Look through the text and find Complex Sentences. Translate them into Ukrainian.

2. Join the two simple sentences to make a complex sentence. Mind the sequence of tenses rule:

1. I said. The successful use of computers has been reported in economy.

2. I have already said. The next generation of computers will not operate with digit numbers.

3. I was saying. Supercomputers will display wonders.

4. I have been saying up to now. Man-and-computer systems are capable of accomplishing.

 

3. Turn the following statements into indirect speech:

1. He said: “There is no realm of human activity in which cybernetics will have no role to play in the future.”

2. He asked: “Is it difficult to say what the future holds in store for cybernetics?”

3. He claimed: “N.Wiener’s definition of cybernetics is still generally being accepted.”

4. He asked: “Who was the first to use the term describing the science of steering ships?”

5. He said: “N.Wiener has laid the foundations of the new science and coined the title “Cybernetics”.”

4. Define meanings of the following words by their affixes:

universe – universal; tradition – traditional; gravity – gravitation – gravitational; element – elementary; sensation – sensational; discover – discovery; expect – expectation; connect – connection; general – generalization – generalized; equal – equality – equally – equation; to compute – computation – computable – computer; exact – exactly; hostile – hostilely; relative – relativity.

5. Study the text and give Ukrainian equivalents for the following words and word-combinations:

the universal law of gravitation; traditional classical notions; the curvature of space; general theory of relativity; a phenomenon of a cosmic scale; gravitational fields; huge masses; the quantum level; sensational discoveries; the gravitational processes of the universe; elementary particles; equation; space objects; fundamental difficulties; homogeneous; gravitational attractions; physical force field; electromagnetic field; to draw on; antagonistic contradiction; consistent; presuppose; unobservable mass; surpass; experimental data; to solve the question.

6. Study the text and give English equivalents for the following words and word-combinations:

закон гравітації; традиційні поняття; викривлення простору; явище космічного масштабу; гравітаційне поле; квантовий рівень; поєднання ідей; сенсаційні відкриття; елементарні частки; гравітаційні тяжіння; електромагнітне поле; рівняння; суперечність; приховувати.

7. Give sentences in English using the following words and word-combinations:

1. “зруйнувати” традиційні класичні уявлення; 2. існування величезних мас; 3. розуміння процесів у мікрокосмосі; 4. світ елементарних часток; 5. підтверджуватися експериментами; 6. космічні об’єкти; 7. підтримувати; 8. гравітаційні тяжіння; 9. однорідний; 10. поле фізичної сили; 11. антагоністичні суперечності; 12. послідовний; 13. маса всіх галактик; 14. сумнів.

 

8. Combine the words from the left-and right-hand columns to make word-combinations. Translate them into Ukrainian:

universal	world
general	level
homogeneous	particles
gravitational	law
different	models
invisible	scale
cosmic	theory
quantum	mass
elementary	attractions

Give sentences in English using the word-combinations from Ex. 8.

Reading Comprehension

1. Review the whole text again. Outline the subject matter of the text, its components structure, topic sentences and main ideas. Use the following phrases:

– The text deals with … (speaks about, presents, shows, points out, discusses, reviews, throws light on, traces the history of, etc)

– The subject matter of the text is …

– The text can be segmented into … paragraphs.

– The first (second, third, fourth, etc.) paragraph considers … (deals with, informs of, describes, etc.)

– The topic sentence of the first (second, third, fourth, etc.) paragraph is …

– The main idea of the first (second, third, fourth, etc.) paragraph is …

– The main idea of the text is …

– The conclusion the author came to is …

– The reasons for this conclusion are …

2. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your choice. Use the given phrases:

It’s right. Quite so.

I quite (fully) agree to it.

Certainly. Exactly.

I doubt that …

I don’t think so.

This is not the case.

It’s wrong, I am afraid.

Quite the reverse.

The definition is inappropriate.

 

1. The universal law of gravitation is claiming more and more ignorance from the scientists.

2. Einstein linked gravitation with the curvature of space with his general theory of relativity.

3. Gravitation was seen as a phenomenon of a microcosm.

4. Gravitation may provide a key to understanding processes in a microcosm at the quantum level.

5. The most sensational discoveries resulted at the junction of quantum and gravitational ideas.

6. The scientists try to connect the gravitational process of the universe with the world of elementary particles.

7. The general theory of relativity possesses fundamental difficulties which are not clarified to this day.

8. Opinions on how exactly to compute the energy of the gravitational field do not differ.

9. Unlike Einstein, Logunov and Mestvirishvili maintained that our world is homogeneous.

10. The curvature of space which is the main element for Einstein plays a primary part in the new theory.

11. Einstein’s theory allows for the existence of different models of the universe, –“open”, “close” and “flat”.

12. The new theory of gravitation is hostilely being received by many gravitationalists.

3. Answer the following questions:

1. Is the universal law of gravitation claiming more and more attention from the scientists?

2. Who gave science the law of universal gravitation?

3. What did Einstein do linking gravitation with the curvature of space with his general theory of relativity?

4. When are gravitation fields “perceptible”?

5. What may provide a key to understanding processes in a microcosm at the quantum level?

6. What ideas science can expect will make the most sensational discoveries?

7. What causes the difficulties in computing the gravitational fields of space objects?

8. What question remains a veritable “headache” for scientists?

9. Who advanced a new theory of gravitation?

10. What are gravitational attractions conditioned by according to Logunov and Mestvirishvili’s theory of gravitation?

11. What methods do they draw on?

12. Do the equations of the general theory of relativity contradict Logunov and Mestvirishvili’s theory?

13. What is the main element in the theory of relativity for Einstein?

14. What part does it play in the new theory?

15. What confirms the new theory of gravitation?

16. How does the universe look like according to Einstein’s theory and the new one?

17. What does the statement that universe can only be flat presuppose?

18. What ensures the evolution of universe as a flat world?

19. How is Logunov and Mestvirishvili’s theory being received by many gravitationalists?

20. How is it possible to solve the question whose theory is correct?

Conversational Practice

1. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Begin your answer with the following phrases:

I hold a similar view …

I share this viewpoint …

It’s correct to say …

This is a convincing argument …

I see no point at all to disagree that …

There is no point in denying that …

That doesn’t sound convincing enough …

Not quite so, I am afraid.

I don’t think this is just the case.

I doubt it. Far from that.

Just the other way round.

Not at all. Quite the reverse.

1. The general theory of relativity has numerous successors and competitors.

2. When Newton described gravitation for the first time, he gave science the law of universal gravitation.

3. Einstein’s theory allows for the existence of different models of the universe – “open”, “closed”, etc. – but Logunov and Mestvirishvili allow for only one model. Their universe can only be “flat”.

4. There are a few wise scientists who decline to favour one theory of gravitation over another. They attempt to study all the theories as a class, hoping thereby to unlock some of the secrets of gravitation in an unbiased manner independent of anyone particular theory.

2. Discuss the statements trying to prove your point of view. Use the following phrases:

I have to admit that…

I have reason to believe that…

My point is that…

It seems reasonable to assert that…

Summing up the discussion…

In conclusion, I may say…

To summarize, I may say…

To summarize the topic…

 

1. “The scientist must order. One makes science with facts as a house with stones; but an accumulation of facts is no more science than a pile of stones is a house.” (Poincare.) Prove or disagree.

2. “Newton was not only the greatest but the most fortunate among scientists, because the science of the world can be created only once, and it was Newton who created it.” (Lagrange.) Your viewpoint.