Look through the text and find sentences with Passive Voice. Translate them into Ukrainian.

2. Give three forms of the following verbs:

to do, to lay, to know, to write, to have, to be, to build, to arise.

 

3. Make the following sentences Passive:

1. The control system must also mediate the transfer of information.

2. The instructions executed by the control system occupy the lowest and most elementary level.

3. Recording the detailed instructions for controlling the computer in a coded form reduces the complexity of the control system.

4. A separate memory unit stores the sequence of paths in a program.

4. Write all the English tense forms of the Passive Voice:

1. Contemporary algebra is considered as a mixture of much that is very old and still important, e.g. counting and newer concepts such as structures.

2. The beginnings of the development of numbers are lost in prehistory.

3. Complex numbers are expressed in the form of a number-couple.

4. The sign “+” is used in modern algebra only for commutative systems.

 

5. Use the proper tense form (Infinitive, Continuous, Perfect or Perfect Continuous) in the sentences. Make them Passive:

1. The scientists express this number as a terminating decimal (by the end of the last century; in future; since the birth of modern civilization; usually; nowadays; for a long time; if necessary; in this particular problem).

2. Axiomatic inquiry brings forth new concepts in algebra (still; from the outset; in 1873, eventually; this year; already; next decade).

6. Define meanings of the following words by their affixes, state what part of speech they indicate:

electricity – electrical; inform – information; process – processing; add – adder; complete – completely; permanent – permanently; circuit – circuitry; essence – essential; complex – complexity; record – recording; general – generally; program – programming; miniature – miniaturization; person – personal.

 

7. Look through the text and give Ukrainian equivalents for the following words and word-combinations:

a fundamental issue; to steer the electrical signals; signals must be routed; adder; mediate; the transfer of information; hard-wired; circuitry; sequence of paths; to be embodied in a program; incorporate into the processor; distinguish; conceive; advent; implement; adopt; successor; realm; semiconductor; “mainframe” system; avoid confusion; firmware; routing of information.

 

8. Look through the text and give English equivalents for the following words and word-combination:

вбудовані програми; проектування; управляти; назначати тракт (передачі інформації); суматор; схеми; гнучкий; суттєвий; зменшувати; втілювати; бути відповідальним за; розрізнити; набір; осягати; наступник; мікросхема пам’яті; проміжний; прихід; застосування.

Compose sentences with the words and word-combinations from Ex. 8.

 

10. Study the text and complete these sentences:

1. The control system must also mediate the transfer of information between....

2. In one approach the control system is completely “hard-wired”, that is, ….

3. The control instructions are responsible for....

4. Evolutionary successor of the minicomputer, the microcomputer, is ….

5. It has opened up new realms of....

6. In recent years a good deal of confusion has arisen about the meaning of ….

7. It must be emphasized that microprogramming a computer is not the same as ….

8. In most modern computers the routing of information is controlled at the lowest level by ….

11. Combine the words from the left-and right-hand columns to make word-combinations. Translate them into Ukrainian:

fundamental	state
electrical	chips
control	circuitry
flexible	issue
detailed	system
elementary	functions
functional	system
high-level	instructions
microelectronic	technology
computer	programs
semiconductor	level
mainframe	approach

Compose sentences with the words and phrases from Ex. 11.

13. Write an appropriate word or phrase in the following spaces:

1. In the arithmetic and logic unit signals must … between various computers, adders and other components.

2. In one approach, the control system is completely ….

3. A second approach is more ….

4. The sequence of paths that must follow … in a program, which is stored in a separate memory unit incorporated into the processor.

5. A fundamental … in the design of any computer is how to control or … the electrical signals that … information.

steer; flexible; be routed; represent; hard-wired; is embodied; issue

Reading Comprehension

1. Review the whole text again. Outline the subject matter of the text, its components structure, topic sentences and main ideas. Use the following phrases:

– The text deals with … (speaks about, presents, shows, points out, discusses, reviews, throws light on, traces the history of, etc)

– The subject matter of the text is …

– The text can be segmented into … paragraphs.

– The first (second, third, fourth, etc.) paragraph considers … (deals with, informs of, describes, etc.)

– The topic sentence of the first (second, third, fourth, etc.) paragraph is …

– The main idea of the first (second, third, fourth, etc.) paragraph is …

– The main idea of the text is …

– The conclusion the author came to is …

– The reasons for this conclusion are …

2. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your choice. Use the given phrases:

It’s right. Quite so.

I quite (fully) agree to it.

Certainly. Exactly.

I doubt that …

I don’t think so.

This is not the case.

It’s wrong, I am afraid.

Quite the reverse.

The definition is inappropriate.

 

1. In the arithmetic and logic unit signals must be routed between various computers, adders and other components.

2. The sequence of paths that must follow is embodied into the processor.

3. A set of control instruments – a microprogram – is written in microcode.

4. The idea of microprogramming was conceived more than 30 years ago soon after the advent of the first computers.

5. Microprogramming a computer is the same as programming a microcomputer.

 

3. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a fundamental issue in the design of any computer?

2. What way must the signals be routed in the arithmetic and logic unit?

3. What must the control system mediate?

4. When does one say that the control system is completely “hard-wired”?

5. How is the reducing of the control system complexity achieved?

6. What occupies the lowest and most elementary level in the hierarchy of program that operates a computer and why?

7. What is a set of control instruments?

8. What do they call a set of microelectronic “chips” serving to various computer functions?

9. Why has the term microprogramming caused a good deal of confusion in recent years?

10. Can we use the term “programmimg a microcomputer” and “microcomputer programming” interchangeably?

11.Can any computer be designed with a microprogrammed control system?

12. Why are microprograms sometimes classified as “firmware”?

13. What is the status of firmware?

14. How is the routing of information controlled in most modern computers?

 

Conversational Practice

1. Agree with the following statements, adding your own comments. Use the introductory phrases:

That’s right.

There is no denying that ….

There is no point of disagreeing that ….

 

1. A computer is a combination of computer hardware and software.

2. The hardware of a computer consists of a central processing unit (a memory) and peripheral equipment.

3. The basic computer hardware can operate only upon numeric program instructions.

4. The software of a computer consists of sequences (strings) of instructions that may be expressed in a variety of programming languages.

5. The writing of the higher-level programs is generally known as software.

6. Microprograms are sometimes classified as “ firmware ”, thereby signifying their intermediate status between hardware and software.

2. Suppose that the information in the statement is insufficient. Repeat the statement and add your own reasoning, thus developing the idea. Use the following phrases:

There’s one more thing to be noted …

I may as well add that …

Moreover …

You’ve omitted …

What is missing (lacking) in the statement is that …

 

1. In the arithmetic and logic unit signals must be routed between various computers.

2. The control system is completely “hard-wired”.

3. A set of control instruments – a microprogram – is written in microcode.

4. The routing of information is controlled at the lowest level by a microprogram.

3. Express your personal view on the statement given below. Use the following phrases:

As for me ….

As concerns ….

As far as I am concerned ….

What I mean to say is ….

In conclusion, I may say ….

To summarize the topic ….

Software can never equal brainware.