Питальна та заперечна форма в Present Indefinite

Питальна форма Present Indefinite утворюється з допоміжного дієслова to do в Present Indefinite та інфінітива основного дієслова без частки to. Допоміжне дієслово ставиться перед підметом:

Do І work? Do we work?

Does he work? Do you work?

Does she work? Do they work?
Does it work?

Do you live here in the city? Ви живете тут у місті?
What does she say? Що вома каже?

Питальні речення, в яких питальне слово виконує роль підмета або означення до підмета, мають будову розповідного речення. Допоміжне дієслово to do у цьому разі не вживається:

Who goes there? Хто йде туди?

Whose brother goes there? Чий 6paт іде туди?

 

Заперечна форма Present Indefinite утворюється з допоміжного дієслова to do в Present Indefinite, заперечної частки not та інфінітива основного дієслова без частки tо:

І do not work. We do not work.

He does not work. You do not work.

She does not work. They do not work.

It does not work.

 

В усному мовленні замість do not і does not звичайно вживаються скорочені форми don't і doesn't:

І don't understand you. Я вас не розумію.

Не doesn't recognize me. Він не впізнає мене.

У питально-заперечній формі частка not ставиться після підмета:

Do you not know him? Хіба ви не знаєте його?

Звичайно у питально-заперечних реченнях вживаються скорочені форми don't і doesn't, які ставляться перед підметом:

Don't you know any news? Ви не знаєте ніяких новин?

Doesn't your son go to school? Хіба ваш син не ходить до школи?

Write negative sentences with the verb in the correct form.

Example: I ___ to the radio in the morning. (listen) – I don't listen to the radio in the morning.

1. I __ the dog for a walk every day. (take)

2. She __ all the food in the nearest supermarket. (buy)

3. We __ to football matches every Sunday. (go)

4. This car __ much money – it's rather old. (cost)

5. My friends __ in a bank. (work)

6. Pete __ early at weekends. (get up)

Add do or does to make general questions and do, don't, does or doesn't to give short answers.

Example: __ she live with her parents? – Yes, she __.

Does she live with her parents? – Yes, she does.

__ you like your job? – No, I__.

Do you like your job? – No, I don't.

1. __ I speak good Italian? – Yes, you __.

2. __ you drive to work? – No, I__.

3. __ they work hard at university? – Yes, they__.

4. __ Alan smoke? – No, he __.

5. __ Patrick like computer games and cartoons? – Yes, he __.

6. __ children usually eat much ice-cream? – Yes, they __.

7. __ you take exams every month? – No, we __.

Make these sentences into general questions.

1. The shop closes at 5 o'clock.

2. They have parties every weekend.

3. She speaks good English.

4. It rains a lot here in spring.

5. You drink a lot of tea.

6. They go shopping on Saturdays.

Lesson 12

Outstanding Scientists

1. Pre-reading activities

1.1 Read and memorize the words:

microbiology – мікробіологія bacilli – бацили

to carry out – провадити to reveal – виявляти

intestines – кишки origin – походження

protective measures – захисні заходи

to catch – захворіти, заразитися

comma-shaped – подібний за формою до коми

 

1.2 Match the words-combinations:

prominent bacteriologist у постійному контакті

the founder of microbiology походження хвороби

describe in detail в усьому світі

carry out experiments швидко поширювалася

all over the world видатний бактеріолог

the origin of the disease дослідницька робота

spread very rapidly засновник мікробіології

in a constant contact детально описати

research work проводити експерименти

 

2. Reading activities

2.1 Read and translate the text:

Robert Koch

Robert Koch was a prominent German bacteriologist, the founder of modern microbiology. He was born in 1843, died in 1910. When Koch became a doctor he carried out many experiments on mice in a small laboratory.

In 1882 Koch discovered tuberculosis bacilli. In his report made in the Berlin Physiological Society Koch described in detail the morphology of tuberculosis bacilli and the ways to reveal them. Due to his discovery Koch became known all over the world.

In 1883 Koch went to Egypt to study cholera. At that time there was a wide­spread epidemic of cholera in Egypt. Nobody knew the origin of this disease, there were not any protective measures against it. The disease spread very rapidly from one place to another and thousands of healthy peple died. But sometimes some people who were in a constant contact with the diseased person did not catch cholera. Koch carried out his investigations during the cholera epidemic in Egypt and then in India.

In 1884 Koch published his book on cholera which included the investigations of his research work. From the intestines of the men with cholera Koch isolated a small comma-shaped bacterium. He determined that these bacteria spred through drinking water. In 1905 Koch got the Nobel prize for his important scientific discove­ries.

3. Post-reading activities

3.1 Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents:

carried out many experiments on mice; discovered tuberculosis bacilli; due to his discovery; a widespread epidemic of cholera; protective measures; contact with the diseased person; isolated a small comma-shaped bacterium; spread through drinking water; important scientific discove­ries.

 

3.2 Suggest the English equivalents:

став лікарем; відкрив бацилли туберкульозу; детально описав морфологію; завдяки його вікриттю; походження хвороби; швидко розповсюджувалася; хвора людина; проводив дослідження; отримав Нобелевську премію; важливі наукові відкриття.

 

3.3 Answer the questions to the text:

1. What was Robert Koh? 2. When did Koch discover tuberculosis bacilli? 3. What did he study in Egypt? 4. Where did Koch carry out his investigations? 5. When did he publish his book on cholera? 6. What did Koch isolate from the intestines of the men with cholera? 7. What prize did Koch get for his important scientific discove­ries?

3.4 Say if it true or false:

1. Robert Koch was the founder of modern microbiology.

2. Koch discovered cholera bacilli.

3. Due to his discovery Koch became known all over the world.

4. In 1883 Koch went to India to study cholera.

5. Koch published his book on tuberculosis which included the investigations of his research work.

6. Koch isolated a small comma-shaped bacterium from the intestines of the men with cholera.

7. He determined that these bacteria spred through drinking water.

Grammar

THE PAST INDEFINITE TENSE

(МИНУЛИЙ НЕОЗНАЧЕНИЙ ЧАС)

Past Indefinite — часова форма дієслова, яка виражає дію, що відбулася або відбувалася в минулому.

За способом утворення Past Indefinite дієслова в англійській мові поділяються на правильні й неправильні.