Perfect Tenses in the Passive Voice

 

 

6.5. Study the table to review the formation of the Present, Past and Future Perfect in the Passive Voice.

 

Present, Past and Future Perfect
Active: “to have written”	Passive: “to have been written”
(1) I have written the letter (by now). (2)  He has translated the article into English.	(1) The letter has been written (by now). (2) The article has been translated into English.
Active: “to have written”	Passive: “to have been written”
(3) I had written the letter by the time Petrov came.   (4) He had translated the article by then.	(3) The letter had been written by the time Petrov came.   (4) The article had been translated by then.
(5) I shall have written the letter by 5 o’clock. (6) He will have translated the article by the time you come.	(5) The letter will have been written by 5 o’clock. (6) The article will have been translated by the time you come.

 

 

6.6. Read the following sentences and say all you know about the highlighted endings, suffixes, prefixes, words and phrases. (The exercise is to be done under the teacher’s control.)

 

1. What lovely weather we are having today! 2. It is very cold today and you must put on your warm coat. 3. I like summer best of all. 4. It is raining cats and dogs. And I have no raincoat. 5. I think I shall be able to show myself worthy of it. 6. We may go there together and from the theatre I’ll give you a lift in my car. 7. I’m afraid, you’ve passed the theatre already. You shouldn’t have gone as far as that. 8. The tram is packed full. Let’s walk there. 9. You’d better look out when crossing, it’s a very busy corner and you may get run over. 10. You may get there by bus. Busses are not crowded at this hour of the morning.

 

6.7. Define the different functions of the pronoun it. Translate the sentences into Russian.

 

1. It was late autumn. It was cold and windy. 2. It happened two years ago. 3. I had an interesting book and in the evening I began to read it. 4. It is difficult to translate this text. 5. It was 5 o’clock. It was getting dark. It was freezing hard. 6. It was a wonderful film. 7. It is late to go there. 8. It is two kilometers from our house to the river. 9. It is strange that he didn’t come in time. It is clear now that he won’t come. I have a red pencil. It is on my desk.

 

 

6.8. Read the text presented in reported speech.

 

Once, early in the morning Ann was waiting for a bus to take her to her office, she met Boris at the bus stop. She was surprised to see Boris and after greeting him, asked why he was up so early. Boris explained to her that he had to get up early because he planned to do some shopping before going to the Institute. Boris wondered if Ann was going his way, so he asked what bus she was waiting for. Ann said that she could take either the 9 or the 30, but added that she had been waiting for some time already and if no buses came along soon, she would walk, as she was afraid she might be late.

Boris assured her that, as a rule, the bus service was rather good and added that he was sure the bus would come along in no time. And he was quite right. A few minutes later the bus rolled up, but unfortunately it was overcrowded and neither of them managed to get on. As there was little hope that the next one would be less Ann suggested that they should walk up to the Metro Station as it wasn’t far, and besides many people got off there and there were usually plenty of vacant seats. Boris agreed and added that it was just what he usually did.

 

6.9. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the Present Perfect or Past Indefinite Tenses:

1. I never (to be) to Moscow. 2. She (to make) a report two days ago. 3. When you (to come)? 4. You (to read) this book? 5. When you (read) it? 6. I just (to see) him. 7. We (to know) Peter since 1995. 8. They (to read) many books this year. Who (to take) my book? 10. She (to speak) at the meeting today. 11. His brother (to finish) school last year. 12. They (to open) the window. 13. I (not to see) him since we finished school. 14. Why you (not to do) your homework?

 

6.10. Translate into English:

 

1. Кто пришел? 2. Кто взял мою ручку? 3. Мы не встречались с 1990 года, не правда ли? 4. Они никогда не были в Лондоне. 5. Я знаю Бориса с детства. 6. Где вы были все это время? 7. Когда вы послали телеграмму? 8. Почему вы не перевели текст? 9. Пойдем в библиотеку.- Я только что был там. 10. Я уронила сумку, пожалуйста, подними ее. 11. Она не была в кино с прошлого месяца. 12. В прошлом месяце я видела ее два раза. 13. Я очень голодна, я ничего не ела с самого утра. 14. Вчера она очень устала и легла спать рано. 15. Он пошел в свою комнату, включил радио и лег на тахту. 16. Я еще не сделала бутерброды. 17. Они часто встречались на улице. 18. В этом году мы встречались не часто. 19. Зимой они по вечерам обычно ходили в кино.

* * *

 

1. Этот дом был построен в 1975 году. 2. Московский университет был основан в 1755 году. 3. Где будет опубликована ваша статья? 4. Наш город посещает много туристов. 5. Деканат расположен на втором этаже. 6. Когда был построен ваш институт? 7. Ваш план будет обсужден на собрании. 8. Где студенты? Они сдают экзамены в аудитории 210. Я думаю, что экзамены будут сданы успешно. 9. С какого возраста детей начинают обучать музыке? 10. Уже построили новый мост через реку Свислочь? – Нет. Мост будет построен только в конце следующего года. 11. Илья Глазунов известен как художник-портретист. 12. В некоторых городах Англии кинотеатры закрыты по воскресеньям.

 

 

P A R T IV

Topics for discussion

I. Read and translate the following text

My Speciality

 

       I study at the Biological faculty of Donetsk National University. This faculty is one of the largest of our University. It trains highly qualified, specialist with deep knowledge, in biology.   

       There are many departments in our faculty: of botany, of zoology, of microbiology, of man and animals, of physiology of plants, of genetics, of soil science, of conservation of nature. Besides there are research laboratories and museums. Every student has an opportunity to work in modern, well-equipped laboratories, where different problems of biology are under investigation. Students are acquainted with all branches of biology. They are lectured in various subjects of natural science, namely botany, zoology, anatomy, microbiology, biophysics, biochemistry.

We study general and special subjects. Among the special subjects, the following may be named: Botany, Anatomy, Microbiology etc. Besides these subjects we study History, Philosophy, English, etc.

During the first two years they attend lectures on mathematics, physics, chemistry, and foreign languages. In the third year more narrow specialization begins. They have several specialized courses and additional practical and research work in the subject they have chosen as their future specialty. Besides attending lectures they may join some scientific circle and choose a problem to work on according to their bents. All of them know that biology is a science of glorious past and of great future. They do their best to acquire as much knowledge as possible.

Graduates of the biological faculty are assigned to work at laboratories, schools, research institutes. Those who have a bent for a research work may apply for a post-graduate course of study.

Since we are also trained to become teachers of biology we study pedagogics, physiology, methods of teaching biology at school.

To prove our knowledge in this field we are sent to secondary schools to give practical lessons of biology and try our pedagogical abilities. All this is very necessary because the progress of biology would be impossible without the proper level of teaching it at secondary schools. We realize it and do our best to become highly-qualified specialists.

II. Answer the following questions

1. What departments are there at our University?

2. What subjects do the students study?

3. What department does your friend study for?

4. What is biology?

 5. What do the subjects studied orient the future specialists to?

6. Where will the graduates of the biological faculty work?

 

 

I. Read and translate the following text:

 

Higher education in Great Britain

 

When higher education of Great Britain is being spoken about the University education is generally meant. But in fact there is a considerable amount of past-school education, including part-time as well as full-time studies carried on in technical colleges teacher training colleges, art colleges, institutes of adult education and so on.

Higher education, consisting of degree and equivalent courses, has experienced a dramatic expansion. The number of higher education students in Britain almost doubled between 1979 and 1993 to 1.5 million, so that today around 30 percent of young people enter full-time higher education.

There are some 90 universities, which enjoy academic freedom. Every University is autonomous and responsible to its governing body. The regulations differ from University to University. While there are similarities between them, they all differ from Oxford and Cambridge, where are a number of separate colleges, each with their own regulations and courses of studies. The new, so-called ”red-brick” Universities are divided into various faculties: Faculty of Arts, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Social and Economic Studies, etc.

University degree courses are generally being taken for three, four or even five years. University teaching combines lectures practical classes and small group teaching in either seminars or tutorials. The last is a traditional feature of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.

First degree courses are mainly full time and usually last three years, with longer courses in subjects such as medicine. Universities offer courses in a broad range of academic and vocational subjects, including traditional arts subjects, the humanities, and science and technology. The government encourages young people to choose degree courses in subjects, or combinations of subjects, that provide the knowledge and skills required by a technologically advanced economy.

Over 95 percent of students on first degree and comparable higher education courses receive government grants covering tuition and accommodation and other maintenance expenses. Parents also contribute, the amount depending on their income. In addition, students can take out loans to help pay their maintenance costs.

II. Answer the following questions

1. What is the system of higher education in Great Britain?

 2. What does higher education consist of?

 3. What can you say about the increase of higher education students’ number?

4. How many Universities are there in Great Britain at present?

 5. Who is every university responsible to?

 6. For how many years are university degree courses taken?

7. What does university teaching combine?

 8. Where is a traditional feature of Cambridge and Oxford?

 9. How many years do first degree courses last?

10. What courses does University offer?

11. Why does the government encourage young people?

12. What do students on first degree receive?

Lifestyle and Being Green

       Nowadays many environmental issues are in the news. All of them have a devastating effect on the Earth and people on the planet. If they are not being tackled it can turn out that people boost the dying of their planet.

       The first urgent issue is the pollution of air, water and soil. Air pollution has a strong link with the traffic problem I’m going to speak about a bit later. Besides that polluting of the world’s air is caused by poisonous wastes of industrial enterprises. This burning problem makes people do something about it, otherwise it won’t be possible to breathe in industrialized towns and cities. This problem is being solved by filtering fume emissions and by moving industrial enterprises out of cities and towns.

       Water or marine pollution is also partly caused by flowing of the poisonous water to different rivers, ponds, lakes and seas. But we also have to face the problem of oil in the world’s waters. Oil tankers are not safe enough to guarantee the full isolation of the oil inside. Oil in the sea kills both flora and fauna and makes the water totally dead. This acute problem needs to be solved in a short period of time.

       Soil pollution is caused by car fumes and misusing of it. Environmentalists say that it will take ten or more times more time to make it useful again than to pollute it and make it unsuitable neither for cultivating crops nor for growing trees.

       Rare animals and plants extinction is also in the news these days. This issue is connected with cutting down forests, illegal hunting for fur animals and pollution. The idea is that every species is connected with all others and if one or more of them die out the link will be broken. This can lead to unpredictable consequences.

       Perhaps one of the most burning ecological crisises is the greenhouse effect that leads to another one – global warming. The greenhouse effect causes acid rains, changes global weather patterns. Due to the global warming the greenhouse effect can lead to melting of the polar ice caps. This will lead to the rising of the sea level, will cause floods, famine and people concentration.

       Ozone depletion is also very dangerous. Ozone holes appear in ozone layer of our planet. It has an extremely devastating effect on people – it can cause skin cancer, blindness and suppression of immunity.

       Energy consumption includes overusing of non-renewable sources of energy. No matter how strange it may seem but we are short of energy. Fossil fuels are exhausted. According to some environmentalists, it will take not more than a century for fossil fuels to be totally exhausted. That’s why we are to search for alternative sources of energy such as solar power, wind power, geothermal power and so on.

       Cutting rainforests means cutting our planet’s lungs. Two thirds of the whole oxygen in the world are produced by rainforests. There’s more to it, some medicines are made from rainforest plants. Many kinds of animals and plants are list when the rainforests disappear. Even weather is changed by the destruction of rainforests. All these reasons should make the humanity stop destroying rainforests and take on active recycling instead.

       And finally the most acute problem that is regarded as a social one is a throw-away society. At least one tone of rubbish is thrown away every year by an average family of four. Only a little waste of glass is recycled, plastic is almost not recycled at all! Billions of drinks cans are thrown away instead of being recycled. This problem is closely connected with people’s lifestyle. Some of them change their way of life to become more friendly to the environment.

       Being “green” means being aware of urgent problems of the environment and being interested in all things to do with the environment. Not everyone can campaign for environmental protection or animal rights but every human being is able to realize the need to protect the planet against destruction.

       Using environment-friendly goods is not so difficult but is saves the environment. Ozone-friendly sprays and aerosols, washing-up liquids and washing powders are available in any shop and anyone can contribute to saving the planet by only using them.

       Consuming water and energy prevents the Earth from being exhausted soon. Running on unleaded petrol is even cheaper and you’ll save both the environment and your money by using it. Some people prefer bicycles to cars definitely because they want to keep the air cleaner! The problem of rubbish can be partly solved if we will be more “green”. We can avoid following a throwaway lifestyle by sorting rubbish and bringing it to recycle plants and centers or special banks separately. Most of household wastes can be recycled.

       The idea that looking after animals is as important as looking after the environment is widely spread nowadays. There’s no doubt that animals are part of the environment, but as I see it, changing eating habits and becoming a vegetarian is too much. I don’t see any cons of eating meat. I suppose that killing animals for food is OK because some of them are grown up for being killed for meat and fur. The argument for thinking is why don’t we kill animals if sometimes they kill human beings? Moreover, animals kill themselves. However, there are many people considering killing animals to be out of moral. They campaign against testing drugs and cosmetics on animals, hunting animals for sport and many other things of this kind. In my opinion these things are quite possible if they don’t seriously harm the natural link between species.

       Which means of transport should you prefer when you’re going on a trip? If you care about the environment you’ll definitely choose one that doesn’t harm the environment. Modern towns and cities faced the traffic problem long ago. The specialists suggest different ways of its solution. Some people think that if we build more roads the traffic will move more quickly and there’ll be no traffic jams during rush-hours. Others suppose that if there are more congested with traffic. Environmentalists suggest that we should develop the system of public transport for example, railways. If trains carry more people, the streets will be less congested with traffic and people. Moreover, cars pollute the air more than trains. Experienced motorists know how many people are killed and injured in road accidents.

       However, cars are symbols of freedom and wealth for most people. According to researches, the number of cars will double in ten years and we’ll inevitably have to solve the problem.

       If you ask me about how “green” am I it will be difficult for me to give a short, definite and truthful answer. The first reason why I can’t do it easily is that I still don’t feel that all the environmental issues are global. Furthermore, many people believe that a problem doesn’t touch their interests until they face it. No matter how strange it may seem, but I’m in the same situation. In addition, it’s rather difficult to do something about the environment when most of other people around don’t. However, I try to avoid using cars and try either to walk or to travel by public transport instead.

       Anyway, I’m not ready to join Greenpeace of Friends of the Earth yet. Even if I want to join I’m sure I won’t be useful. But I hope my attitude to the environment will change when I become a little older.

       To draw a conclusion I can say that it’s up to everyone to choose what to do to contribute to the saving of our planet. I wish everybody on the Earth were as willing to save the planet as people from Greenpeace.

 

 

Chemistry as a science

What is chemistry? All definitions of chemistry include the study of matter. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. People have practiced chemistry since ancient times. The Egyptian, Arabic, Greek, and Roman cultures each contributed significant developments to chemistry. These early developments were empirical. That is, they were achieved by trial and error and were not based on any valid theory of matter. The alchemists (500 – 1600 A.D.) whose practical goal was to change base metals into gold and to prolong life, also contributed to the development of chemistry. However, it was not until the 17^th and 18^th centuries that modern chemistry began to develop through systemic experimentation, called the scientific method, is usually credited with being the most important single factor in the development of chemistry and its application to technology.

Even though the total of chemical knowledge is so enormous that no one could learn all of it in one’s lifetime, the basic concepts are not difficult. In fact, these fundamental concepts in chemistry have become part of the education required for many professionals in a wide variety of fields and they have contributed to the rapid growth of technology.

1). How would you define chemistry?

2). What does chemistry study?

3). When does the history of chemistry begin?

4). What were the principle goals of alchemists?

5). What was the practical goal of alchemists (500- 1600 A.D.)?

6). Why are the contributions of ancient cultures to chemistry called empirical?

7). What is the most important single factor in the development of chemistry?

8). When did chemistry begin to develop through systemic experimentation?

9). What other sciences is chemistry related to?

10). How are subfields of chemistry classified?

 

My research

Now I am a… first-year Master student of the department of chemistry.

I am especially interested in the field of ……(analytical) chemistry. I am a theorist (an experimentalist) and have been working at the problem of…..(“Hydrogen”) for ….years. My research work is devoted to…..(Hydrogen in our lives, the significance of hydrogen). I am provided with a supervisor. (Assistant) professor…..(Alemasova A.S.) is the supervisor in my research work.

I have to attend lectures and seminars held by my supervisor and the leading scientists of the University (Institute). This year I have had regular courses in English.

In the course, of my research, I have to read articles in English periodicals which I borrow from our University. By this time I shall have got some scientific publications in learned journals.

Graduates of the chemical departments are assigned to work at laboratories, schools, research institutes. These who have a bent for a research work may apply for a post-graduate course of study.

 

1. What field of science are you especially interested in?

2. How do you keep yourself informed in your own special field?

3. Have you any scientific publications in learned journals?

4. Who is your scientific supervisor?

5. How is your research developing?

6. What are the new trends in your branch of science?

7. What scientific traits do you consider to be the most important?

8. Do you want to become a teacher or a scientific worker?

9. When does more narrow specialization begin?

10. Where are graduates of the chemical department assigned to work?

 

 

Мое исследование

Сейчас я студент первого курса химического факультета.

Меня особенно интересует область…..(аналитической химии). Я теоретик (экспериментатор) и много лет работаю над проблемой –…..(«Водород»). Моя исследовательская работа посвящена - …..(водород в нашей жизни, значение водорода). Мне предоставлен научный руководитель. (Профессор) доцент…..(Алемасова А.С.) является научным руководителем моей исследовательской работы.

Я должен посещать лекции и семинары, проводимые моим руководителем и ведущими учеными университета (института). В этом году у меня были регулярные курсы английского языка.

В ходе моего исследования (научной работы) я должен читать статьи в английских журналах, которые я беру в библиотеке нашего университета. К этому времени у меня будут несколько научных публикаций в научных журналах.

Выпускникам химических факультетов разрешается работать в лабораториях, школах, научно-исследовательских институтах. Те, у кого есть склонность к исследовательской работе, могут подать заявление на поступление в аспирантуру.

 

 

                                                      Food in our life

Some people say that food is our friend, while others think that it may become an enemy.

Can we live without food? The answer is definitely "no". Food is essential to our body which is continually wasting and requires new energy. Experts say that food has some special powers that can control our lives. for better or for worse.

To my mind, food is our friend if it is healthy and taken with due regard to the exercise and wastc of the body. I believe that if you eat the right food, you can manage your mood and boost your brainpower. For example, when I feel blue, I treat myself to a bar of chocolate or an ice-cream and become more cheerful and energetic. When I am to take a test, I cat a handful of nuts or a banana because such food helps me concentrate.

However, sometimes food may become a real enemy. Unfortunately. some people don't pay attcntion to what they eat. If their diet includes fast food and fizzy drinks, they can do much harm to their health. People who arc fond of hamburgers and Coca-Cola often suffer from diabetes, cancer and tooth decay. Moreover, they may become overweight and even obese.

To sum up, food that contains vitamins gives you a psychological lift and helps you improve your health. But food that has a hefty amount of chemical additives, fat, sugar or caffeine makes you fat and draws energy away from your brain. I strongly feel that if you take control of your food, you will be able to take control of your life.

1. Is food essential to our body?

2. Has food some special powers that can control our lives?

3. When can food be our friend?

4. What do you eat when you feel blue?

5. When may food become a real enemy?

6. Should people pay attention to what they eat?

7. What can people suffer from if they eat unhealthy food?

8. What does food that contains vitamins give you?

9. Are chemical additives in food healthy?

10. What chemical additives in food do you know?