Степени сравнения прилагательных

 

2.2.1. Study the table to see how adjectives can be compared.

Base		Comparative	Superlative
		…+ er	…+ est
A.	loud	louder	Loudest
	late	later	Latest
	thin	thinner	Thinnest
	big	bigger	Biggest
	heavy	heavier	Heaviest
B.	beautiful	more beautiful	most beautiful
	interesting	more interesting	most interesting
C.	good	better	Best
	bad	worse	Worst
	far	farther	Farthest

 

 

2.2.2. Analyse the patterns below.

                                  He is taller than his brother.

                                  He is as tall as his brother.

                                  He is not so tall as his brother.

 

2.2.3. Read the phrases and give their Russian equivalents.

(1) the happiest man	(4) a more difficult question
(2) a better pencil	(5) the most interesting book
(3) the richest people	(6) the brightest student

 

 

2.2.3. Supply the appropriate form of the adjective in the sentences below.

 

 

(1) short	I am a little _____________ than you are.
(2) bad	The film is _____________ than the book.
(3) old	Mary is as _____________ as Ann.
(4) long	The Volga is not so _______________as the Nile.
(5) fast	The bus is _______________ than the tram.
(6) small	Tom is the ______________ boy in the family.
(7) thin	Ann as _____________ as her mother.
(8) easy	This exercise is the ________________of all.

 

 

 

1. Demonstrative Pronouns

Указательные местоимения

 

3.3. Observe the usage of demonstrative pronouns.

	Singular Plural	this these	that those	It
A.	This (that) is a book.	F.	These are good books.
	These (those) are books.		What books are these?
B.	Is this (that) a book?	G.	This book is mine.
	Are these (those) books?		Which book is yours?
C.	This (that) is not a book. These (those) are not books.	H.	Those people are English. Who are those people?
D.	What is this (that)?	I.	This (that) is for you.
	What are these (those)?		This (that) is very interesting.
E.	This is a good book.	J.	Which book is yours?
	What book is this?		This one is mine.
K.	This is a book. It is an English book. Who is it? It is my brother.

 

1. The Noun Phrase (NP)

Субстантивная структура

 

2.4.1. Study these noun phrases to see what elements they are made of.

NP

 

d-------------------------------------------N

	(the determiner)	(the noun)
A.	A chair	(dN)
	The citizens	(dN)
B.	A red apple	(dAN)
	A beautiful little girl	(dAAN)
C.	The village doctor	(dNN)
	Some English evening papers	(dANN)

 

2.4.2. Form noun phrases according to the formulars.

 

(1) dAN     -      a) water, cold, much

                              b) all, people, young

                              c) English, the newspapers.

(2) dNN     -      a) teachers, all, school

                              b) the, house, summer

                              c) brick, a, house.

3) dANN   -      a) day, a, summer, bright

                              b) park, famous, this, corner

                              c) the, autumn, day, grey.

4) d AAN  -      a) good, my, new, friends

                              b) large, a, wooden, box

                              c) round, a, small, table.

1. Sentences with the Verb “to HAVE”

Предложения с глаголом “ to have”

 

2.5. Review the verb “to have” in the affirmative, interrogative and negative forms.

A.	I have an English text-book.
	He has a large room.
	She has a little child.
	We have English text-books.
	You have large rooms.
	They have two children.
B.	- Have you a brother?	- Yes, I have.
		- No, I haven’t (have not).
	- Has she a sister?	- Yes, she has.
		- No, she hasn’t (has not)
	- Have you any English books?
- Yes, I have some.
- Yes, I have some English books.
- No, I haven’t any.
- No, I haven’t any English books.
- No, I have no English books.
C.	I have no watch	I haven’t any watch.
	She has no family.	She hasn’t any family.
	We have no time.	We haven’t any time.
He hasn’t (has not) a nice flat.
We haven’t (have not) many lessons today.
She hasn’t (has not) two pens, but one.
They haven’t (have not) much money.

 

 

1. Prepositions of Place and Direction

Предлоги места и направления

 

2.6. Study the following diagram.

 

 

1. Prepositions of Time.

Предлоги времени.

2.7. Review these prepositions of time.

Prepositions	Example
On	on Sunday; on the 1^st of May
In	in autumn; in May; in 1995; in the morning
in через	in two days, in three years.
At	at 12 o’clock, at night, at noon
By	by the 1^st of January
before до after после	before dinner after supper
from…till         to	from morning till (to) night
during во время for в течение	during the war (When?) for several days (How long?)

2.8. Here are some more prepositions for you to review.

аbout о, об, относительно, вокруг,      около	besides кроме
above над, выше	but кроме, за исключением
according to согласно, по	except кроме
across поперек, через	for для, за, на, в, к
against против, у, на, к	inside внутри, внутрь
along вдоль	like подобно, как
among среди	near возле, у, около
around вокруг	next (to) рядом с, около
below под	of из, о, об
beside рядом с, близ, около	off с, от
outside вне, за пределами	through через, сквозь, из-за, вследствие
past мимо, за	throughout через, на всем протяжении, по всему
round кругом, вокруг	till до
since со времени, с

 

 

2.9. Close the right-hand column with a sheet of paper and give the Russian equivalents of the following English phrases.

(1) the hottest month	(1) самый жаркий месяц
(2) the shortest day	(2) самый короткий день
(3) the tallest of all	(3) самый высокий из всех
(4) younger than Nick	(4) моложе Николая
(5) the nearest town	(5) самый близкий город
(6) a much greater part	(6) гораздо большая часть
(7) much worse than	(7) гораздо хуже, чем
(8) more beautiful than	(8) более красивый, чем
(9) the most interesting of all	(9) самый интересный
(10) in the village	(10) в деревне
(11) in the street	(11) на улице
(12) under the tree	(12) под деревом
(13) across the road	(13) через дорогу
(14) on the blackboard	(14) на доске
(15) on the table	(15) на столе
(16) near the station	(16) возле станции
(17) on the river	(17) на реке
(18)at the door	(18) у двери
(19) round the table	(19) вокруг стола
(20) throughout the world	(20) во всем мире
(21) for three days	(21) в течение трех дней
(22) during the war	(22) во время войны
(23) since morning	(23) с утра
(24) inside the house	(24) внутри дома
(25) below zero	(25) ниже нуля
(26) above zero	(26) выше нуля
(27) outside the door	(27) за дверью
(28) beside the river	(28) около реки
(29) through the window	(29) через окно
(30) a page of the book	(30) страница книги
(31) a house next to the library	(31) дом возле библиотеки
(32) according to his words	(32) по его словам
(33) a man past seventy	(33) человек в возрасте за семьдесят
(34) the forest about Brest	(34) леса под Брестом
(35) among the young people	(35) среди молодых людей
(36) against the wall	(36) к стене
(37) my best girl-friend	(37) моя лучшая подруга
(38) a nice summer day	(38) хороший летний день
(39) an old village doctor	(39) старый деревенский врач
(40) the world famous picture	(40) всемирно известная картина
(41) an English evening paper	(41) английская вечерняя газета
(42) a large kitchen table	(42) большой кухонный стол
(43) his new girl-friend	(43) его новая подруга
(44) an English language	(44) лаборатория английского языка
(45) for main political parties	(45) четыре основные политические партии
(46) a two-storey dark-red brick building	(46) двухэтажное здание из темно-красного кирпича
(47) short winter holidays	(47) короткие зимние каникулы
(48) a young hotel administrator	(48) молодой администратор гостиницы
(49) raw material demand	(49) спрос на сырье
(50) Republic Day celebrations	(50) празднования по поводу Дня республики

 

 

2.10 Now close the left-hand column of the list above with a sheet of paper and give the English equivalents of the Russian phrases.

 

2.11. Read the sentences below and translate them into Russian. Check your work by referring to the Key.

 

 

Victor has a large family. He has a father, a mother, and two sisters. He hasn’t a brother. They have a nice flat. His father is an economist and his mother is a teacher. Victor’s sisters are students. They have many friends.

The Key

У Виктора большая семья. У него есть отец, мать и две сестры. У него нет брата. У них хорошая квартира. Его отец – экономист, а мать – учительница. Сестры Виктора – студентки. У них много друзей.

 

Assignment No.2

U N I T 3

 

1. Sentences with “there is are”

3.1.1. Study the following patterns.

A.	There is a table (a boy) in the room. В комнате стол (мальчик). There is some bread on the table. На столе хлеб. There are ten students in our group. В нашей группе 10 студентов. There are many trees in our street. На нашей улице много деревьев.
B.	- Is there a table (a boy) in the room? - Yes, there is. - No, there isn’t.
	- What is there on the table? - There is some bread on the table.
	- Are there ten students in your group? - Yes, there are. - No, there aren’t.
	- How many students are there in your group? - There are ten students in our group.
	- Are there many trees in your street? - Yes, there are. - No, there aren’t many.
	- What is there in your street? - There are many trees in our street.
C.	There is no table in the room. There isn’t a table in the room.
	There are no books on the table. There aren’t any books on the table.
	There is no snow in the street. There isn’t any snow in the street.
	There are not (aren’t) many trees in our street. There is not (isn’t)much water in the river.

 

 

3.1.2. Study these statements and questions.

 

There is a table in the room. - What is there in the room? The table is in the room. - Where is the table?

There is some bread on the table. - What is there on the table? The bread is on the table. - Where is the bread?

There are some boys in the garden. -Who is there in the garden? The boys are in the garden. -Where are the boys?

 

 

1. Indefinite Pronouns, formed

From SOME, ANY EVERY, NO

3. 2. Study this scheme and the sentences.

 

	…+ thing	…+ body (…+ one)
some	something	somebody (someone)
Any	anything	anybody (anyone)
every	everything	everybody (everyone)
No	nothing	nobody (no one)

 

There is something in the box.

There is somebody in the room.

Is there anything in the box?

Is there anybody in the room?

There is nothing in the box.

There is nobody in the room.

 

Everything is ready for the trip.

Everybody is ready for the trip.

Is everything (everybody) ready for the trip?

 

1. The Numerals

3.3.1. Read and study these cardinal numerals.

 

 

1 one	11 eleven	21 twenty-one	30 thirty
2 two	12 twelve	22 twenty-two	40 forty
3 three	13 thirteen	23 twenty-three	50 fifty
4 four	14 fourteen	24 twenty-four	60 sixty
5 five	15 fifteen	25 twenty-five	70 seventy
6 six	16 sixteen	26 twenty-six	80 eighty
7 seven	17 seventeen	27 twenty-seven	90 ninety
8 eight	18 eighteen	28 twenty-eight	100 a (one) hundred
9 nine	19 nineteen	29 twenty-nine
10 ten	20 twenty

 

3.3.2. Study the patterns.

 

125 – one hundred and twenty-five 849 – eight hundred and forty- nine 1,000 – one thousand 2,375 – two thousand three hundred and seventy- five 1,000,000 – one million 1,000,000,000 – one thousand millions (Am. one billion)

In 1812 (eighteen twelve) In 1925 (nineteen twenty-five) In 1981 (nineteen eighty- one)

 

3.3.3. Read and study these ordinal numerals.

the first	the seventh	the thirteenth
the second	the eighth	the fourteenth
the third	the ninth	the fifteenth
the fourth	the tenth	the sixteenth
the fifth	the tenth	the seventeenth
the sixth	the twelfth	the eighteenth
the nineteenth	the fourtieth	the seventieth
the twentieth	the fiftieth	the eightieth
the thirtieth	the sixtieth	the ninetieth
	the hundredth

 

3.3.4. Practice the following.

 

a) 386; 965; 843; 5,675; 35,102; 4,136,456; 86;

b) 1936; 1837; 1941; 1979; 1981; 1996;

c) the 1^st Congress; the 64^th year; the 20^th floor; the 100^th day; the 3^rd student; the 2^nd lesson;

 

3.3.5. Study these numbers.

 

½ - a (one) half	¾ - three fourths
¼ - a (one) fourth	⅔ - two thirds
¾- ton (three fourths of a ton) ₂ ½- tons (two and a half tons or two tons and a half)
0.25- nought (zero) point two five (point two five)
2.31- two point three one
4.03 – four point nought three
12.475 – one two (twelve) point four seven five

 

3.4. Allow yourself a few minutes to review the names of the days and the names of the months.

 

a) The names of the days of the week:

Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday.

b) The names of the months of the year:

January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December.

 

3.5. Study these sentences with impersonal “it”.

 

 

It is dark. It is hot. It is cold. It is morning. It is evening. It is winter.

It is 12 o’clock now. It often rains in October. It snows in winter. It is clear that they are here. It is necessary to start at 7. It seems that he is away.

 

3.6. Read the sentences below and translate them into Russian. Check your

work by referring to the Key.

 

(1) There is a blackboard in the room. (2) There are 20 new words in the lesson.

(3) There are a lot of workers at the factory. (4) There are only 60 pages in the book. (5) There is some bread on the table. (6) There are different pencils in the box. (7) There is something between the windows. (8) There are a few chairs in the classroom. (9) There is no clean paper here. (10) There is a picture on the page 20. (11) There are a lot of new words in the text. (12) There is some white bread on the plate. (13) There are 25 students in our group. (14) What is there in the room? (15) What picture is there on the wall? (16) How many rooms are there in your flat? (17) How many pictures are there on the wall? (18) How much bread is there on the plate? (19) What bread is there on the plate? (20) There is no newspaper on the table. (21) There are no students here. (22) There aren’t any old houses in our street. (23) There is nothing in the box. (24) There is nobody behind the house. (25) There are 15 exercises in lesson. (26) There is somebody in the room. (27) The fifth month of the year is May. (28) The second exercise is easier than the first one. (29) There is a table in corner of the room. (30) The table is in the corner of the room. (31) There is a park in the town. (32) The park is in the centre of the town. (33) There are more than 8,000,000 people in London. (34) Lesson 7 is on page 45. (35) There is much snow this year.

 

The Key

 

       (1) В комнате (есть) классная доска. (2) В этом уроке 20 новых слов. (3) На этой фабрике много молодых рабочих. (4) В этой книге только 60 страниц. (5) На столе (есть) хлеб. (6) В коробке разные карандаши. (7) Между окнами есть что-то. (8) В аудитории несколько стульев. (9) Здесь нет чистой бумаги. (10) На странице 20 есть картинка. (11) В этом тексте много новых слов. (12) На тарелке белый хлеб. (13) В нашей группе 25 студентов. (14) Что находится в комнате? (15) Какая картина висит на стене? (16) Сколько комнат в вашей квартире? (17) Сколько картин на стене? (18) Сколько хлеба на тарелке? (19) Какой хлеб на тарелке? (20) На столе нет газеты. (21) Здесь нет студентов. (22) На нашей улице нет никаких старых домов. (23) В ящике ничего нет. (24) За домом никого нет. (25) В шестом уроке 15 упражнений. (26) В 305 комнате есть кто-то. (27) Пятый месяц года – май. (28) Второе упражнение легче, чем первое. (29) В углу комнаты есть стол. (30) Стол в углу комнаты. (31) В городе есть парк. (32) Парк в центре города. (33) В Лондоне более 8 миллионов человек. (34) Седьмой урок находится на сорок пятой странице. (35) В этом году много снега.

 

 

3.7. Examine the table below to review the productive means of forming new words with the help of suffixes.

Original Word	Suffix	New Word	Russian Equivalent
teach, v read, v examine, v write, v act, v visit, v	-er, -or	teacher, n reader, n examiner, n writer, n actor, n visitor, n	преподаватель читатель экзаменатор писатель актер посетитель
assist, v serve, v	-ant	assistant, n servant, n	помощник слуга
science, n tour, n type, n social, n	-ist	scientist, n tourist, n typist, n socialist, n	ученый турист машинистка социалист
pack, v marry, v	-age	package, n marriage, n	пакет женитьба
approve, v arrive, v refuse, v	-al	approval, n arrival, n refusal, n	одобрение прибытие отказ
appear, v differ, v perform, v	-ance -ence	appearance, n difference, n performance, n	появление различие представление
deliver, v discover, v	-ery	delivery, n discovery, n	поставка открытие
agree, v employ, v	-ment	agreement, n employment, n	соглашение занятие, работа
decide, v divide, v	-sion	decision, n division, n	решение деление
educate, v organize, v	-tion	education, n organization, n	образование организация
depart, v fail, v	-ure	departure, n failure, n	отъезд неудача, провал
important, a present, a	-ance -ence	importance, n presence, n	важность присутствие
able, a active, a equal, a	-ity	ability, n activity, n equality, n	способность деятельность равенство
dark, a happy, a kind, a	-ness	darkness, n happiness, n kindness, n	темнота счастье доброта
long, a strong, a true, a	-th	length, n strength, n truth, n	длина сила правда
free, a	-dom	freedom, n	Свобода

 

U N I T 4

The Verb (V)

4.1. Review the following verbs of school vocabulary minimum and make sure that you know them.

List 1		List 2
act agree allow answer arrive ask attack attend bathe belong call carry change close continue cover cross cry decide die discuss divide	действовать соглашаться позволять отвечать прибывать спрашивать нападать посещать купаться принадлежать звать нести менять закрывать продолжать покрывать пересекать кричать решать умирать обсуждать делить	end enter examine excuse explain fear finish fire form gather happen hate help hope hurry increase invite join jump kill kiss knock	кончать(ся) входить экзаменовать извинять объяснять бояться кончать стрелять образовывать собирать случаться ненавидеть помогать надеяться спешить увеличивать(ся) приглашать присоединять(ся) прыгать убивать целовать стучать

 

 

List 3		List 4
laugh lift light like listen live look love march mark marry mistake move name need open own	смеяться поднимать освещать любить слушать жить смотреть любить маршировать отмечать жениться ошибаться двигаться называть нуждаться открывать владеть	point pour prepare present press print promise prove pull pump punish push quarrel question rain raise reach	показывать лить готовить представлять давить печатать обещать доказывать тянуть качать наказывать толкать ссориться спрашивать идти (о дожде) поднимать достигать

 

 

List 3		List 4
pack paint pass pick place plan plant play please	упаковывать(ся) красить сдавать (экз.) рвать, собирать класть планировать сажать играть удовлетворять	receive recognize remember remind repair repeat respect rest return	получать узнавать помнить напоминать ремонтировать повторять уважать отдыхать возвращаться

 

List 5
satisfy seem serve smile smoke snow spell   stop study talk thank translate	удовлетворять казаться служить улыбаться курить идти (о снеге) произносить по буквам останавливать(ся) изучать разговаривать благодарить переводить	travel try use visit wait walk want wash watch wish work worry	путешествовать пытаться употреблять посещать ждать идти пешком хотеть мыться наблюдать желать работать беспокоиться

 

 

The Infinitive of the Verb

 

4.2. Examine the forms of the English infinitive.

(1) Indefinite	to write	to work
(2) Continuous	to be writing	to be working
(3) Perfect	to have written	to have worked
(4) Perfect Continuous	to have been writing	to have been working

 

English Grammar Tenses

 

4.3. Examine this scheme to understand the system of English tenses.

 

	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
	“to write”	“to be writing”	“to have written”	“to have been writing
Present	I write He writes	I am writing He is writing We are writing	I have written He has written	I have been writing He has been writing
Past	I wrote	I was writing We were writing	I had written	I had bee written
Future	I shall write He will write	I shall be writing He will be writing	I shall have written He will have written	I shall have been writing He will have been writing

 

 

Indefinite Tenses

 

4.4.1. Study these examples.

 

Tenses	Examples	Most Commonly Used Adverbials
Present Indefinite	I write letters to him He reads English books She wants to learn English It takes me 5 minutes to get home We live in the hostel You meet at the institute They finish their classes at 3	Always Usually As a rule Every day (week) On Sundays On week-days
Past Indefinite	I wrote the letter He lived in the country She studied English
Tenses	Examples	Most Commonly Used Adverbials
Past Indefinite	It took me 5 minutes to get home We left for Kiev You met him at the Institute They spoke French	Yesterday Last month (year) Two days ago A week (year) ago Last time Last night
Future Indefinite	I shell read the book He will write the letter She will come back It will take you only 5 minutes to get home We shall take you with us You will meet him at the station They will leave for Moscow	Tomorrow Next week (year) In an hour (a week) Soon

 

 

4.4.2. Study some more examples to see how questions are formed in the Present, Past and Future Indefinite.

       Present Indefinite:

                   Do you study well?

                   Does he read English books?

                   Does she want to learn English?

                   Does it take you much time to get home?

                   Do they live near the Institute?

       Past Indefinite:

                   Did you study English last year?

              Did he (she) buy the book yesterday?

                   Did it take you much time to get home?

                   Did they come back the day before yesterday?

       Future Indefinite:

                   Will (shall) you read the book tomorrow?

Will he (she) come back in a week?

Will it take you only 5 minutes to get home?

Will they leave for Moscow next week?

 

 

4.4.3. Now read some negative sentences and analyse their structure.

 

Present Indefinite:

       I do (don’t) speak French.

       He (she) does not (doesn’t) read German books.

       It does not (doesn’t) take me much time to get home.

       We (you, they) do not (don’t) live near the Institute.

           

Past Indefinite:

                   I did not (didn’t) study English last year.

                   He (she) did not (didn’t) spend the holidays in Minsk.

                   It did not (didn’t) take me much time to get to the Institute.

                   We (you, they) did not (didn’t) come home later than usual.

           

       Future Indefinite:

                   I shall not (shan’t) go for a walk in the evening.

                   He (she) will not (won’t) be too tired after the trip.

                   It will not (won’t) take you much time to get there.

                   We shall not (shan’t) go to the country tomorrow.

                   You (they) will not (won’t) come back to Minsk soon.

 

 

4.4.4. Study the table to review the forms of the verbs “to be” and “to have” in the Past and Future Indefinite.

To be		To have
I was He (she, it) was	We were You were They were	I had He (she, it) had	We had You had They had
Was I? Was he (she, it)?	Were we? Were you? Were they?	Had I? Had he (she, it)?	Had we? Had you? Had they?
I was not He wasn’t	We were not They weren’t	I had no… He hadn’t	We had no… They hadn’t
I shall be He (she, it) will be	We shall be You (they) will be	I shall have He (she, it) will have	We shall have You (they) will have
Will he be?	Will you be?	Will he have?	Will you have?
I shall not be He will not be	We shall not be They will not be	I shall not have he will not have	We shall not have They will not have

 

       4.4.5. Read and analyse these sentences.

There was a table in the corner of the room.                            There was some butter on the plate.  There were ten examples on the blackboard.

There will be a lot of trees in the street.               There will be a bus-stop near our house.             There will be much fruit in their garden.

Was there a table in the room? Were there any examples on the blackboard? Will there be a bus-stop near your house?                             Will there be much fruit in their garden?

There wasn’t a table in the room.             There were no examples on the blackboard.             There will not be any fruit in their garden.             There won’t be any fruit in the garden.

 

Question Words

4.5. Review these question words.

Who Whom (who) Whose What Which Where When Why How How many How much

Who is there? Who came first? Whom (who) did you see yesterday? Whose car was it? What did you do yesterday? What exam did he take? Which book do you want to take? Where are your parents? Where are you going? When do you usually come home? Why didn’t you tell me that? How did you do it? How many children have you? How much money do you spend a day?