The Modal Verbs Can, May, Must

 

5.1.1. Read the commentary and assimilate its information.

Модальные глаголы не выражают ни действия, ни состояния, а

указывают только на отношение к нему, т.е. на возможность, вероятность или необходимость его совершения. Само действие выражается инфинитивом смыслового глагола (без частицы to), следующим за модальным глаголом.

       Модальный глагол can употребляется для выражения наличия физической и умственной способности или возможности совершения действия.

       Модальный глагол may употребляется для того, чтобы попросить или дать разрешение совершить действие. Он также часто используется для выражения предположения с малой степенью вероятности.

       Модельный глагол must употребляется для выражения необходимости, обязанности или приказания. Его часто используют для выражения предположения с высокой степенью вероятности.

 

       5.1.2 Study the following sentences.

 

CAN	I can read English books. He can lift this heavy box. She can play the piano. We can give you the book tomorrow. You can come to see us tonight. They can speak English well.
	Can you tell me the answer to this question?
	I cannot (can’t) tell you the answer to this question.
MAY	May I (he, she) use your pen? May we (they) go home now? May I bring my friend with me? You may take this book with you.
	I may see him today He may be at home now. It may rain tonight.
MUST	I must learn these words. He (she) must take part in social activities. We must finish the work in time. You (they) must change your (their) clothes.
	Must you take part in the discussion? You must not (mustn’t) say such things.
	He must be tired after his work. His mother must be about 50. The man must be an American.

 

 

       5.1.3 Analyse these questions which are asked about the sentence: We can do this work at home in the evening.

       Can we do this work at home in the evening?

       Who can do this work at home in the evening?

       What can we do at home in the evening?

       What work can we do at home in the evening?

       Where can we do this work in the evening?

       When can we do this work at home?

 

 

       5.1.4 Analyse the answers to these questions.

 

       Can you go there now? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.

       May I smoke here? Yes. You may. Do, please.

                                          No, you mustn’t. I am afraid not.

       Must I do it at once? Yes, you must. No, you needn’t.

 

 

Modal Verbs Equivalents

 

 

5.2. Review the modal verbs equivalents by studying the tables.

Can	Be able (to)
I can swim well. I could swim well when I was a boy.	I am able to swim well. (могу, в состоянии) I was able to swim well when I was a boy. (мог, был в состоянии) I shall be able to swim well soon. (смогу, буду в состоянии)
May	Be allowed (to), be permitted (to)
You may stay here.	You are allowed (permitted) to stay here. (можно, разрешается) You were allowed (permitted) to stay here. (разрешили) You will be allowed (permitted) to stay here. (разрешат)
Must	Have (to), be (to)
He must do it at once.	He has to do it at once. (нужно, вынужден, должен под нажимом обстоятельств) The train is to come at 7. (должен) He had to do it at once. (пришлось) The train was to come at 7. (должен был) He will have to do it at once. (придется)

 

Irregular Verbs

 

 

5.3.1. Here is a list of 65 irregular verbs for you to review.

Make sure that you know all of them.

 

Infinitive	Past Indefinite	Participle II
be быть	Was, were	Been
become становиться	became	Begun
begin начинать	began	Begun
break ломать	broke	Broken
bring приносить	brought	Brought
build строить	built	Built
buy покупать	bought	Bought
chose выбирать	chose	Chosen
come приходить	came	Come
cut резать	cut	Cut
do делать	did	Done
drink пить	drank	Drunk
eat есть	ate	Eaten
fall падать	fell	Fallen
feel чувствовать	felt	Felt
fight бороться	fought	Fought
find находить	found	Found
forget забывать	forgot	Forgotten
get получать	got	Got
give давать	gave	Given
go идти	went	Gone
grow расти	grew	Grown
have иметь	had	Had
hear слышать	heard	Heard
keep содержать	kept	Kept
know знать	knew	Known
lead вести	led	Led
learn учить(ся)	Learned, learnt	Learned, learnt
leave оставлять	left	Left
let позволять	let	Let
lie лежать	lay	Lain
make делать	made	Made
mean значить	meant	Meant
meet встречать	met	Met
pay платить	paid	Paid
put класть	put	Put
read читать	read	Read
ride ездить	rode	Ridden
ring звонить	rang	Rung
rise подниматься	rose	Risen
run бежать	ran	Run
say сказать	said	Said
see видеть	saw	Seen
sell продавать	sold	Sold
send посылать	sent	Sent
set устанавливать	set	Set
shake трясти	shook	Shaken
shine светить	shone	Shone
show показывать	showed	Shown
sing петь	sang	Sung
sit сидеть	sat	Sat
sleep спать	slept	Slept
speak говорить	spoke	Spoken
spend тратить	spent	Spent
stand стоять	stood	Stood
swim плавать	swam	Swum
take брать	took	Taken
teach учить	taught	Taught
tell рассказывать	told	Told
think думать	thought	Thought
throw бросать	threw	Thrown
understand понимать	understood	Understood
wear носить	wore	Worn
win выигрывать	Won	Won
write писать	wrote	Written

 

 

5.3.2. Close the two right-hand columns of the above list with a sheet of paper and reading the infinitives only try to recall the forms of Past Indefinite and

 Participle II.

 

 

The Passive Voice

 

 

5.4.1. Study the table

 

Active Voice	The farmers visited   the city.                  action  doer_________________object
Passive Voice	The city    was visited by the farmers.                  action object_________________ doer

 

 

5.4.2. Read the following commentary and study the examples.

 

       Залог – это такая грамматическая категория глагола, которая выражает различные отношения между субъектом и объектом действия.

       В действительном залоге лицо или предмет, выступающие в предложении в функции подлежащего, являются всегда субъектом (производителем) действия (the doer of the action).

       В страдательном залоге лицо или предмет, являющийся подлежащим в предложении, сами не производят действия, а испытывают на себе действие извне и являются объектом действия (the object of the action).

       В английском языке страдательный залог выражается сочетанием вспомогательного глагола to be с причастием прошедшего времени смыслового глагола (Participle II).

       Значение и употребление временных форм глагола в страдательном залоге совпадает со значением и употреблением временных форм в действительном залоге.

 

	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Present Indefinite	I write letters every day.	Letters are written here every day.
Past Indefinite	I wrote the letter yesterday.	The letter was written yesterday.
Future Indefinite	I shall write the letter tomorrow.	The letter will be written tomorrow.

 

 

       Если глагол в действительном залоге имеет два дополнения (прямое и косвенное), то подлежащим пассивной конструкции может стать любое из них.

       Подлежащим страдательной конструкции в английском языке может стать также и предложное дополнение.

 

Active Voice	Passive Voice
(1) They gave him the book.   (2) She waited for the boy.	(1) a) He was given the book. b) The book was given to him. (2) The boy was waited for.

 

 

       Субъект действия в пассивных конструкциях, как правило, не упоминается, за исключением тех случаев, когда он представляет особый интерес: The telephone was invented by A.G. Bell.

 

       5.4.3. Analyse these questions which are asked about the sentence: The first Russian university was founded by Lomonosov in the 18^th century.

 

       Was the first Russian university founded by Lomonosov?

       What was founded by Lomonosov in the 18^th century?

       What university was founded by Lomonosov in the 18^th century?

       By whom was the first Russian university founded?

       When was the first Russian university founded by Lomonosov?

 

       5.4.4. Examine the ways of translating the passive constructions into the Russian.

 

 

(1) He was sent to Moscow yesterday.	Вчера его послали в Москву.
(2) The letter was written two days ago.	а) Это письмо было написано два дня тому назад. б) Это письмо написали два дня тому назад.
(3) The watch will be repaired tomorrow.	Эти часы отремонтируют завтра.

 

5.5. Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian. Check your work by referring to the Key.

 

       (1) What language can you speak? (2) May I use your dictionary? (3) Do you have to wear glasses? (4) Did you have to get up early yesterday? (5) What English songs can you sing? (6) I can never understand what he says. He speaks so fast. (7) The box is too heavy. I can’t lift it. (8) Can you believe this story? (9) What can I do for you? (10) I can’t help you now, but I’ll be able to do it tomorrow. (11) I couldn’t help you yesterday, but I can do it now. (12) I cannot go to the cinema after classes, I must go home. (13) You are wet through, you must change your dress. (14) I have a lot of things to do so I must hurry. (15) The lecture is very interesting, we mustn’t be late. (16) You must be tired after your hard work. (17) There is light in his window, he must be at home. (18) May I look at your photos? (19) May I accompany you home? (20) May I see you again? (21) When may I see you again? (22) I can’t find Tom at the institute, he may be at home. (23) The letter was written and posted last week. (24) The work will not be finished next month. (25) An interesting film will be shown to you there. (26) Our house was built many years ago. (27) Will you be sent to Moscow to practice? (28) This newspaper is published in English. (29) All these houses cannot be built in three months. (30) Our institute was visited be a delegation of English students. (31) The man must be invited to our discussion. (32) These words can be learnt for ten minutes. (33) You may be asked this question during the lesson. (34) English can be spoken at the conference. (35) This mustn’t be done badly. (36) Smoking is not allowed here. (37) The text must be translated into Russian. (38) He was examined by a doctor and sent to hospital. (39) All the exercises were done orally at the lesson.

 

 

The Key

 

 

       (1) На каком языке ты говоришь? (2) Можно мне пользоваться твоим словарем? (3) Тебе приходится носить очки? (4) Тебе вчера пришлось встать рано? (5) Какие английские песни ты умеешь петь? (6) Я никогда не понимаю, что он говорит. Он говорит так быстро. (7) Ящик очень тяжелый, я не могу поднять его. (8) Можно ли поверить в это (в эту историю)? (9) Что я могу для вас сделать? (10) Я не могу помочь вам сейчас, но я буду в состоянии сделать это завтра. (11) Я не мог помочь вам вчера, но я смогу сделать это сейчас. (12) Я не могу идти в кино после занятий, я должен идти домой. (13) Ты вся промокла, ты должна сменить платье. (14) У меня много работы, я должна поспешить. (15) Лекция очень интересная, мы не должны опаздывать. (16) Ты, должно быть, устал после такой тяжелой работы. (17) В его окне свет, он, должно быть, дома. (18) Можно мне посмотреть твои фотографии? (19) Можно мне проводить вас домой? (20) Можно мне проводить вас снова? (21) Когда мне можно зайти к вам? (22) Я не могу найти Тома в институте, он, возможно, дома. (23) Это письмо написали и отправили на прошлой неделе. (24) Эта работа не будет окончена в следующем месяце. (25) Там вам покажут интересный фильм. (26) Наш дом построили много лет тому назад. (27) Пошлют ли тебя в Москву на практику? (28) Эта газета издается на английском языке. (29) Все эти дома не могут быть построены за три месяца. (30) Наш институт посетила делегация английских студентов. (31) Этого человека нужно пригласить на дискуссию. (32) Эти слова можно выучить за 10 минут. (33) Тебе могут задать этот вопрос на уроке. (34) На конференции можно говорить по-английски. (35) Это нельзя делать плохо. (36) здесь курить не разрешается. (37) Этот текст нужно перевести на русский язык. (38) Его осмотрел врач и отправил в больницу. (39) На уроке все упражнения выполнялись устно. (40) Он говорит, что собрание состоится в зале.

 

       5.6. Read the following story out loud. Drop the voice at the end of each sentence and make a short pause before beginning the next one.

P u b l i c l i b r a r i e s i n G r e a t B r i t a i n

 

There is a public library in every town in Great Britain. Anyone may become a member. Three books may be borrowed at a time but only two may be novels. If there are four persons in the family, they can take home twelve books. These books can be kept for a fortnight. If you can’t finish reading your book, you may renew it for another fortnight. If the book you want is out, you may ask the librarian to keep it for you.

       Most public libraries also have a reading-room and a reference-library. In the reading-room you can sit and read the daily papers and all the other important periodicals. In the reference-library there are encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases and numerous other books. They may not be taken away.

 

       5.7. Answer to yourself each of the following questions about the story.

 

       (1) Are the public libraries in Great Britain? (2) Can anyone use a public library? (3) How many books may be borrowed at a time? (4) How long can the books be kept at home? (5) What must you do if you can’t finish reading your book in time?

 

       5.8. Study the table below to review the productive means of forming adjectives with the help of suffixes.

 

Original Word	Suffix	New Word	Russian Equivalent
nature, n centre, n culture, n change, v   respond, v power, n success, n truth, n hope, n limit, n act, v attract, v period, n economy, n station, n element, n wood, n   wool, n fame, n danger, n Russia, n America, n child, n Pole, n	-al     -able, -ible   -ful     -less   -ive   -ic   -ary   -en   -ous   -an   -ish	natural central cultural changeable   responsible powerful successful truthful hopeless limitless active attractive periodic economic stationary elementary wooden   woolen famous dangerous Russian American childish Polish	естественный центральный культурный изменчивый   ответственный мощный успешный правдивый безнадежный безграничный активный привлекательный периодический экономический стационарный элементарный деревянный   шерстяной известный опасный русский американский детский польский

 

 

       5.9. Study one more table to review the productive means of forming verbs and adverbs with the help of suffixes.

 

 

Original Word	Suffix	New Word	Russian Equivalent
organ, n real, a character, n simple, a intense, a beauty, n strength, n short, a wide, a origin, n term, n deep, a brief, a clear, a back, n home, a south, n clock, n broad, a like, a	-ize     -ify   -en     -ate   -ly     -ward     -wise	organize realize characterize simplify intensify beautify strengthen shorten widen originate terminate deeply briefly clearly backward homeward southward clockwise broadwise likewise	организовывать осуществлять характеризовать упрощать интенсифицировать украшать укреплять укорачивать расширять происходить прекращать глубоко коротко ясно назад домой к югу, на юг по часовой стрелке вширь подобно, также

 

 

U N I T 6

1. Perfect Tenses

 

6.1.1. Study the examples.

 

Tenses	Examples
Present Perfect	I have written the letter (by now). He has translated the text today. We have just seen them in the street.
	I have worked here for 2 years. They have lived in Minsk since last year.
Past Perfect	I had written the letter by that time. He had translated the text by the time P. came. We had studied Continuous Tenses before we started Perfect Tenses.
	We had worked there for 2 years before we came to Minsk. They had lived in Minsk before they came here.
Future Perfect	I shall have written the letter by 5 o’clock tomorrow. He will have translated the text by the time we come home. We shall have had dinner by then.
	We shall have worked here for 2 years by tomorrow. They will have lived in Minsk for 5 years by the Ist of May.

 

6.1.2. Study some more examples to see how questions are formed in the Present, Past and Future Perfect.

Present Perfect:

 

Have you written the letter yet?

Has he worked here long?

How long have you lived in Moscow?

What have you done today?

 

Past Perfect:

 

Had you written the letter by 12 o’clock?

Had he worked here before he left for Gomel?

How long had you lived in Mogilyev before you came here?

What had you done before Petrov came?

 

Future Perfect:

       Will you have written the letter by 8 o’clock tomorrow?

       Will he have translated the text by the time we come?

       How long will you have lived in Minsk by the first of May?

       What will you have done by the time we come?

 

 

       6.1.3. Read the sentences below and translate them into Russian. Check your work by referring to the Key.

       (1) They have read much about Britain. (2) She has never been to the USA. (3) I have seen this film. (4) He has just rung you up. (5) I had lived in Moscow before I came to Minsk. (6) We had passed our exams by the end of June. (7) We shall have passed our exams by the 25^th of January. (8) My sister has returned from Bulgaria fresh and sunburnt. (9) We have lived in Minsk for 10 years. (10) I have not seen my sister since last year. (11) He said that he had not worked there before.

 

The Key

 

(1)Они много читали об Англии. (2) Она никогда не была в США. (3) Я уже видел этот фильм. (4) Он только что позвонил тебе. (5) Я жил в Москве, перед тем как приехал в Минск. (6) Мы сдали экзамены к концу июня. (7) Мы сдадим экзамены к 25 января. (8) Моя сестра вернулась из Болгарии свежая и загорелая. (9) Мы живем в Минске уже 10 лет. (10) Я не видел сестру с прошлого года. (11) Он сказал, что раньше он там не работал.

 

6.1.4. Allow yourself a few minutes to review the irregular verbs.

(See: 5.3.1.)

6.1.5. What do you do? What are you doing? What have you done?

 

(1) - What do you do in the evening?

- I usually watch TV or sometimes read a book or a newspaper.

       (2) - What are you doing now?

       - I am doing my homework now.

       (3) - What have you done today?

       - I have done a lot of work today. By the way, I have read the book you

           gave me yesterday.

(1) - Do you live here every summer?

- Yes, we live here for a month every summer.

       (2) - Are you also living here?

       - Yes, we are living here, in this tent.

       (3) - How long have you lived here?

       - We have lived here for a month (and are still living here).

 

 

1. Sequence of Tenses.

Согласование времен

 

       6.2.1. Study the table.

He says (has said, will say)	He travels a lot. He is traveling now. He has traveled a lot in his life. He traveled to the USA last year. He had traveled a lot before he got married. He will travel next summer. He will be traveling at this time. He will have come home by September.
But: He said,	He traveled a lot. He was traveling then. He had traveled a lot in his life. He had traveled a lot before he got married. He would travel next summer. He would be traveling at that time. He would have come home by September.

 

       6.2.2. Read the commentary to the table above.

 

       В английском языке существует правило согласования (последовательности) времен, по которому временная форма сказуемого придаточного предложения (главным образом дополнительного придаточного предложения) обуславливается временной формой сказуемого главного предложения.

       Если в лавном предложении глагол стоит в Past Indefinite Tense, то в придаточном предложении глагол должен стоять в одной из форм прошедшего времени (Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Future in the Past), выражая действие одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого главного предложения, предшествующее ему или будущее по отношению к нему.

       Если действия в главном и придаточном предложениях одновременны, то в придаточном предложении должен стоять глагол в Past Indefinite или Past Continuous, который на русский язык переводится глаголом в настоящем времени.

       Если действие придаточного предложения предшествует действию главного предложения, то в придаточном предложении должен стоять глагол в Past Perfect, который на русский язык переводится глаголом в прошедшем времени.

       Если действие придаточного предложения следует последействия главного предложения, то в придаточном предложении должен стоять глагол в так называемом будущем в прошедшем (Future in the Past), который на русский язык переводится глаголом в будущее м времени.

 

6.2.3. Read the sentences below and translate them into Russian. Check your work by referring to the Key.

 

(1) He said that he lived in Kiev. (2) I knew that he was a student. (3) She said that she had never been to London. (4) He said that there were a lot of English books in his library. (5) He answered that he was translating the text. (6) He said that they would live in Moscow. (7) The teacher explained that the task was not difficult. (8) He said that he could make the report. (9) I was informed that my article would be published in the newspaper.

 

The Key

 

       (1) Он сказал, что он живет в Киеве. (2) Я знал, что он студент. (3) Она сказала, что она никогда не была в Лондоне. (4) Он сказал, что в его библиотеке много английских книг. (5) Он ответил, что он переводит этот текст. (6) Он сказал, что они будут жить в Москве. (7) Преподаватель объяснил, что задание не трудное. (8) Он сказал, что он может сделать этот доклад. (9) Мне сообщили, что моя статья будет опубликована в газете.

 

1. Direct and Reported Speech.

Прямая и косвенная речь

6.3.1. Study these sentences.

Direct Speech
He said, He said to me,	“Peter is coming tonight.” “I did it yesterday.” “I’ll finish it tomorrow.” “He always comes in time.”
Reported Speech
He said (that) He told me (that)	Peter was coming that night. He had done it the day before. He would finish it the next day. He always came in time.

 

 

 

	In the Direct Speech	In the Reported Speech
Remember:	...now ...ago ...here ...today ...tonight ...yesterday ...last year ...tomorrow ...next year ...this	...then ...before ...there ...that day ...that night ...the day before ...the year before ...the next day ...the next year ...that

 

 

6.3.2. Analyse the tables to see how questions are presented in the reported speech.

 

A. Direct Questions:
He asked me		“Are you a student?” “Is it raining now?” “Has she come back?” “Will you be present?”
B. Reported Questions:
He asked me	If whether		I was a student. It was raining then. She had come back. I should (would) be present.
A. Direct Questions:
He asked me		“What do you do in the morning?” “When will you come home?” “What are they working at?” “Whose book did he take yesterday?”
B. Reported Questions:
He asked me		what I did in the morning. when I would come home. what they were working at. whose book he had taken the day before.

 

 

 

6.3.3. Below are the direct and reported commands and requests. Study the table.

Direct Commands and Requests:
She said to me			“Ring him up tomorrow.” “Don’t go there today.” “Please come in time.”
Reported Commands and Requests:
She	asked told ordered	me		to ring him up the next day. not to go there that day. to come in time.

 

 

6.3.4. Read the sentences below and translate them into Russian. Check your work by referring to the Key.

       (1) He asked me when I got up. (2) I answered that I got up at 7 o’clock. (3) He asked what I did then. (4) I answered that I did my morning exercises. (5) Nina says that she is living now in the hostel. (6) Nina said that she was living then in the hostel. (7) He was sure that there was a library there. (8) She said that she had spent a whole month in Bulgaria. (9) He said that he would tell us about his life the next day. (10) I hoped that I would have done everything by that time. (11) She was afraid that she would be late. (13) She asked the boy if he was hungry. (14) The teacher asked me how long it took me to get to the Institute. (15) I asked them when the question was discussed. (16) He asked me whether the delegation had arrived. (17) I answered that I was going to Moscow the next week. (18) I was asked if everybody was present.

The Key

 

       (1) Он спросил у меня, когда я встаю. (2) Я ответил, что встаю в 7 часов. (3) Он спросил, что я делаю затем. (4) Я ответил, что делаю утреннюю зарядку. (5) Нина говорит, что она живет в общежитии. (7) Он был уверен, что там есть библиотека. (8) Она сказала, что провела целый месяц в Болгарии. (9) Он сказал, что расскажет о своей жизни на следующий день. (10) Я надеялся, что сделаю все к тому времени. (11) Она боялась, что опаздывает. (12) Она боялась, что опоздает. (13) Она спросила у мальчика, не голоден ли он (не хочет ли он есть). (14) Преподаватель спросил у меня, сколько у меня занимает времени, чтобы добраться до института. (15) Я спросил у них, когда этот вопрос обсуждается. (16) Он спросил у меня, приехала ли делегация. (17) Я ответил, что я уезжаю в Москву на следующей неделе. (18) Меня спросили, все ли присутствуют.

 

 

 

1. Continuous Tenses in the Passive Voice

 

6.4. Study the table to review the formation of the Present and Past Continuous in the Passive Voice.

Present and Past Continuous
Active: “to be writing”	Passive: “to being written”
(1) I am writing the letter now.	(1) The letter is being written now.
(2) We were discussing this question widely.	(2) This question is being discussed widely.
(3) I was writing the letter when Petrov came in.	(3) The letter was being written when Petrov came in.
(4) They were discussing this question at 12 o’clock.	(4) The question was being discussed at 12 o’clock.