You can do it. – It can be done.

Ты можешь это сделать. – Это можно сделать.

1. You must do three of these exercises tomorrow. 2. You can find the book you need in any library. 3. We must send these letters at once. 4. You must take the box to the station. 5. You can cross the river on a raft. 6. The workers can finish the building of the house very soon. 7. You must return the books the day after tomorrow. 8. I can easily forgive this mistake. 9. You can find such berries everywhere. 10. You must do this work very carefully.

Упр. 11. Неопределенное местоимение one может быть подлежащим для обозначения неопределенного лица. Такие предложения на русский язык переводятся неопределенно-личными предложениями.

One can see – можно видеть

One must know – нужно знать

One needn’t hurry – ненадо спешить

One must not be late – нельзя опаздывать

1. One must know at least one foreign language. 2. If one wants to study, one can always find time for it. 3. One can easily do it. 4. One must work hard at a foreign language if one wants to master it. 5. One mustn’t be late for classes. 6. What can one see out of the window of your classroom? 7. One may take magazines from the library. 8. One needn’t use a dictionary if the text is clear. 9. One must know a lot of words to read books on the speciality.

Вопросы для самоконтроля

1. Назовите, из каких компонентов состоит сказуемое в пассивном залоге. Какой из них несет смысловую нагрузку, а какой отвечает за видо-временную форму?

2. Совершается ли действие, выраженное глаголом в страдательном залоге, подлежащим?

3. Какой предлог употребляется перед дополнением, называющим производителя действия?

4. Как переводится предложение при употреблении в пассивном залоге глаголов, требующих после себя предлог (These children are not looked after)?

5. Поставьте глагол to answer во всех видо-временных формах пассивного залога.

6. В чем разница в значении модальных глаголов can, may, must?

7. Назовите форму прошедшего времени глаголов can, may и эквивалент must в прошедшем времени.

8. Назовите эквиваленты can, may и must в будущем времени.

9. В чем разница в значении модальных глаголов to be, to have?

10. После каких модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов инфинитив ставится с частицей to?

 

Задание на III семестр:

1. Знать ответы на все вопросы для самоконтроля.

Выполнить письменно контрольную работу № 3.

Уметь читать и устно переводить тексты по специальности; выписать и выучить незнакомые слова к этим текстам.

 

SECTION I

ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОГО ФАКУЛЬТЕТА

TEXTS

I. Обратите внимание на произношение и перевод следующих слов. Запомните их:

To eliminate [i`limineit] уничтожать, ликвидировать; embodiment [im`bÉ dim¶nt] воплощение; воен. формирование; extermination [iks,tз:mi`neiò(¶)n] уничтожение, истребление, искоренение; persecution [,pз:si`kju:ò(¶)n] гонение, преследование; purge [`pз:d ] очищение, чистка; an offensive [¶`fensiv] нападение; наступательная кампания, агрессия; coup [ku:] удачный ход, зд. переворот; euthanasia [`ju:q¶`neizj¶] эвтоназия, умервщление в случае неизлечимой болезни; to plunge [plÙnd ] погружаться; eugenics [ju:`d eniks] евгеника; to evolve [i`v lv] развиваться, развертываться; outbreak [`autbreik] взрыв; внезапное начало; blueprint [`blu:print] черновик плана; to herd [hз:d] толпиться, ходить стадом, пасти; notorious [n¶u`tÉ:ri¶s] известный; отъявленный; intact [in`tækt] нетронутый, неповрежденный, целый; to deteriorate [di`ti¶ri¶reit] ухудшать(ся); портиться, вырождаться; curfew [`kз:fju:] сигнал тревоги; atrocity [¶`trÉsiti] жестокость, зверство; to round up [`raund Ùp] арестовывать; Weltanschanung = philosophy of life; Volkskörper = racial body; Lebensraum = living space; Sonderkommando = special commando group, murder squads.

 

II. Прочтите следующие интернациональные слова и переведите их на русский/белорусский язык:

Campaign [kæm`pein]; activists [`æktivists]; сonservatives [k¶n`s¶:v¶tivz]; charismatic [,kæriz`mætik]; to gas [gæs]; medical experts [`medik(¶)l `eksp¶:ts]; sterilisation [sterili`zeiò(¶)n]; bureaucrats [`bju(¶)r¶kræts]; radical [`rædikl]; ghettoisation [,get¶ui`zeiò(¶)n]; elite [ei`li:t] = [i`li:t]; execution [eksi`kjuò(¶)n]; arrests [`ær¶sts]; deportations [,di:pÉ:`teiò(¶)nz].

 

III. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский/белорусский язык:

The National Socialists; to remove the civil rights; an intensive propaganda dominance; to evolve into the Holocaust; to create a master race; the mentally and physically handicapped; “mercy killing”; unproductive consumers of food; to put theory into practice; racial purity; the death camps; the wildest fights of fantasy.

 

IV. Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопрос: What is the Holocaust?

 

The Germans and The Holocaust

1938-45

During the 1930s the National Socialists had introduced a series of measures that removed the civil rights of Jews. Their aim was to eliminate Jews from everyday life, though this programme had a mixed impact on the population. It was accompanied by an intensive propaganda campaign that sought to portray the Jews as the embodiment of evil. Historian Saul Friedlander suggests that by the end of the 1930s the majority of the German people had been transformed into passive ‘onlookers’ rather than ‘activists’ and had come to accept the ‘Nazis’ persecution of the Jews.

A successful foreign policy had meant that Hitler’s personal popularity rose, while the purge of the conservatives among the top military commanders reduced the danger of an army coup. To use historian Ian Kershaw’s phrase, Hitler’s ‘charismatic dominance’ of the German people had begun and would not end until 1945.

The Euthanasia Programme

The first mass victims of the Nazi desire to create a master race were not the Jews, but the mentally and physically handicapped. On I September 1939 Hitler authorised the start of a secret programme of ‘mercy killing’, headed by an SS officer in the Chancellery, Philip Bouhler, and a medical expert, Dr. Brandt. The order carried Hitler’s signature and therefore directly linked his name to what followed. The document coincided with the outbreak of the war, so in Hitler’s own mind the great racial struggle had begun. The programme was given the code name Aktion T4 after the offices where Bouhler and Brandt were based (4 Tiergartenstrasse in Berlin). In all, 70,000 handicapped people were gassed by SS personnel with the help of prominent medical experts.

During the war this programme was extended to 150,000 'unproductive consumers of food'. As historian Michael Burleigh has shown, euthanasia and eugenics had a long tradition in Germany and were advocated in the 1920s by many genuinely humane figures. But it was the Nazi government that put theory into practice by creating a regime obsessed with racial purity. In 1934 special 'Eugenic Courts' were established to allow the sterilisation of 350,000 examples of 'dead-weight life'.

Few of the medical experts were motivated by blood lust; many saw an opportunity to further their careers. Their contribution was as essential to the Holocaust as that of the bureaucrats at German railways who organised transport. The order of 1 September 1939, was eventually replaced in the spring of 1940 with the Law on the Treatment of Community Aliens. The ultimate aim of the programme was a Volkskörper purged of the genetically feeble. Aktion T4 experts were eventually sent to the East, where their expertise made a vital contribution to the extermination programme.

 

Genocide

Historians have searched but have so far failed to find a decree that directly links Hitler to the Holocaust. Nevertheless, the three most important actors – Hitler, Himmler and Heydrich – obviously appreciated that they were committing the foulest of crimes as they attempted to conceal their precise roles. The extermination programme fitted in with the Weltanschanung of the most radical of the radicals, Hitler himself. From the moment that German armies drove eastwards into Poland in September 1939, a series of steps were taken that led to the establishment of the death camps. Henry Friedlander feels that the euthanasia programme provided the blueprint, but on this occasion the authorisation came from ‘verbal’ orders.

In Poland special SS mobile units (Einsatzgruppen) rounded up Jews and cleared psychiatric institutions, without any legal restraint. By the spring of 1941, 365,000 people, mostly Jews, had been rounded up and sent to the General Gouvernement of Poland under Hans Frank. A policy of ghettoisation began to take shape where Jews were herded into sealed-off areas in Warsaw and Lodz. Here, fed on the poorest of diets, the Jews were forced to work for the regime.

Operation Barbarossa, Hitler's - attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, marked the final settling of scores with the two enemies of Germany, the Jews and the Bolsheviks. Before the offensive began, a 'General Plan East' was drawn up that fulfilled Hitler's wildest flights of fantasy. Lebensraum in Russia would secure the future of the German people, who would provide a new ruling élite. In total and anticipated 31-51 million 'racial' aliens would be moved to make way 20 January 1942. This sought to bring together all elements of the Holocaust to co-ordinate their activities and for Heydrich to assert his authority over the whole process. Throughout 1942 a series of killing facilities was constructed on the advice of Aktion T4 experts at Auschwitz (January), Sobibor (April) and Treblinka (July).

Within Germany the condition of the Jewish community steadily deteriorated. By law all Jews wore yellow stars, and a curfew was imposed permitting Jews to go out on the streets only between 4 and 5 p.m. The regime tried to hide its crimes from the rest of the world. The Red Cross was shown the ‘model’ ghetto at Theresienstadt in Bohemia while the killing took place in the East. But stories of atrocities soon filtered back home from soldiers on leave, and anyone travelling by rail could see the arrests and deportations to the East by cattle truck. It is true that 1,400 Berlin Jews were saved by sympathetic Germans, but the majority of the population hardly lifted a finger. Research has shown that the state’s terror apparatus, especially the Gestapo, left the majority of Germans alone and concentrated on the regime’s racial enemies.

 

Conclusion

The Holocaust is hard to explain. The Nazis did not work to any blueprint, and a direct link between Mein Kampf and subsequent events in unclear. During the 1930s Hitler’s main concern was to establish himself in power, and his anti-Semitism reemerged later. It is also important to distinguish between a hard core of National Socialists, for whom war against the Jews was essential, and the remaining population, who tended to demonstrate indifference. This helps explain some of the early measures introduced by the regime and challenges Goldhagen’s argument that Germans were inherently anti-Semitic.

No single ‘Hitler decree’ to begin the final solution has been found, nor is this likely. The eugenic intent of the government, the gradual stripping of civil rights from the Jews in the 1930s and the race war that began in 1941 all led to the murderous logic of the death camps. (Modern History Review, Volume 12, Number 2, November 2000)