Find the topical sentences of each passage (i.e. the sentences containing the central idea of the passage).

1.5. Read and translate the text “Central Processing Unit”[32]

 

Central Processing Unit

It is well known in computer science that the words “computer” and “processor” are used interchangeably. Speaking more precisely, “computer” refers to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory, control and processing components make up the heart of the computer system. Manufactures design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer.The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer. It determines which operations should be carried out and in what order. The CPU controls the operation of the entire system by issuing commands to other parts of the system and by acting on responses. When required it reads information from the memory, interprets instructions, performs operations on the data according to the instructions, writes the results back into the memory and moves information between memory levels or through the input-output ports.

In Digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches that can be in one of two states, either on or off.The function of the CU within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands. The control unit is that part of the computer that directs the sequence of step-by-step operations of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.

The ALU, on the other hand, is that part of the computer in which the actual arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction multiplication, division and exponentiation, called for in the instructions are performed.Programs and the data, on which the CU and the ALU operate, must be in internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located in secondary memory devices, such as disks or tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal memory.

Study the meaning of the following words and word combinations:

· central processing unit (CPU)

· interchangeably

· precisely

· internal memory

· activity

· to issue

· response

· to interpret

· according to

· level

· input-output port

· control unit (CU)

· arithmetic-logical unit (ALU)

· switch

· step-by-step operations

· to select

· on the other hand

· exponentiation

· call for

· to load

1.6. Answer the following questions:

1. What words in computer science are used interchangeably?

2. What components make up the heart of the computer system?

3. What is the function of the CPU?

4. Name the sequence of operations the CPU performs (use 5 verbs).

5. What are the CPU functional units made of?

6. What is the function of the CU?

7. What operations are performed in the ALU?

8. Where are data processed?

9. Where are data to be processed loaded?

1.7. Read and translate the text “The CPU Main Components” [36]

The CPU Main Copmponents

As it is known the two functional units of the CPU are the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer system. It obtains instructions from the program stored in main memory, interprets the instructions, and issues signals that cause other units of the system to execute them.The control unit operates by reading one instruction at a time from memory and taking the action called for by each instruction. In this way it controls the flow between the main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.

The control unit has the following components:

· a counter that selects the instructions, one at a time, from memory;

· a register that temporarily holds the instructions read from memory while it is being executed;

· a decoder that takes the coded instruction and breaks it down into individual commands necessary to carry it out;

· a clock, which produces marks at regular intervals. These timing marks are electronic and very rapid.

The sequence of control unit operations is as follows. The next instruction to be executed is read out from primary storage into the storage register. The instruction is passed from the storage register to the instruction register. Then the operation part of the instruction is decoded so that the proper arithmetic or logical operation can be performed. The address of the operand is sent from the instruction register to the address register. At last the instruction counter register provides the address register with the address of the next instruction to be executed. The arithmetic-logical unit (ALU) executes the processing operations called for by the instructions brought from main memory by the control unit. The arithmetical-logical unit performs binary arithmetic, the logical operations and some special functions.

Data enter the ALU and return to main storage through the storage register. The accumulator serving as a register holds the results of processing operations. The results of arithmetic operations are returned to the accumulator for transfer to main storage through the storage register. The comparer performs logical comparisons of the contents of the storage register and the accumulator. Typically, the comparer tests for conditions such as "less than", "equal to", or "greater than".

So as you see the primary components of the arithmetic-logical unit are banks of devices, which are called registers. Their purpose is to hold the numbers involved in the calculation and hold the results temporarily until they can be transferred to memory. At the core of the ALU is a very high-speed binary adder, which is used to carry out at least the four basic arithmetic functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division). The logical unit consists of electronic circuitry, which compares information and makes decisions based upon the results of the comparison.

Study the meaning of the following words and word combinations:

· to manage

· to obtain

· to cause

· flow

· counter

· register

· instruction register

· storage register

· address register

· temporarily

· decoder

· operand address

· timing mark

· accumulate

· accumulator

· compare

· comparer

· content

· involve

· core

· add feed

· added

· adder

· at least

1.8. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the functional units of CPU?

2. What is the function of CU?

3. How does CU operate?

4. What is the function of a counter?

5. What role does a decoder play?

6. What is the sequence of CU operations?

7. What is the function of the arithmetic-logical unit?

8. What operations are performed by ALU?

9. What primary components does ALU consist of?

10. What is the function of an accumulator / comparer?

II. WRITING

2.1. Write the English equivalents of the given Russian words and word combinations and make up sentences:

Функциональные блоки; устройство управления; арифметико-логическое устройство; управлять работой всей системы; получать команды; основная память; посылать сигналы; считывать команды поэтапно; таким образом; временно сохранять информацию; производить пометки через равные промежутки времени; последовательность операций; регистр памяти; регистр команд; адресный регистр; счетчик; датчик; дешифратор; адрес операнда; адресный регистр, высокоскоростной двоичный сумматор; по крайней мере; вычитание; сложение; умножение; деление; принимать решения; результаты сравнения.

2.2. Write the Russian equivalents of the given English words and word combinations and make up sentences:

Register: address register; base register; clock register; command / instruction register; counter register; CPU register; hardware register; input / output register; memory register; operand register; general-purpose register; special-purpose register.

Counter: binary counter; character counter; data counter; instruction counter; pulse counter; sequence counter; storage counter; software counter; time-out counter.

Selection: color selection; directory selection; drive selection; file selection; function selection; keyboard selection; menu selection; security selection.

Management: data management; database management; disk management; error management; information management; memory management; network management; resource management; task management; window management.

2.3. Complete the sentences using kernel,deterministic timing behavior, real-time requirements, inter-task communication and synchronization, time management, real-time system, dynamic memory allocation, timer, device I/O Supervisor:

__________ operates in constrained environment in which computer memory and processing power are limited.

__________ impose stringent time deadlines for delivering the results of embedded processing.

The RTOS __________ supplies five main categories of basic services to application software.

Services in __________ include the ability to launch tasks and assign priorities to them.

Without the help of __________ service, tasks might communicate corrupted information or otherwise interfere with each other.

Some basic __________ services provided by RTOS kernels are delays and time-outs. __________ allows tasks to borrow chunks of RAM memory for temporary use in application software.

A uniform framework for organizing and accessing hardware device drivers are provided by __________.

In the real-time operating systems there is a need for __________ that means that operating system services consume only known and expected amounts of time.

III. GRAMMAR IN USE

3.1. Translate the sentences in the written form, pay attention to the use of the modal verbs, make up your own sentences:

 

1. Computers can replace people in dull routine work. 2. The program is a set of instructions that may also include data to be processed. 3. Computer-controlled robots must increase the productivity of industry. 4. They can help in making different decisions. 5. The pupils may work with computers at the lessons. 6. Electric pulses can move at the speed of light. 7. Storage devices must have capacities for the input, output data and programs and for intermediate results. 8. Business minicomputers can perform to 100 million operations per second. 9. In order to solve scientific problems researchers must deal with the language of science — mathematics. 10. Programmers must write application programs in a way that computers can understand.

3.2. Translate the English words and word combinations, make up sentences:

Verbs: to work; to control; to receive; to keep; to send; to perform; to demand; to choose; to supply; to pass; to name; to include; to apply; to come back; to found; to explain; to form; to define; to arrange.

Nouns: computer; answer; commands; memory; element; device; information; state; aim; heart; solution; computation.

Adjectives: main; whole; separate; quick; correct; large; main (storage); following; every; following; specific; different; real

3.3. Refresh your grammar. Translate the following sentences:

I. Having returned to the accumulator the results of arithmetic operations are transferred to main storage. The results of arithmetic operations are returned to the accumulator, the storage register transferring them to main memory. The results of arithmetic operations being returned to the accumulator, the storage register transfers them to main memory. Being returned to the accumulator the results of arithmetic operations are transferred to main memory.

 

II. When passing through a conductor free electrons form an electric current. Free electrons passing through a conductor, an electric current is generated. Free electrons pass through a conductor, an electric current being generated. Free electrons passing through a conductor form an electric current.

 

III. Instructions being obtained, the control unit causes other units to perform the necessary operations. Instructions are obtained; the control unit causes other units to perform the operations. Having obtained the instructions the control unit causes other units to perform the operations. Obtaining the instructions the control unit causes other units to perform the operations.

 

IV. The elements having unknown properties cannot be used for experiments. The elements have unknown properties, experiments with these elements being impossible. Having unknown properties the elements cannot be used for experiments. The elements having unknown properties, experiments with them are impossible.

 

V. When moving in material charged particles produce magnetic properties of this material. Charged particles moving in a material produce magnetic properties. Charged particles moving in a material, magnetic properties of this material are produced. Charged particles move in a material, magnetic properties of the material being produced.

3.4. Refresh your grammar. Write sentences in the given tenses:

1. He – be – an interesting man (past simple)

2. I – arrive – at 11. (going-to future)

3. I–not do–that–if–I–be–you (conditional 1 and past simple)

4. Many people – wear – dark clothes – night (present simple)

5. He – discuss – the topic – for the last two weeks (present perfect progressive)

6. They – just finish – homework (present perfect simple)

7. She –get up- now? (present progressive)

8. Prime Minster – speak – on TV – but - he – ill (conditional 2 and past perfect simple)

9. When – he – come back –workers – already clean –pavement (past simple and past perfect simple)

10. What –you – do - yesterday evening? (past progressive)

11. The boys –play – football – whole day (present perfect progressive)

12. He –often – shop – Harrods. (present simple)

13. He said – Mum –already – go out (past perfect simple)

14. I – run into –Tom- yesterday (past simple)

15. Next week – I – sit – on the beach (future progressive)

16. The sales – start – next Monday (present progressive)

17. Can – you – ski – when – you – be - little?(past simple)

18. I – ski – when – I – be – at the university (past simple)

19. How long – you – work – company? (present perfect progressive)

20. I – learn – type – now (present progressive)

21. You – hear – from – him –lately? (present perfect simple)

22. You – see – moon – last night? (past simple)

3.5. Open the brackets using past simple or past progressive tenses:

1. I (to see) Sue in town yesterday, but she (not to see) me. She (to look) the other way.

2. I (to meet) Tom and Jane at the airport a few weeks ago. They (to go) to Berlin and I (to go) to Madrid. We (to have) a chat while we (to wait) for our flights.

3. I (to cycle) home yesterday when suddenly a man (to step) out into the road in front of me. I (to go) quite fast but luckily I (to manage) to stop in time and (not to hit) him.

4. Jerry (to wait) for me when I (to arrive).

5. “What (you, to do) at this time yesterday”? – “I was asleep.”

6. “(you, to go) out last night?” – “No, I was too tired”.

7. “Was Carol at the party last night?” – “Yes she (to wear) a nice dress.”

8. How fast (you, to drive) when the accident (to happen)?

9. John (to take) a photo of me while I (not to look).

10. We (to be) in a very difficult position. We (not to know) what to do.

11. I haven’t seen Alan for ages. When I last (to see) him, he (to try) to find a job in Leeds.

12. I (to walk) along the street when suddenly I (to hear) footsteps behind me. Somebody (to follow) me. I was frightened and (to start) to run.

13. When I (to be) young I (to want) to be a bus driver.

14. While Mike (to watch) TV Sheila (to read) a book.

15. She (to wait) for the bus when I (to see) her yesterday.

16. On Sunday I (to go) for a walk and then I (to visit) the museum.

17. He (prepare) lunch when the first guests (arrive).

18. She (sleep) when she suddenly (to hear) a strange noise.

19. Some minutes later his friend (to come) to take him to the airport.

20. John (to have) a shower when the telephone (to ring).

21. When they (to arrive) at the airport, the plane (already, to fly) high above their heads.

22. They (to go) to the restaurant and (to have) a cup of coffee.

23. While the football teams (to warm) up, the fans (to wave) their flags.

IV SPEAKING