Task 1 In English you can make the name of a person who does a job by adding one of the following suffixes.

• Electric…

• Farm …

• Photograph …

• Garden …

• Manage …

• Art …

 

- r

-er

-ian

-ist

Task 2 We can make the name of jobs like this:

He teaches.

They repaired cars.

I will teach children

He is a teacher.

They were technicians.

I will be a teacher.

Say what these people are.

He played football.

She will paint.

She manages. He is a ….

I sang. She will be a …

He looks after a garden. I was a…

They built houses.

He works on a farm.

Task 3 Name these professions

Task 4 Match the words and the sentences

1. a doctor

2. a policeman

3. a clown

4. a postman

5. a dancer

6. a fireman

7. a baker

8. a dentist

9. a pupil

10. a teacher

a) He bakes bread.
b) He works in a circus.
c) He takes care of our teeth.
d) He fights fires.
e) She studies at school.
f) He delivers letters.
g) She gives pupils homework.
h) He helps sick people.
i) He protects people.
j) She works in a theatre.

Task 5 Professions can be:

prestigious, not prestigious, up-to-date, out-of-date, well-paid, low-paid, rare and widespread.

Make sentences expressing your point of view. Begin with…
To my mind…
I think…
ex: To my mind the profession of a manager is very prestigious

photographer, school master, physician (doctor), conductor,

bus driver, bricklayer (каменщик), tailor (портной), weaver (ткач), judge,

shop-assistant, physicist, manager, accountant, programmer,

fashion designer, architect.

 

Task 6 You know that there are some professional fields: Sciences, Law, Architecture and Urban Planning, Environmental Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Journalism, Library and Information Science, Computer Science and so on. Each profession requires definite character features.

Match the fields on the left with the features on the right.

 

1. technical
2. art
3. humanities
4. working-class
5. Service

 

a) imaginative, artistic, loving, big hearted
b) practical, active, energetic, organized.
c) logical, rational, fast-thinking, cool-headed
d) expressive, observant professions (наблюдательный)
e) helpful, communicative, reliable.

Task 7 Which characteristics are necessary for people of these professions: pilot, teacher, doctor (physician), physicist, sportsman, bricklayer, programmer, accountant.
Make up the sentences.

ex: A teacher should be patient, intellectual, loving children.

strength (сила)
responsibility (ответственность)

reliability (надежность)
creativity (творчество)
observation (внимание к деталям)
patience (терпение)
common sense (здравый смысл)

logical mind
kindness

Task 8 Use the clue below to help you hues these job related words

 

 

 

Task 9 Make a story about your paremts professions using the information fron the Unit

 

UNIT 13

MY UNIVERSITY

Task 1 Прочитайте слова с долгим [o] и кратким [0].

[o]	[0]
form	hot
more	crop
warm	dog
short	job
course	pot
corn	stock
water	economist

 

 

Task 2. Прочитайте слова

[p]	[b]	[p] или	[b]
pet	Born	occupation	deep
potato	About	parents	biography
plate	Black	brother	spend
pass	Busy	ambition	hobby
pupil	Book	keep	better
sport	But	botany	important

 

Task 3. Прочитайте следующие пары слов.

[p] [b] [p] [b]

park - парк bark - лаять pud - детская ручка bud - почка

par - равенство bar - бар pug - мятая глина bug - жук

pie - пирог buy - покупать pull - тянуть bull - бык

path - путь bath - ванна cap - кепка cab – экипаж

Task 4. Прочитайте слова, обращая внимание на долготу и краткость гласных звуков [a:],[A].

[a:] [A] [a:] или [A]

large cut come brother

dark number calm aunt

class summer mother uncle

ask luck husband father

plant son country cousin

after love part rather

 

Task 5. Изучите материал по словообразованию и выполните следующие упражнения:

А) Суффиксы -er, -or образуют существительные от глаголов и обозначают действующее лицо или механизм, выполняющий действие.

to teach (обучать) – teacher (учитель)

to direct (руководить) – director (руководитель)

- Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса -er и переведите их на русский язык.

To work, to farm, to plant, to grow, to lead, to write, to read, to speak,

to sleep, to drive, to fi ght, to mine, to report, to sing, to skate, to swim,

to teach, to travel, to found, to compose.

- Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса -or и переведите их на русский язык.

To act, to visit, to direct, to invent, to generate, to indicate, to translate,

to refrigerate, to collect, to select, to instruct, to dictate, to conduct.

- Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1. Are you a smoker?

2. Are you a good dancer?

3. Are you a heavy sleeper?

4. Who is an early riser in your family?

5. Is your friend a great talker?

 

Б) Приставка pre- имеет значение «перед, ранее, до», приставка post- - «после», приставка under- - «недостаточно». war (война, военный) - pre-war (довоенный) war (война, военный) - post-war (послевоенный) to pay (платить) - to underpay (недоплатить)

- Определите значение следующих слов с приставками. pre- - prehistoric, pre-revolutionary, predetermine, pre-capitalist; post- - post-graduate, postscript, post-glacial, postposition; under- - underproduction, undervalue, underdeveloped, underdo. underfeed.

 

Task 6. Прочитайте и выучите слова:

Accommodation

Advanced students

Agriculture

Agromechanical faculty

Agro-power faculty

Associate professor

Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences

Crop cultivation

Dormitory

Qualified specialist

Engineer for electrification

Агромеханический факультет
Агроэнергетический факультет
доцент
Член-корреспондент Академии наук

Растениеводство
спальня
квалифицированный специалист
Инженер по электрификации

жилье
Продвинутые студенты
сельское хозяйство

Engineer-ecologist

Entrepreneur

Extramural

Farm machinery maintenance mechanic

Farm machinery service faculty

Higher educational establishment

Industrial enterprise

Industrial practice

Joint venture

Livestock breeding

Mechanic engineer

Teaching staff

Thorough study

To carry out the research work

To found

To provide

To train specialists

Under the guidance of supervisors

Well-equipped

Well-planed campus

Workshop

Инженер-эколог

предприниматель
заочный
механик по обслуживания

сельхозмашин
факультет Техническое обслуживание сельхозмашин
Высшее учебное заведение
промышленное предприятие
Производственная практика
Совместное предприятие
Животноводство
инженер-механик
Педагогические работники учебных заведений
тщательное изучение
Для проведения научно-исследовательской работы
Для найдены
Для обеспечения
Для подготовки специалистов
Под руководством кураторов
Хорошо оборудованные
Хорошо планируется кампуса
семинар

Task 7. Guess the meaning of the following international words and word combinations:

specialist, academy, professor, agromechanical faculty, mechanic engineer, engineer forelectrification, engineer-ecologist, industrial practice, combination, academician, technical, operation.

 

Task 8.Odd word or word combination out: the one which doesn’t fit into the group of synonyms.

Advanced - best, superior, skilful, intelligent, backward, beneficial;

to train - to prepare, to teach, to accustom, to join, to supervise, to instruct;

to carry out - to do, to fulfill, to perform, to compensate, to act, to solve;

to found - to establish, to base, to originate, to compress, to built, to lay base of;

to achieve - to accomplish, to perform, to ignore, to attain, to acquire, to reach;

to comprise - to include, to distribute, to consist of, to have, to contain, to hold;

thorough - complete, superficial, well-grounded, solid, substantial, stout.

 

Task 9.Find the word on the right which should logically follow the word on the left:

teaching specialists

to train students

associate practice

well-planned the University

industrial staff

to curry out the research work

experienced professor

excellent employment

to enter teachers

 

Task 10. What are these words derived from? Notice the different suffixes, indicating different parts of speech.

Educational, establishment, agricultural, provider, combination, farming, getting, practical, employment, training, production, development, academician, manager, technical, considerable, equipment, operation, maintenance, importance, guidance, accommodation.

Task 11. Before you read the text “My University” say why you decided to enter the Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education «Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named After P.A. Kostychev»

What do you know about this University? Read the statements given below and agree or disagree with them.

1. The Ryazan State Agrotechnological University t is a very old higher educational establishment.

2. The RSAU trains qualified specialists for agro-industrial complex.

3. The overall number of students is more than two thousand.

4. There are three faculties at the University.

5. All the faculties provide the students with capital knowledge of technical and agricultural sciences during 4 years of studying at the University.

6. Industrial practice activities of the students are organized at the University training farm

 

Task 12. Прочитайте и выучите полное название университета и отделений.

the Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education «Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named After P.A. Kostychev», Ryazan State Agricultural Academy, advanced vocational training institute., Road Transport Department. Engineering Department, Vet Medicine and Biotechnology Department, Technological Department, Department of Economics and Management. Pre-University Department

Task 13. Read the text and say if you are right or wrong.

MY UNIVERSITY

The history of the Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education «Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named After P.A. Kostychev» lasts more than sixty years. On May, 18th 1949 the Council of Ministers of the USSR accepted the solution to found the Agricultural Institute in Ryazan. On May, 30th 1949 Ryazan Agricultural the Institute was named after Pavel Andreevich Kostychev by the resolution of the Ministry of Higher Education.

In 1949 Ryazan Agricultural Institute Named after Professor P.A. Kostychev set about studying the first students on specialties «Agronomy» and «Zootechnics».

In 1995 the institute got the status of Ryazan State Agricultural Academy Named after Professor P.A. Kostychev for the merits in personnel training and faculty’s great contribution to science and industry. In 2007 the academy got the status of the university. Let them say that 60 years is not an age for the institution, but not everyone can promote from the institute to the university for such a period of time!

Having passed a great way of formation and developing the University has turned to be one of the biggest agrarian universities of the Russian Federation. Today FSBEI HPE «Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named after P.A. Kostychev» is a multi-field institution that has got a license and a state accreditation. It is a big educational and scientific center.

Nowadays FSBEI HPE «Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named after P.A. Kostychev» is a scientific training and production complex having 6 departments, 38 faculties, branches of the faculties on the factory floor, engineering-economic institute, advanced vocational training institute, resource center, profile classes in secondary schools, research institutions of different profiles.

Today the University uses computers and different information technologies in training process. It presupposes the practical study and integration of educational process and science. The institution has been among the first in Russia to start the target specialists training under contract with the Ministry of comfortable dorms, a library having more than 735 thousand volumes; the library branches are situated in 4 educational buildings; there is open access to Internet resources, including electronic-library systems; an aid post; 4 canteens and a café; health camp «Laskovo»; a sports center, including a stadium and 5 gyms.

The University prepares the personnel for enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of Ryazan oblast and other branches of industry (Tula, Tambov, Moscow, Lipetsk and others) as well as for the city enterprises connected with production, processing and realization of food, building, road transport, planning and accountability, social work.

Due to a wide range of specialties all the graduators of the University get a good job and do not regret about choosing their professions.

There are 350 teachers working at the University. There are 61 Doctors of Science and 192 Candidates of Science among them. All the departments possess training areas in detached buildings. They include laboratories, libraries and computer classes.

Our University has rich and wonderful traditions that many generations of students treasure and increase. During its activity the University has prepared more than 40 thousand specialists including engineers (mechanic engineer, electrical engineer, automotive engineer, machinists and others), accountants, economists, merchandisers, ecologists, agronomists, technologists, zoo-engineers, veterinarians and others.

Every year more and more people want to enter our University. Those who will do will realize proudly that they are the best of the best! The knowledge you get at the University is your only capital that is not afraid of inflation! Training at our University targets the students at the perspective, multiply their potential for future development. Due to this many graduators of ours now hold leading positions at state and commercial organizations of the oblast and other regions of Russia. We prepare real professionals who are always necessary everywhere regardless the economic situation in the country!

Task 14. Look through the text again to find the facts which were quite new to you and the facts which were already known to you.

Task 15. In what paragraphs can you find the following information:

a) the teaching staff paragraph -
b) the foundation of the University paragraph -
c) sport at the University paragraph -
d) the faculties at the University paragraph -
e) the number of students at the University paragraph -
f) the Student’s Scientific society paragraph -
g) industrial practice activities paragraph -

 

Task 16. Identify the main ideas of each paragraph and look for sentences that carry the main thrust of the arguments.

Task 17. A delegation of students and teachers from Cambridge are on a visit at your University. You are asked questions about it. Give information about the items listed below:

1) the name of your University;

2) its location;

3) the faculties at the University;

4) how long the complete course lasts;

5) the number of the students at the University;

6) the subjects you study;

7) the equipment the University is provided with;

8) the student’s hostels;

9) what you like and what you don’t like about the University.

 

Task 18. What words/ideas would you associate with A GOOD LEVEL OF EDUCATION? A beginning has already been made for you. Fill in the word web.

 

HIGHER EDUCATION

 

Task 19. DISCUSSION

Your friend who is 20 years old works as a car mechanic. He wants to continue his education in order to become an engineer. He doesn’t know which faculty to choose. Help him to solve his problem. Give your reasons. Work in pairs.

 

UNIT 14

MY PROFESSION

Task 1. Прочитайте слова с долгим [о:] и кратким [о].

 

[о:]

form

more

warm

short

course

corn

water

[о]

hot

crop

dog

job

pot

stock

economist

Task 2. Прочитайте пары слов, соблюдая качественные и количественные различия в артикуляции звуков [о:] и [р].

fought – fox torn – top

bought – box cord – cot

caught – cox lord – lot

naughty – not sport – spot

Task 3. Изучите материал по словообразованию и выполните следующие упражнения:

А) Приставка pre- имеет значение «перед, ранее, до», приставка

post- – «после», приставка under- – «недостаточно».

war (война, военный) – pre-war (довоенный)

war (война, военный) – post-war (послевоенный)

to pay (платить) – to underpay (недоплатить)

- Определите значение следующих слов с приставками.

pre- – prehistoric, pre-revolutionary, predetermine, pre-capitalist;

post- – post-graduate, postscript, post-glacial, postposition;

under- – underproduction, undervalue, underdeveloped, underdo,

underfeed.

- Pronounce the words and word combinations paying special atten­tion to the junction of the sounds.

unnatural picture₌of the farm

unnoticed pair₌of horses

a broken₌knife danger₌of pollution

last₌time fertilizer₌in soil

that₌chair water₌in the river

quite₌true nature₌and man

was₌seen agriculture₌and industry

is₌sent enter₌or leave

I wish₌she were here better₌or worse

Б) Суффикс -ism служит для образования существительных, которые обозначают политические, философские, религиозные течения или экономические формации.

При помощи суффикса -ist образуются существительные, обозна­чающие профессии, вид деятельности или принадлежность к полити­ческому направлению.

capitalism - капитализм capitalist - капиталист

- Read the nouns with the suffix -ist and translate them into Russian.

a chemist a capitalist

a biologist a dentist

a socialist an economist

an internationalist a communist

- Form nouns with the suffix -ism and translate them into Russian.

- a physicist

- an ecologist

- an artist

- a journalist

- a realist

- a humanist

- a materialist

- an internationalist

- a socialist

Task 4Прочитайте и переведите:

chance [tja:ns] - случай, шанс by chance, it is not by chance I got this job by chance.

It is not by chance that I entered the Agrarian University.

to enter [entq] - войти, поступить (в вуз) to enter the University

Every year about 3,000 students enter our University.

In order to enter a University you must pass a number of examinations.

to leave [li:v] (left, left) - покидать, оставлять, заканчивать (сред­нюю школу)

to leave school, after leaving school Many children leave school at fifteen.

to graduate from - заканчивать (вуз)

After graduating from the University I will work as an agronomist.

to hesitate (about) - колебаться, сомневаться Did you hesitate about the choice of your future profession?

research - научные исследования research work

They carry out very important research to increase yields of wheat.

to work - работать

to work out - разрабатывать (программу), работать над (программой) to work on the problem Many of the students work out interesting projects.

busy - to be busy with - заниматься (чем-либо) During their practice students are busy with feeding and breeding farm animals.

to take care of - заботиться, ухаживать за Nurses take care of their patients at the hospitals.

to require– требовать syn. to demand, to ask for

Any work requires special professional skills.

a calf - теленок; мн.ч. calves There are many calves in the fields in summer.

practice [prxktis] - практика

educational and training practice - учебно-производственная практика

We usually have educational and training practice on the farm.

(to) measure - мера, измерять

plant protection measures - меры по защите растений

The house measures 60 feet long. Дом имеет 60 футов в длину.

to increase - увеличивать(ся), расти

The productivity of labour increased by 10 %.

finance - финансы, доходы family finances - семейный бюджет

application - 1) заявление, прошение; 2) применение an application form (blank) - анкета поступающего на работу An effective fertilizer application system is used on this farm.

pollution загрязнение to pollute - загрязнять

The problem of air pollution in large cities was discussed at the con­ference.

soil - почва syn. land, ground, earth types of soils - виды почв

Soil science deals with types of soils and their cultivation.

Task 5 Read the text and find the information about the subjects you study at the University and your future possible specialities.

It is not by chance that I entered the Agritechnical University in Ryazan. My parents have a small garden and we work there from spring till autumn. We grow different kinds of fruit and vegetables there. My grandparents have a lot of farm animals. I like to feed pigs, milk cows and take care of small piglets and calves. And after leaving school I didn't hesitate about the choice of my future profession.

There are 7 faculties at our University: the Agronomical, the Plant Protection, the Biotechnological Faculties, the Faculty of Economics, the Veterinary Medicine one, the Accounting and the Engineering Technology Faculties. The University trains students to work on the farms as agrono­mists, stock-breeding engineers, veterinary doctors, engineers-technolo­gists, agricultural economists and accountants.

We study a lot of subjects necessary for our future work - botany, soil science, field-crop cultivation, seed-farming, selection, agrobiology, agri­cultural chemistry, financial planning, law, agricultural ecology, accounting. Our future work will require special professional skills to operate modern equipment. So, such subjects as informatics, biochemistry and biophysics become very important. At the tutorials and seminars we learn how to use the acquired knowledge in our future practical work. Every year we write our course-papers.

Great attention is also given to the independent education and research work of the students. In the Students' Scientific Society many of the stu­dents work on interesting theoretical and practical problems.

In order to combine correctly theoretical and practical education of the future specialists, about one-third of the training period is devoted to edu­cational and training practice on the experimental farms of the University. The students placed into an atmosphere of agricultural reality master their practical skills.

After graduating from the University students go to work to different parts of our country. Their work will include such activities as:

- organization of crop production;

- production, financing and marketing of food products;

- working out fertilizer application systems and plant protection mea­sures;

- increasing the total number of farm livestock;

- control of farm pollution and everyday control of livestock diseases;

- development of manufacturing processes;

- checking and improving the quality food products;

- working out new recipes;

- modifying foods to create fat-free products and ready meals.

 

Task 6 Translate into English.

Поступить в институт, доить коров, работать в хозяйстве, поле­водство, работать над практическими и теоретическими проблемами, правильно сочетать, учебно-производственная практика, атмосфера сельскохозяйственной действительности, система внесения удобре­ний, мероприятия по защите растений, увеличение общего поголовья сельскохозяйственных животных, улучшение качества, не содержа­щие жира продукты.

Task 7 Match the English words and word-combinations with their Russian equivalents.

By chance управлять современным оборудованием

After leaving school семеноводств

The choice of my future profession приобретенные знания

To operate modern equipment научно-исследовательская работа

To train после окончания университета

A highly qualified specialist выбор моей будущей профессии

Seed-farming курсовая работа

Tutorials после окончания школы

The acquired knowledge обучать, готовить

A course paper семинары

Research work случайно

After graduating from the University высококвалифицированный

специалист

 

Task 8 Find in the list below the words corresponding to the following definitions.

poultry, rotation, profession, measure, botany, fertilizer, soil science, yield, livestock

§ any type of work which needs a special training or particular skill;

§ the scientific study of plants;

§ the scientific study of soils;

§ changing crops which are grown in a particular field;

§ a natural or chemical substance which is spread on the land to make plants grow well;

§ the amount of crops produced;

§ animals and birds kept on a farm;

§ birds, such as chickens, that are bred for eggs and meat;

§ a way to achieve something, a method;

Task 9 Complete the sentences joining their two parts.

Agronomists are busy with a) one-month practice on the farm.

Livestock-experts work out b) to work on the farm as

The second-year students have agronomists and livestock-experts.

The Agrarian University trains students c) work on interesting theoretical

and practical problems.

In the of Students' Scientific Society d) fulfillment of all technical students

measures in crop cultivation.

e) technologies for increasing milk yields percow.

Task 10 Insert prepositions.

1)... leaving school he did not hesitate... the choice... his future profession.

2) I'd like to take care... small piglets and calves.

3) The Biotechnological Faculty trains students to work. the farms as livestock experts.

4) In the Students' Scientific Society many. the students work. interesting theoretical and practical problems.

5) The fourth-year students have six-months practice... the farms.

6) All the knowledge I've got... the university will help me... my future work.

7). the tutorials students learn to use the acquired knowledge.

8) Livestock-experts work... technologies... increasing milk yields and the total number of livestock.

9) Agricultural economists deal... financial economic plans.

Task 11 Answer the following questions.

1) Why did you enter the University?

2) What will you do after graduating from the university?

3) What subjects are necessary for your future work?

4) Do you work hard to become a good specialist?

5) Are you a member of the Students' Scientific Society?

6) Do you take part in the students' scientific conferences?

7) How often do you have your practice?

8) What activities will your future work include?

Task 12 Read the leaflet (тонкая брошюра) on how to behave on the first day in a new job. Report each piece of advice.

e.g. The leaflet advises people to be friendly and tells them not to wear informal clothes or heavy make-up.

On the first day in a job:

• be friendly;

• don't wear very informal clothes or heavy make-up;

• be kind and co-operative;

• don't share very personal information - you don't know who you are talking to;

• work hard and don't spend too much time chatting or resting;

• keep your desk tidy at all times;

• don't argue with anyone.

Task 13 There is a small town in England where something very strange has happened. By chance, everyone's surname describes the job that he or she does. Also, everyone's forename starts with the same letters as the surname. So.

Tom Teacher works in the local school.

Betty Baker makes bread.

Here are some other jobs that people do. Work out the correct surnames of the people who do the jobs, and then fit the correct surname to each forename.

 

a) a person who sells meat 1. Nancy...

b) a person who delivers letters 2. Fred...

c) a person who cares for patients at the hospital 3. Basil...

d) a person who makes and mends suits 4. Diane...

e) a person who makes things from wood 5. Pat...

f) a person who looks after people's teeth 6. Colin.

g) a person who keeps sheep and cows 7. Terry.

 

Task 14 Match the occupations of these people with the type of work they might do.

Headmaster, gardener, farmer, photographer, university student, tourist guide, waitress, secretary, retired person, company manager

shift work_______

part-time work________

full-time work_____

seasonal work_____

voluntary work_____

Task 15 Point out the most important factors in choosing your profession. Put them in order of importance and explain your choice.

1. Work which is useful to society;

2. Good salary or wages;

3. Opportunities to travel;

4. Opportunities to meet different people;

5. Interesting and not boring work;

6. Dealing with animals;

7. Good career prospects;

8. Good working conditions;

9. Friendly colleagues;

10. Long holidays;

11. Other factors

 

 

UNIT 15

THE HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE

WHAT IS AGRICULTURE?

Task 1 Study the words. Подберите перевод к английским словам.

Acid soils

Agronomy

Application

Branches of agriculture

Cattle breeding

Cotton

Crop growing

Crop rotation

Equilibrium

Feed

Flax

Food crops

Foodstuff

Grain crops

Herbicide

Industrial crops

Intensification

Liming

Mechanization

Mineral fertilizers

Nutrient substances

Organic fertilizers

Pig growing

Plant protection

Poultry breeding

Protein

Raw materials

Soil

To breed

To cultivate

To disturb

To irrigate

Utilization of fertilizers

Yield

кислые почвы
агрономия
применение
Отрасли сельского хозяйства
Скотоводство
хлопок
Растениеводство
севооборот
равновесие
подача
лен
Продовольственные культуры
пищевой продукт
Зерновые культуры
гербицид
технические культуры
интенсификация
Известкование
механизация
Минеральные удобрения
Питательные вещества
Органические удобрения
Свиноводство
Средства защиты растений
Птицеводство
белок
сырье
почвы
разводить
развивать
беспокоить
орошать
Использование удобрений
Уступать

Task 2. Guess the meaning of the following international words and word combinations:

activity, materials, Latin, cultivation, intensification, climate, hybrid, mechanization, herbicides, biological, equilibrium, sector, economy, industry, factor, system, agronomy, technical, tractor, combine, machinery, electricity, chemical, material, chemization, mineral, organic, biological.

 

Task 3. Find the correct word on the right opposite in meaning to the one on the left.

vital vague

increase inefficient

achievement worse

sufficient drawback

better narrow

improvement unneeded

effective deterioration

clear reduction

extensive unnecessary

valuable inadequate

 

Task 4. Match the words on the right (A) with their definition on the left (B).

A B

1) to breed a) produce by cultivation

2) field b) supply (land) with water

3) agriculture c) soil management and crop production

4)economy d) subdivisions of agriculture

5) branches of agriculture e) a piece of ground especially for pasture or

tillage or playing games

6)soil f ) cultivation ofthe soil and rearing of animals

7) yield g) upper layer of earth, in which plants grow

8) agronomy h) produce or return as fruit, profit or result

9) to irrigate i) management of concerns and resources of

state or business or household

10) to grow g) raise (cattle etc.)

 

 

Task 5. What are these words derived from? Notice the different suffixes, indicating different parts of speech.

Activity, cultivation, growing, meaning, breeding, achievement, developed, agronomical, rotation, various, considerably, chemical, improvement, deliveries, intensification, comprehensive, mechanization, utilization, liming, protection, development, valuable, raising, equipment, enlargement, combination.

 

Task 6. Give Russian equivalents for:

crop growing, livestock breeding, sufficient good soil, to produce high yields, crop rotation, chemical fertilizers, comprehensive mechanization, plant breeding, poultry-breeding, pig-growing, nutrient substances.

 

Task 7 Draw lines to show which words go together.

e.g. animals food produce breed

 

1) protection country’s plant achievements

2) application of rotation fertilizers crop

3) utilization of production natural resources agricultural

4) liming of yields high acid soils

5)agronomical zones measures climatic

6) mechanization use of full herbicides

 

Task 8. Read the text and say why agriculture is a vital sector of economy.

Agriculture is a human activity in which people use areas of land to produce food, clothing and other necessary materials.

The word ager is a Latin word. It means a field. The word agriculture means the cultivation of fields and growing crops. But this is the old meaning of this word. Now it also means the use of land to breed animals.

Agriculture is the vita1 sector of the economy. Its condition and development largely determine the country’s achievements, the supply of the population with foodstuffs and many industries with raw materials.

At present there are two main branches of agriculture. They are crop growing and livestock breeding.

We do not know when people began to grow crops. It was many thousand years ago. Now crop growing is a highly developed branch of agriculture.

The soil is the basis of agriculture. Enough food for all the people can be grown if there is sufficient good soil for crops to produce high yields. So an increase in the yield of grain and other crops is ensured by a number of factors. First comes the system of agronomical measures. All farms have to introduce better crop rotation systems. Rotation systems naturally differ in various areas and under various conditions. Second goes the technical equipment of farms. Tractors, combines, lorries and other machinery will considerably reduce the time required for agricultural work. Field work has already been mechanized to a very high degree. Power stations provide farms with electricity. Third, an increase in the deliveries of chemical fertilizers and the improvement of their quality.

The enlargement of the material and technical basis of agriculture and its intensification through chemization, the comprehensive mechanization of crop and animal farming and improvement are the key conditions for increasing agricultural production.

Depending upon the soil and climatic zones effective methods should be introduced for the utilization of mineral fertilizers in combination with organic fertilizers along with the liming of acid soils. The production and use of chemical and biological means of plant protection should be increased. But all intensification factors, such as full mechanization, high application of fertilizers and extensive use of herbicides must be used in such a way as not to disturb the biological equilibrium of the soil.

Depending upon the field of application crops can be subdivided into food crops, feed crops, industrial crops and vegetables. Potatoes and other vegetables are major food crops. Vegetables are grown everywhere where the climate is most favourable for these crops.

Industrial crops are also widely cultivated by the farmers. Perhaps the most important industrial crop for textile industry is cotton. Cotton is generally grown on the irrigated lands. Flax is another important crop. Cotton and flax oils are both edible and valuable.

Livestock breeding comprises cattle-breeding, pig-growing, poultry-breeding, etc. One of the principle problems cattle-breeding faces is that of fodder or feeds. To choose the necessary feeds, rich enough in protein and other nutrient substances is not an easy thing. Increasing the production of meat, milk and wool can be achieved by raising productivity and also by increasing the heads of livestock and the amount of poultry.

 

Task 9. Find information in the text to answer the following questions.

1. What is agriculture?

2. What are the key conditions for increasing agricultural production?

3. What branches of agriculture do you know?

4. How many groups are crops subdivided into?

5. What does livestock breeding comprise?

6. What problem does cattle-breeding face?

7. How can the production of meat and milk be increased?

Task 10. Divide the text into several parts. Find the key sentences in each part. Sum up the content of the text.

 

Task 11. Refer to the text again and prove that an increase in the yield of grain and other crops can be ensured by:

- the system of agronomical measures

- the technical equipment of farms

- an increase in the deliveries of chemical fertilizers and -- an improvement of their quality

 

FROM THE HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE

Task 12 Pronounce the following words and phrases

doctor architect bookcase take care

September accept weekday stop talking

October collect football sit down

Pronounce the following words and phrases

curtain sudden couldn't good morning

kitten modern needn't right now

student admit didn't get married

Pronounce the following words and phrases

black plan clock greatly simple comfortable little blue plate clean lately table article middle

Pronounce the following words and phrases.

sixth ninth thirteenth on the left at the side of the bed seventh tenth fourteenth on the right at the top of the class eighth eleventh fifteenth on the corner at the end of the term

Pronounce the following words and word combinations.

twice quickly language laboratory

twist quietly bad weather

twelve quarter sweep the floor

Task 13 Изучите материал по словообразованию и выполните упражнения.

Word-Building

Существительные с суффиксами -age, -ment обычно образуются от глаголов. Суффикс -age также встречается в словах французского происхождения.

to pass (проходить) - passage (проход) to drain (осушать) - drainage (осушение) to develop (развиваться) - development (развитие) to govern (управлять) - government (правительство)

А. Read and translate the words with the suffix -age.

Package, marriage, shortage,message, voyage, courage, postage, stor­age, damage, manage, coverage, herbage, silage, hermitage

Б. Fill in the blanks with nouns. Form the nouns from the verbs in brack­ets adding the suffix -ment.

Tourist... (entertain), efficient... (manage), industrial... (develop), international... (agree), newly elected... (govern), permanent... (settle), farm... (equip), further... (improve), necessary... (treat), standard... (pay), official... (state).

Task 14 Study the Vocabulary

to be employed - быть занятым (на какой-л. работе. How many people are employed in your company?

fibre – волокно The fibres in cheaper woollen fabrics are shorter.

ornamental - декоративный The house was surrounded with a beautiful ornamental garden.

nourishment - питание, питательные вещества syn. nutrition

A baby gets all the nourishment it needs from its mother's milk.

diet - рацион, питание Rice is the main food in the diet of most people in Japan.

variety - 1) разнообразие, множество; 2) вид, сорт He plays a variety of sport games. Scientists develop new varieties of crops.

to make up – составлять The book is made up of ten different articles.

to remain – оставаться The nature of this phenomenon still remains unknown.

fabric – ткань This dress is made of cotton fabric.

yarn – пряжа The sweater is made of brown woollen yarn.

to reduce - уменьшать The plane reduced its speed as it approached the airport.

demand (for) - спрос Good specialists are always in great demand.

raw materials – сырье The demand for raw materials in this region is really great.

(to) tame - приручать, ручной It's hard to tame a tiger.

Tame rabbits are good as children's pets.

to spread (spread, spread) - распространять(ся) The fire spread very quickly because of the strong wind.

to replace - заменять The factory replaced most of its workers with (by) robots. device - устройство, приспособление This device was invented long ago.

to aid - помогать, способствовать This project is designed to aid developing countries.

to inherit - передаваться по наследству, получать в на­следство

Who will inherit the house when she dies?

advance - продвижение, успех, прогресс Nothing could stop the advance of the flood waters.

excessive - избыточный, чрезмерный, излишний Excessive exercise can sometimes cause health problems.

to prohibit - запрещать Smoking is prohibited on public transport.

Task 15 Translate into Russian.

1. To be highly productive, milk cows need good nourishment. 2. The ration of the livestock must include vitamins. 3. This new variety of pota­toes is disease-resistant. 4. Wheat, barley, oats and some other crops make up the group called cereal grains. 5. The lambs had to be fed by hand when their mother died. 6. The wool of this sheep breed is processed into the high quality yarn. 7. Cattle breeding is widespread in many countries of the world. 8. Chemicals are used to aid plant cultivation.

Task 16 Study the agricultural terms before reading the text "Agriculture In General".

alfalfa - люцерна

clover - клевер

game - дичь

hog - свинья

poultry - домашняя птица

cereal grains - зерновые культуры

millet - просо

sorghum - сорго

root crops - корнеплоды

beets - свекла

pulses - бобовые культуры

beans - бобы

peas - горох

oil-bearing crops - масличные культуры

soybeans - соя

sugarcane - сахарный тростник

coconuts - кокосовые орехи

cocoa beans - какао-бобы

turkey - индейка

trout - форель

shellfish - устричные

mussel - мидия

oyster устрица

flax - лен

silkworms - шелковичные черви

natural rubber - каучук

hide - шкура

castor oil - касторовое масло

linseed oil - льняное масло

shrub кустарник

mink - норка

Task 17 Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.

Agriculture in General

Agriculture is the world's most important industry. It provides us with almost all our food. It also supplies materials for two other basic human needs - clothing and shelter. In addition, agriculture provides materials used in making many industrial products, such as paints and medicines. About half the world's workers are employed in agriculture - far more than in any other industry.

Food is the most important farm product. But farms also provide many other products, from natural fibres to ornamental flowers and trees. Some crops are used only to feed livestock. These forage crops include alfalfa, clover and many grasses. Forage crops are important because they make commercial livestock production possible.

Farms provide almost all the world's food, including some fish and game. Most food products come from crops. The rest come from animals, especially cattle, hogs, poultry, sheep and other livestock.

The world's farmers grow about 85 major food crops. They can be di­vided into eight groups. The main group is cereal grains. Grain is grown on half the world's cropland and supplies much of the nourishment in the hu­man diet. The chief grains are barley, corn, millet, oats, rice, rye, sorghum and wheat.

Various root crops make up the second most important group of food crops. Cereal grains, root crops are grown throughout the world and are a basic food for many people. The leading root crops are potatoes, beets and sweet potatoes.

The six remaining groups of major food crops are: (1) pulses, which consist mainly of beans and peas; (2) fruits and vegetables; (3) oil-bearing crops, such as soybeans and coconuts; (4) sugar-bearing crops, especially sugar cane and sugar beets; (5) nuts; and (6) cocoa beans, coffee, and tea.

Cattle, chickens, goats, hogs, sheep, turkeys and other livestock are the main animals raised for food. Livestock are raised in every country and supply nearly all the world's meat, eggs and milk. Farmers also raise other animals for food. For example, many farmers keep bees for honey. Farmers on fish farms raise freshwater food fish, such as carp and trout, and saltwa­ter shellfish, such as mussels and oysters.

Natural fibres come from a variety of plants and animals raised on farms. Factories use the fibres to make fabrics, yarn and other textile prod­ucts. Cotton and flax together with some tropical plants are the chief plant fibres. Wool, the principal animal fibrs, comes mainly from sheep but also from such animals as goats and members of the camel family. Silk fibres are obtained from the cocoons of silkworms. However the development of synthetic fibres has reduced the demand for natural fibres in some coun­tries.

Many farms provide other raw materials for industry besides fibres. These materials include natural rubber, animal hides which are used to make leather and such vegetable oils as castor oil and linseed oil. These oils are used in a variety of products, from paints to medicines. Many farm­ers grow tobacco. Others grow ornamental flowers, trees and shrubs. A few farmers raise such animals as foxes and minks for their fur.

Task 18 Translate into English.

Наиболее важные сельскохозяйственные продукты; натуральные волокна; декоративные растения; на корм скоту; кормовые культуры; коммерческое животноводство; пищевые культуры; могут быть под­разделены на группы; основные зерновые культуры; выращиваются во всем мире; множество различных растений и животных; использо­вать волокна для изготовления тканей и пряжи.

Task 19 Define whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.

Basic human needs include clothing, shelter and entertainment.

Forage crops are ornamental plants grown to decorate houses and gardens.

Most food products are of animal origin.

Millet and sorghum don't belong to pulses.

Chickens, turkeys and hogs make up the group of livestock called poultry.

Mussels and oysters are not fish, but they are raised on fish farms.

The production of natural fibres is growing in the world.

Foxes and minks are raised for their fur.

Task 20 Find the synonyms to the following words and expressions.

A pig, a breed, to raise (2), to have a job, to get, principal (3), to form, almost, artificial, a ration.

Task 21 Insert prepositions.

1. Various food products come... crops and animals.

2. All major food crops are divided... several groups.

3. Grain crops are the basic food... most people.

4. The group of pulses consists mainly... beans and peas.

5. Nowadays the demand... natural fibres is reduced.

6. Vegetable oils are used... various products.

7. Animals are raised mainly... food.

8. Yarn is obtained... wool.

Task 22 Answer the questions to the text.

1. What does agriculture provide people with?

2. What are the farm products besides food?

3. What are the main groups of food crops?

4. What kinds of animals are raised for food?

5. How are natural fibres obtained?

6. Why has the demand for natural fibres reduced?

7. What are the raw materials besides fibres?

8. Where are they used?

 

THE HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE

Task 23. Before you read the passage, talk about these questions.

1 When did farming first begin in your country?

2 What did farmers first grow in your country?

Task 24 Read the text The Development of Agriculture

Agriculture began in the area known as the Fertile Crescent. The area is a hot, dry desert. But it has two of the requirements for farming: good soil and a water supply. Many early farmers used the Nile River as a water supply. The Nile River floods at the same time every year. Farmers planted crops before the floods. This helped their plants to survive in the desert. Later, farmers created irrigation ditches. They moved water from the Nile River to their fields. They could cultivate crops any time of the year and harvest extra food. Producing extra food was important. Later, farmers fed animals with it. These domesticated animals became another important part of

agriculture.

Task 25 Read the textbook passage. Then, mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F).

1_ Crops cannot grow in deserts.

2 _ The Nile River floods every year.

3 _ Farmers raised animals before plants.

4. Match the words (1-6) with the definitions (A-F).

1 _ agriculture

2 _ crop

3 _ cultivate

4 _ produce

5 _ domesticate

6 _ plant

A a large group of cultivated plants

B to put seeds in soil

C growing plants and raising animals

D to make something

E to raise a crop from seeding to harvest

F to tame an animal

Task 26 Read the sentence pair. Choose where the words best fit the blanks.

1 water supply / irrigation

A The river is the farmer's ____ _

B _________ helps farmers grow crops in areas with little rainfall.

2 harvesting / farming

A __________ includes raising animals and crops.

B Far mers ai until crops are mature to start _______

Task 27 Read the text book passage again. Then. say three things you have learn from the text.

Task 28 Read the conversation between a student and teacher in a history class.

Choose the correct answers.

Student: Excuse me, Mrs. Anderson. I have a question about the first farmers.

Teacher: Great. What is it?

Student: Well, they were in a desert. How did they irrigate their crops?

Teacher: Oh, with ditches. They connected their fields and the Nile River.

Student: Okay. So, water moved through the ditches to the fields.

Teacher: Exactly.

Student: Then, I have another question. How did t