is meant a substance influencing the speed of a chemical reac­ tion

4. to be of great value - иметь большую ценность

Having a high melting point tungsten is of great value. Some articles of this author are really of great value.

5. in fact      - фактически

In fact, air is not so dense as water. In fact, hydrogen and oxygen exist in nature both separately and in combination with other substances.

6. to be useful              - быть полезным

Why are carbon and hydrogen are so useful? The data obtained are not useful for our future work.

7. both... and         -как … так и

Both copper and iron were the first metals used by man. Quantities which have both magnitude and direction are vector quantities.

8. However             - однако, все-таки, тем не менее

A number of experiments were made however they did not get the good results. My friend was short of time however he started this work.

Задание 2. Найдите в тексте существительные, соответствующие сле­дующим словам:

to compose, important, soluble, electrical, to react, dense, industrial, to ar­range, to conduct.

Задание3. Найдите в тексте синонимы к следующим словам: quantity, make up, demonstrate, several, rather, observe, but, open, charac­teristic, way, come, for instance, nought, similarly.

Задание 4. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык.

1) Chemical

Element reaction property change compound combination laboratory department

2) to consist of

neutrons

protons

electrons

different particles

 

3) to be

necessary

useful                                                          in industry

important

 

4) to be determined by the

number of the particles

arrangement of these atoms

other properties

colour

taste

hardness

odour

density

solubility in water

ability to conduct electricity

 

Задание 5. Подберите к следующим английским словам русские зна­чения

1.a limited number 2. to make up                   3.rare 4.readily 5.composition 6.the only way 7.positively charged 8.similarly 9.to conduct electricity 10.to be of great value 11.to enter into chemical reaction 12.that is

легко положительно заряженный ограниченное количество аналогично иметь большую ценность то есть вступать в химическую реакцию состав составлять редкий единственный способ проводить электричество

Задание 6. Составьте предложения, соединяя подходящие по смыслу части:

1.Elements are characterized. 2.Some seventy-five of the elements make up. 3.Many of the elements are never seen in pure form. 4.Tungsten is valuable. 5.These properties determine

1.So rare are they. 2.Whether a substance is neces­sary or useful industrially. 3.By some properties distinguish­ing them from other substances. 4.Less than one per cent of the earth. 5.Because of the several important properties it possesses.

 

 

Задание 7. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, заполняя пропуски английскими словами, приведенными ниже.

discover, properties, elements, soluble, determine

1.Some of the... are very common on the earth, others are rare.

2. The future may... important uses for more of these little known elements.

3. Oxygen is... in water.

4.Tungsten is valuable because of the several important... it possesses.

5.These properties... whether a substance is necessary or useful industrially Задание8. Работа в парах. Прочитайте следующие предложения.

Скажите, правильны или нет следующие утверждения. Используйте их в ответах:

No, I don't think it is correct. Yes, 1 think it is correct.

1. Some seventy-five of the elements do not make up less than one per cent of the earth.

2. Many of the elements are always seen in pure form by most chemists, so common they are.

3. The particles all the different atoms consist of are neutrons, protons and electrons.

4. Tungsten is a hard metal which melts when it is heated to high temperatures.

5. The only way in which the chemical elements differ from each other in their composition is in the number and arrangement of neutrons, protons and electrons in their atoms.

Задание 9. Прочитайте вопросы и ответьте на них.

1. What number of chemical elements composes all the materials people

find on earth?

2. In what form are many of the elements never seen by most chemists?

3. When does oxygen become liquid?

4. What is a good conductor of electricity?

Задание 10. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов.

1. A limited number of chemical elements compose... materials people find on earth.

1. very few

2. all

3. many

4. Tungsten is valuable because

5. it is rare

6. it is a good conductor of electricity

7. it is a hard metal

8. Many of the properties of the elements, both chemical and physical, are determined

1. quite easily

2. by the number and arrangement of neutrons, protons and electrons

3. by the melting point

Задание 11. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения, встав­ляя предлоги.

1. Some of the elements are never seen in pure form... most chemists.

2. In fact, some seventy-five of all the elements make up less than one per cent... the earth.

3. It is soluble... water.

4. It becomes liquid... about 180 below zero on the Centigrade thermometer.

5. Carbon and hydrogen are also useful because they combine readily... oxygen.

6. The only way in which the chemical elements differ... each other in their composition is in the number and arrangement of these particles in their atoms.

 

Задание 12. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык

1. Кислород растворяется в воде и становится жидким при температуре около 180⁰ ниже нуля по цельсию.2. Многие из свойств элементов, как физические, так и химические, определяются количеством и расположением этих частиц.3.Частицами, из которых состоят различные атомы, является нейтроны, протоны и электроны 4.Углерод и водород также полезны, потому что они легко соединя­ются с кислородом. 5. Вольфрам не ржавеет и не подвергается воздействию холодных кислот.6.Эти свойства определяют, является ли вещество необходимым и полезным в промышленном отношении.

 

Ключи к заданиям лабораторной работы 3:

 

Задание 1. 1. Эти элементы редки на Земле. Некоторые из элементов очень важны для нашей лаборатории. 2. В течение многих столетий чело­век не мог раскрыть структуру вещества. Антиэлектрон, названный прото­ном, был открыт в 1932 году. 3. Этот элемент вступает в химические реак­ции довольно легко. Под катализатором подразумевается вещество, влияющее на скорость химической реакции, но не входящее само в ре­акцию. 4. Имея высокую точку плавления, вольфрам имеет большую цен­ность. Некоторые статьи этого автора действительно имеют большую цен­ность. 5. Фактически, воздух не такой плотный, как вода. Фактически, во­дород и кислород существует в природе как отдельно, так и в сочетании с другими веществами. 6. Почему углерод и водород так полезны? Полу­ченные данные не являются полезными дня нашей будущей работы. 7. Как медь, так и железо были первыми металлами, использованными челове­ком. Величины, которые имеют как количественную величину, так и на­правление, являются векторными величинами. 8. Был выполнен ряд экспе­риментов, однако они не получили хороших результатов. У моего друга было мало времени, все-таки он начал эту работу.        

Задание 2, Composition, importance, solubility, electricity, reaction, density, industry, arrangement, conductor.

Задание 3. Number, compose, show, some, very, see, however, discover, property, manner, enter, for example, zero, like.

Задание 4.         

I) химический   (ая, oe)

Элемент реакция свойство                                                                  I изменение соединение сочетание лаборатория

 

2) состоять из	Нейтронов протонов электронов различных частиц
3)быть		необходимым в промышленности полезным важным
Определяться			по цвету вкусу запаху плотности растворимости в воде способности проводить электричество твердости

Задание 5. I - 3;-2 - 9;.3 - 10; 4 - I; 5 - 8; 6 - II; 7 - 2; 8 - 4; 9 - 12; 10-5;

11 - 7; 12 - 6.

Задание 6. 1 - 3; 2 - 4; 3 - 1;.4 - 5; 5 - 2.

Задание 7. 1. elements. Некоторые из элементов очень распространен­ные на Земле, другие - редкие. 2. discover. Будущее может открыть важное применение некоторых из этих малоизвестных элементов. 3. soluble. Ки­слород растворим в воде. 4. properties. Вольфрам является ценным благо­даря некоторым важным свойствам, которыми он обладает. 5. determine. Эти свойства определяют, является ли вещество необходимым или полез­ным в промышленном отношении.

Задание 8, 1. No, 1 don't think that is correct. Some seventy -five of the elements make up less than one per cent of the earth. 2. No, 1 don't think that is correct. Many of the elements are never seen in pure form by most chemists, so rare they are. 3. Yes, I think it is logical. The particles all the different atoms consist of are neutrons, protons end electrons. 4. No, I don't think that is correct. Tungsten is a hard metal which doesn't melt when it is heated to high tempera­tures. 5. Yes, I think it is logical. The only way in which the chemical elements differ from each other in their composition is in the number and arrangement of neutrons, protons and electrons in their atoms.

Задание 9. 1. A limited number of chemical elements compose all the ma­terials people find on earth. 2. Many of the elements are never seen in pure form by most chemists. 3. Yes, it may. 4. It becomes liquid at about 1 80 below zero on the Centigrade thermometer. 5. Copper is a good conductor of electricity.

Задание 10. 1 - 2), 2 - 3); 3 - 2)

Задание 11. 1.by.Некоторые из элементов никогда не наблюдались в чистом виде большинством химиков. 2. of. фактически около семидесяти пяти из всех элементов из всех элементов составляют менее одного про­цента Земли 3.in. Он растворим в воде. 4. at.Он становится жидким приблизительно при 180° ниже нуля по Цельсию. 5. with. Углерод и водород также являются полезными потому, что они легко соединяются с кислоро­дом 6 from. Единственный способ, по которому химические элементы отличаются один от другого в своем строении, это число и расположение этих частиц в атомах.

Задание 12. Oxygen is soluble in water, and it becomes liquid at about 180°belov zero on the Centigrade thermometer. 2. Many of the properties of the elements, both physical and chemical, are determined by the number and ar­rangement of these particles. 3. The particles all the different atoms consist of are neutrons, protons and electrons. 4. Carbon and hydrogen are also useful be­cause they combine readily with oxygen. 5. Tungsten does not rust and is not af­fected by cold acids. 6. These properties determine whether a substance is nec­essary or useful industrially. 7. Is copper considered now one of the very Impor­tant metals of industry?

 

P A R T  III

Supplementary reading

Texts for Home-reading

                                                                                                                                          

B I O L O G Y

THE CELL

 

       The living things around us – plants and animals which inhabit every part of the world – differ from non-living things because they take in food; they grow, and reproduce their kind.[1]

       Animals and plants have several other activities which distinguish them from non-living things. The study of plants and animals is a branch of science called biology.

       If we examine a very thin piece of a plant under a microscope, we shall see that it has a honeycomb structure;[2] it is divided into a great many small compartments called cells. Animal tissue like plant tissue is made up of cells and in large organisms the number of cells runs into many millions. In such organisms there are many types of cells; they differ in function and also in shape and size. Each cell is surrounded by a cell wall or membrane, as it is generally called.

       The cell walls of plants are formed of a substance called cellulose, which gives strength to the plant. Within the cell is a thick jelly-like substance called protoplasm, which consist of a mixture of chemical compounds together with a large proportion of water. The protoplasm is colourless and similar in appearance to the uncooked white[3] of an egg. The protoplasm consists of cytoplasm and nucleus. The nucleus is a spherical or oval body within the cytoplasm. The nucleus plays an extremely important part n the life of the cell.

 

AMOEBA

 

       Amoeba is one of the simplest members of the animal kingdom. It may be found at the bottom of ponds. Amoeba is an irregular jelly-like mass. The main part of the body is made up of protoplasm called plasmasol. The name amoeba is derived from the Greek word which means change. If we examine amoeba under the microscope, we shall see that its shape is continually changing. The amoeba grows until it reaches the maximum size and then it divides into two.

       The nucleus lengthens and then divides into two halves. By this process of division the original amoeba gives rise to two smaller amoebae which grow and will divide in their turn. If he pond dries up, then amoeba secrets a thin covering which protects it from drought.

 

 

CELLS AT WORK

       Everything we do, we do with our cells.

       An amoeba does everything – eats, grows, moves with just one cell. In a complicated creature like man, different cells do different things.

       Stomachs cells help digest your food, blood cells carry oxygen to different parts of the body, muscle cells help you move around, and so on. We say that all these different kinds of cells are specialized to do their particular jobs. But, of course, man is not really just a bunch of cells put together.

       A bunch of muscle cells will not get along very well all by themselves. It is the same with a bunch of digestive cells or a bunch of nerve cells.

       What you are and what you do is really the result of all your various kinds of cells working together.

       A car can’t move on it wheels if it has no engine. On the other hand, the engine without wheels won’t take you very far either. A car runs because all its parts are organized to work together.

       It’s just the same with our body. The same kinds of cells knitted together make tissue. Different tissues organized together make up organs. They in turn are organized into systems such as the digestive system, that make our bodies work.

 

AMPHIBIANS

 

       The name Amphibia shows that these animals in the process of development pass through a stage during which they live in water and breathe by gills, before they reach the adult stage, when they breathe by lungs and are able to live on land. The frogs, newts and salamanders are amphibians. This class of animals is easily distinguished from fish, as they have limbs. On the other hands, amphibians can be distinguished from reptiles by their moist skin which differs greatly from the dry scaly covering of the reptile.

 

THE FROG

 

       The body of the frog shows features which adapt it to life on both land and water. The body has no neck, is broadest toward the middle and flat behind. This shape allows the frog to move easily through the water in a horizontal plane. On land the frog moves with leaps made by its powerful hind legs.

       The head is broad and flattened for cutting the water horizontally, and the mouth is very wide. The large eyes protrude from the head and the nostrils are near them. The frog can move its whole body under the surface of the water while the eyes and nostrils are above the surface. The eyes have upper and lower eyelids, but they are practically immovable.

       The smooth skin is kept moist[4] by the secretion of small glands distributed all over the body. The skin has yellowish-brown of green ground colour of the skin changes according to the amount of light reflected from the surroundings. Thus the frog is able to harmonize with its background and so escape from its enemies.

        The frog feeds on insects and does much good by destroying garden pests. It catches its food by means of its tongue. When it sees an insect moving, the frog suddenly shoots out[5] the back of its tongue and catches its prey. The other amphibians are the toad and the newt. Although the toad is similar in appearance to the frog, it is easily to recognize by its dry skin and its less active habits. It does not hop like the frog, but moves by crawling slowly or by short jumps on all four legs.

       A newt is similar to a frog in general structure, but has a longer narrower body and tail.

       All amphibians are cold-blooded creatures and the colder the weather the less active they becomes. They pass the cold season hidden in holes, or they bury themselves in the mud at the side of a pond.

       Amphibia can be of different sizes. The smallest amphibian, a very small frog, is found in Cuba. It has a body about two centimeters long and will feel comfortable on a person’s finger-nail.

       The largest amphibian is the giant salamander, the species of which are found in Japan and parts of Cuba. It may reach a length of 1 m 80 cm and a weight of 45 kg.

       Frog with their well-developed hind legs, are able to make tremendous leaps. Even small species, whose body is only 2.5 cm long, can jump 90 cm.

       The Jumping Frog Jubilee in California, held in commemoration[6] of Mark Twain’s story is probably more fun than a circus. According to eyewitnesses[7] of these competitions, each frog is allowed three jumps, and the one, that covers the greatest distance in three jumps, wins.

       The frogs’ owners are allowed to push[8] each frog before the first jump, but not after this. In 1929 the total of the three jumps for the winning frog was less than a foot. The winner in 1938 broke previous records with a total 15 feet 10 inches. In 1944 the record rose to 16 feet 2 inches; in 1954 to 16 feet 10 inches.

 

REPTILES

       These are cold-blooded, air-breathing vertebrates, which may be regarded as the earliest types of vertebrates and which have become well adapted to life on land. Reptiles lay large eggs protected by calcareous shells[9]. Inside these, the embryo animals develop into miniature adults, feeding on the food contained in the eggs.

       Reptiles are characterized by their complete covering of dry scales and the presence on their jaws of teeth, all of the same simple type. Most reptiles have two pairs of limbs, which do not fully support the body from the ground.

       Reptiles include such animals as lizards, snakes (limbless reptiles), crocodiles and tortoises.

       It is unfortunate that so many people are either afraid of reptiles or are repulsed by them, for within this group are some of the most interesting of vertebrates. It is true, however, that some reptiles are dangerous, but most of them do more good than harm.

       Reptiles occupy a place in the middle of the vertebrate group with respect to the number of species. There are approximately 6000 known species of reptiles. Millions of years ago, however, reptiles were the dominant form of animal life in the sea, on land and even in the air.

 

SNAKES

 

        In comparison with most vertebrates, snakes have amazing capabilities. Having no legs they can crawl rapidly, swim, and many can even climb trees. Most snakes can swallow objects several times the diameter of their head.

       Most snakes lay eggs and they usually find safe spots for them. The eggs are longer in relation to their diameter than hens’ eggs, and usually smaller. But the eggs of certain large species are almost as large as those of a hen.

       The most dangerous snake in the world is considered to be the king cobra of India and China. Some specialists even say the king cobra is also the most lethal wild animal in existence. This conclusion is based upon the large size of the snake, the potency of its venom, and the fact that these snakes are often extremely aggressive. People bitten by a king cobra die in less than an hour.

       There are about 2400 different species of snakes and of this number only some 200 are dangerously poisonous to man. In most areas the kinds of poisonous snakes are very small percentage of the snake population. Australia is the one outstanding exception, there the majority of snakes are venomous. According to an estimate by the United Nations World Health Organization,[10] approximately 40 000 people in the world are killed each year by snake bite.

       One of the most striking methods of defense that snakes have developed is found in a few cobras. They actually spit their venom at their enemies. If the venom gets into the eyes it causes intense pain, and if it is not washed out, temporary or even permanent blindness may result. These snakes may sometimes eject their venom as far as 10 or 12 feet with surprising accuracy.

       The two chief competitors for the title of the world’s largest snake are the anaconda of tropical South America and the python of the Far East. Some anaconda species are up to 10, 5 to 12 meters in length; while pythons may grow up to 10 to 10,5 meters. There is very little information about the weight of anacondas over 6 meters in length. But most specialists agree that these snakes are considerably heavier than pythons of the same length. A 6-metre anaconda was found to weight 107 kilograms, but it was later found that this snake has “cheated”: she later gave birth to 72 youngsters!

 

 

CROCODILES

 

       Crocodiles are considered to be amphibious, since both youngsters and adults spend part of their time in the water and part on land. They are relatively awkward on land,[11] but if necessity demands most of them can raise the body on the legs and run with surprising speed for short distances. The long powerful tail often used as a weapon, is capable of knocking a man off his feet.[12]

       Once in the water the crocodile really comes into his own[13] and no one considers him to be awkward Powerful strokes of the tail push the body so rapid that there are few land animals that have a chance of escaping hungry reptiles.

       Crocodiles are lung-breathers and must keep their noses above the water in order to get air. Many crocodiles construct dens in the banks of streams, which may extend inward for 4, 5 - 6 meters. The entrance may be under water, but at the opposite end is a relatively large room[14] above the water. Here the crocodile comes to rest or for safety.

       All crocodiles lay eggs on land; several dozen eggs, somewhat larger than those of a hen. The young crocodiles are 2 – 2, 5 meters in length.

       Crocodiles shed their teeth[15] frequently. The old teeth are replaced by new ones.

       Adult crocodiles have few enemies other than each other, man, and the hippopotamus. Human beings, of course, kill many crocodiles for their skin. The hippo has a tremendous mouth with enormous teeth. Even a large crocodile cannot withstand the full power of the jaws and teeth of a four-ton hippo.

       The average crocodile was much larger many years ago than it is today, because many more of them are killed before they reach their maximum size.

       Crocodiles are a long-lived species. An American alligator lived in Dresden zoological park for 56 years. And no one knows how old it was when it was brought to the Dresden Zoo.

 

TURTLES

 

       Turtles may be found in sea-water, on land and in fresh water. The land or fresh water turtle is called a tortoise. Turtles are entirely toothless, but they have sharp bony jaws which they use efficiently. These jaws are well adapted to the diet and manner of eating of the animals, since they do not chew but bite off[16] pieces of food, which they swallow whole. The leaves and flowers of plants are often eaten and together with insects make up the food of the smaller tortoises. Some of the large ones, especially the sea-water turtles, will eat almost any kind of animal that they can capture.

       A female turtle usually constructs a nest of some kind which normally consists of a hole dug in the sand, soil or decaying vegetation. The hole is dugged by the hind legs and, after a batch of eggs is deposited, they are covered and left to their fate by the female.

       The number of eggs laid by a single turtle at one time varies with the kinds of turtles and even with individuals of the same species. Nests with more than 100 eggs have been discovered, and some scientists believe that large sea-water turtles are capable of lying between 200 and 300 eggs.

       Turtle eggs are good to eat and in some places they are even preferred to hen’s eggs. Both man and beast hunt enthusiastically for turtles’ eggs.

       As in all reptiles, the body temperature of turtles varies with the temperature of the air or water; if they did not hibernate during cold weather, they would die.[17]

Turtles that live in water bury themselves in the mud at the bottom.

       Some of the present-day turtles are very large, but they are small in comparison with some extinct species. There is a skeleton of sea turtle at Yale University[18] in the United States, whose shell is over 12 feet long. Specialists have estimated that the living turtle weighed about 6000 pounds. Another species was a huge tortoise that lived in India. It had a shell 7 feet long and weighed more than 2000 pounds.

       The largest turtle still in existence is a huge sea turtle. The maximum weight for this species is close to 2000 pounds.

       It is known that giant tortoises live longer than any other vertebrate animals. Biologists, who have studied the matter, believe that some tortoises live more than 100 years.

 

 

FISHES

       There are more than 25 000 species of fishes in the world – more than all different kinds that all other vertebrates combined. The largest fish as the whale shark;[19] its weight of more than 13 tons has been reported. At the other extreme[20] some fishes as adults are less than an inch in length.

       Some fishes build nests and even guard them. Others carry the eggs in their mouths until they are developed. And even the young in time of danger may hide in the parent’s wide-open mouth. Some kinds of fish found along the coast of California lay their eggs on land. During the spring and summer these fish swim rapidly on the beach. The female makes a small hole in the sand and lays the eggs there. Papa and mamma fish then return back to the sea and forget about the whole affair. Two weeks later the eggs are washed out of the sand and the young fishes swim happily away.

       Some sea fish enter fresh water to breed, for instance salmon. After the eggs hatch the young swim to the ocean. They become adult and return to the same river or stream, in which they were hatched. Until recently, one of the greatest animal mysteries was how the fish could find their way back to the stream of their birth several years later. Careful studies now indicate that the fish do this by their well-developed sense of smell.

       There are probably more stories told about sharks than about any other group of fishes and most discussions have dealt with whether or not they will attack human beings.[21] Although it is definitely known that some sharks are dangerous, many sharks stories have been considerably exaggerated. There are about 150 different kinds of shark and only few are dangerous. These are the white shark or man-eater,[22] the tiger shark, the blue shark and the hammer head shark.[23] But even they attack man only rarely. Nevertheless, it is a wise person who follows the warning,[24] “Never trust any species of shark.”

       None of the sharks can be compared in ferocity to some small fresh-water fish of South America. These fishes called piranha, have large mouth and each jaw is armed with razor-sharp triangular shaped teeth, which seem too large for such a small fish. The piranha fastens their razor-sharp teeth upon its prey and may continue its attack even out of water.

       One of the most interesting experiences of an ocean voyage is seeing flying fish. The “wings” of the flying fish are variants of the normal front fins, greatly enlarged. In flight these fins are spread and held at an angle to the body. It is said that flying fish fly at speeds from 35 to 45 miles per hour.

       The angrier fish attracts small fish by filaments like long threads attached to its head and mouth. That fish it swallows it whole.

       Angier fish regularly and successfully swallow objects larger than their own bodies. Their teeth are so arranged that once they have seized a victim they cannot turn it loose. The angler must finish any meal it begins.

       Carp are so common in the pounds and streams of Europe and America that it is hard to believe that they are no natives on either continent. Asia is the original home of this fish. In China men have cultivated them for food for more than 1500 years. Carp are so hardy that they are capable of living under conditions that would kill most other species. This plus the fact that they gain their weight rapidly with a minimum of attention, probably explains their popularity as a cultured fish.

       The well-known gold-fish is actually the kind of carps. It was developed by selective breeding many years ago. As long as gold-fish are kept in a small amount of water, such as an aquarium, they do not grow excessively. If they are placed in a larger body of water, they often grow to a tremendous size, lose their gold colour and look very much like carp.