I. Answer the following questions

· What is the subject matter of biological science?

· What branches of modern biology can you name?

· Why did you choose to study biology?

II. Listen to the following words and practice their pronunciation

Biology, science, discipline, zoology, botany, molecule, molecular, population, biophysics, biochemistry, nucleic acid, protein, heredity, organismal, cellular, multicellular, developmental, physiology, nervous, neurophysiology, behaviour, ethology, evolutionary, gene, genetics, ecology, natural, habitat, sociobiology, human, biomedicine, anthropology.

READING COMPREHENSION AND VOCABULARYDEVELOPMENT

I. Match each word on the left to its correct definition on the right

1) encompass, v 2) scope, n 3) segregation, n 4) cogent, adj 5) span, v 6) breakthrough, n 7) interaction, n 8) neglect, n 9) boundary, n 10) habitat, n 11) fluid, adj

a) a mutual or reciprocal action or influence; b) to stretch or extend across, over, or around; c) lack of due care or attention; negligence; d) separation, setting apart; e) the range of things that a subject, activity, book, etc. deals with; f) the natural home of a plant or animal; g) forcefully convincing; h) something that indicates the farthest limit, as of an area; i) to include entirely or comprehensively; j) a significant development or discovery, esp. in science; k) (1) liquid; (2) constantly changing or apt to change.

II. Read the following text paying attention to the highlighted words. Explain or interpret the contextual meaning of the underlined phrases

Biology is the science of life. The term biology was introduced in Germany in 1800 and popularized by the French naturalist Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck as a means of encompassing the growing number of disciplines involved with the study of living forms. The scope of biological science is so broad that it has been subdivided into separate branches for convenience of study. Despite apparent differences, all the subdivisions are interrelated by basic principles that underlie all biological manifestations.

It was once the custom to separate the study of plants (botany) from that of animals (zoology), and the study of the structure of organisms (morphology) from that of function (physiology). The English zoologist Thomas Henry Huxley was the first to insist that the conventional segregation of zoology and botany was intellectually meaningless and that all living things should be studied in an integrated way. Huxley’s approach to the study of biology is even more cogent today, because scientists now realize that many lower organisms are neither plants nor animals. The limits of the science, however, have always been difficult to determine, and as the scope of biology has shifted over the years, its subject areas have been changed and reorganized.

The current approach to the study of living things is based on the levels of biological organization involved — whether molecules, cells, individuals, or populations — and on the specific subject matter under investigation—for example, structure and function, types and classification, and growth and development.

Molecular biology, which spans biophysics and biochemistry, has made the most fundamental contributions to modern biology. Much is now known about the structure and action of nucleic acids and protein, the key molecules of all living matter. The discovery of the mechanism of heredity was a major breakthrough in modern science. Another important advance was in understanding how molecules conduct metabolism, that is, how they process the energy needed to sustain life.

Cellular biology is closely linked with molecular biology. To understand the functions of the cell — the basic structural unit of living matter — cell biologists study its components on the molecular level. Organismal biology, in turn, is related to cellular biology, because the life functions of multicellular organisms are governed by the activities and interactions of their cellular components. The study of organisms includes their growth and development (developmental biology) and how they function (physiology). Particularly important are investigations of the brain and nervous system (neurophysiology) and animal behaviour (ethology).

Population biology became firmly established as a major subdivision of biological studies in the 1970s. Central to this field is evolutionary biology, in which the contributions of Charles Darwin have been fully appreciated after a long period of neglect. Population genetics, the study of gene changes in populations, and ecology, the study of populations in their natural habitats, have been established subject areas since the 1930s. These two fields were combined in the 1960s to form a rapidly developing new discipline often called, simply, population biology. Closely associated is a new development in animal-behaviour studies called sociobiology, which focuses on the genetic contribution to social interactions among animal populations.

Biology also includes the study of humans at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. If the focus of investigation is the application of biological knowledge to human health, the study is often termed biomedicine. Human populations are by convention not considered within the province of biology; instead, they are the subject of anthropology and the various social sciences. The boundaries and subdivisions of biology, however, are as fluid today as they have always been, and further shifts may be expected.

Vocabulary notes

as a means of – як засіб

under investigation – що вивчається

in turn – у свою чергу; у відповідь

III. Use the phrases from the vocabulary notes in the sentences of your own

IV. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text

1. Different branches of biology are connected with each other.

2. According to Huxley it is logical to divide biology into zoology and botany.

3. The subject of biological studies has changed for the past years.

4. Biophysics is a part of molecular biology whereas biochemistry can be referred to cellular biology.

5. The principles and mechanisms of heredity were known to scholars in late middle ages.

6. Energy that is necessary for the maintenance of life in a cell is obtained in a process called replication.

7. Developmental biology, physiology, and ethology are the branches of organismal biology.

8. Population biology and sociobiology are concerned with the studies of humans.

9. Biomedicine is a branch of science that deals with animal treatment.

V. Make up 6-7 questions about the text and ask them to your partner

VI. Find the English equivalents of the following words in the text

Взаємопов’язані; звичайний, традиційний; сучасний, теперішній; внесок; поступ; здійснювати; підтримувати; оцінювати, цінувати; зосереджуватися, концентрувати увагу; застосування.

VII. Use the words from exercise VI to fill in the blanks in the following sentences

1. Is it really necessary to ______ experiments on animals?

2. He did not fully ______ the significance of his invention.

3. All parts of the course are ______.

4. He was unable to ______ lasting relationships with women.

5. Their aim is to reduce ______ pollution levels in the Black Sea.

6. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for his ______ to Quantum Theory.

7. ______ in medical science may make it possible for people to live for 150 years.

8. Acupuncture may work, but I still believe in a more ______ approach to medicine.

9. He felt he needed to ______ more on his research.

10. The possible ______ of this invention are limitless.

GRAMMAR IN USE

I. Read the following questions and identify their type

1. What is biology?

2. Did life on Earth appear 3 million or 3 billion years ago?

3. Who was the inventor of the first microscope?

4. Is cell considered the basic unit of life?

5. The phenomenon of diversity of life has had a long history of study, hasn’t it?

6. Do all living organisms reproduce?

7. I am going to study hard this semester, aren’t I?