Read the text putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form of Past Indefinite Active or Past Indefinite Passive. Translate the text.

THE TRANS-SIBERIAN MAINLINE

 

Siberia is a vast expanse of land that stretches across Russia from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. In the 19th century Siberia [ to be ] Russia’s frontier—thinly populated, largely unexplored, yet possessing vast economic potential. Settlement in the region [ to remain ] sparse until the building of the unique Trans-Siberian Railroad,which [ to connect ] the European part of the country with the Pacific Coast and [ to make ] large-scale immigration possible. According to Minister of Railways S.Yu. Witte: “The Great Siberian Railway [ to breathe ] new life into boundless Siberian lands.”

The history of railway construction in Russia [ to start ] at the end of the 19^th century. Railway mainlines [ to lay down ] from the Western borders of the country to St. Petersburg and Moscow, from the center to the Volga region and from the Urals to Central Asia. In 1892 the railway network in Russia [ to have ] a total length of 32,000 km. That very year Samara-Zlatoust railway [ to build ] which later became a liaison between railways in the European part of Russia and the Trans-Siberian Mainline.

On March 15, 1891 Alexander III [ to issue ] an imperial prescript addressed to future EmperorNicholay II which [ to state ]: “I command to start constructing a railway across all Siberia to connect the Siberian region with the European part of Russia. I also entrust you with ground-breaking* of the Great Siberian Track in Vladivostok.”

Two projects of the future mainline [ to propose ] – “the southern version” and “the northern version”. “The northern version” suggested by the Minister of Railways K.N. Posyet [ to win ]. According to his project the railway [ to be ] shorter by 400 km and was passing by the Siberian high road** and populated areas.

The building of the Great Siberian Track [ to begin ] in 1893. Work [ to start ] at the same time from both the eastern and western terminals. The plan originally [ to call ] for an all-Russian road, but a treaty with China in 1896 [ to enable ] the Russians to construct an 800-mile (1,300-kilometer) line through Manchuria, thus shortening the distance to Vladivostok. After Manchuria [ to pass ] to Japanese hands following the Russian-Japanese War of 1904—05, the Russians [ to proceed ] with a longer railway entirely on their own territory. Construction rates [ to be ] very fast despite the fact that the railroad [ to go ] through swamps, thick taiga, [ to cross ] major rivers and huge mountains. One of the main obstacles to completion of the line [ to be ] Lake Baikal, where there [ to be ] ferry service. A loop around the lakeshore [ to complete ] in 1905. By 1916 the Amur River line north of the Chinese border [ to finish ], and there [ to be ] a continuous railway on Russian land from Moscow across Siberia. In less than 25 years more than 8,600 km of track [ to lay down ].

The building of the gigantic mainline [ to be ] a heroic deed accomplished by Russian construction workers thanks to their tenacious efforts and courage. At first 10,000 workers [ to take part ] in the construction. Later, their number [ to go up ] to 100,000. Some of Trans-Siberian stations bear their names – Rukhlovo, Vyazemskaya, Baranovsky, Snarsky, Adrinovka, etc.

Notes: *ground-breaking – начало строительства (дороги)

**high road – тракт

Ex.32. True or false? Correct the false statements.

1) The Trans-Siberian Mainline connects the Asian part of Russia with the Pacific Coast. 2) Alexander III commanded to start constructing the Great Siberian Track. 3) Six projects of the construction were proposed. 4) The project of the Minister of Railways S.Yu. Witte won. 5) The first rail of the future Trans-Siberian Railway was laid down in Vladivostok. 6) The length of this railway is more than 80,600 km. 7) About 5,000 workers took part in the mainline construction. 8) The track went through swamps and taiga. 9) One of the main obstacles to completion of the line was the Pacific Ocean. 10) The construction lasted 15 years. 11) The Great Siberian Railway breathed new life into boundless Siberian lands. 12) The building of the gigantic mainline was a heroic deed accomplished by English construction workers

TEXT D

Read and translate the text using a dictionary. Pay special attention to the words and word combinations in bold and guess their meaning.

THE RISE AND FALL OF THE AMERICAN RAIL SYSTEM

[1]The American people and its history have a “love-hate” relationship to the railroad. Without the railroad, the “Wild West” would not have been settled as quickly as it was. Was this a good or a bad thing? Ask an average Native American and then ask an average White American. The railroads eventually put the cowboys out of business, too. The American Civil War came to a close, in part, because the Union had an extensive railroad system and the Confederacy did not. Ask an American from Louisiana what s/he thinks about the Northern victory and then ask someone from Massachusetts. But to move to a more contemporary question, ask someone from New York if they would rather fly to Los Angeles or take a train there. What would you rather do if you had to get from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok?

[2] Steam railways began to appear in the East of the USA in the 1820s. At that time, it was more of a novelty than an efficient transportation method. If you were a merchant or a bold immigrant and wanted to move west, you went by boat. The first use of the locomotive for passenger transport was on Christmas day, 1930, in Charleston, South Carolina. Within the next decade 4,480 km had been laid, mainly within states along the Atlantic seaborder. As the new nation grew to the Midwest in the 1850s, tracks totaled 14,400 km in length and by 1860 track length had almost tripled to 48,000 km. Immigration to cities like Chicago grew because of the railroads. By 1860 the sheer amount of track in the USA almost equaled the total track length of the world’s countries combined. In essence, the railroad helped America grow industrially. Population rates increased dramatically.

[3] As mentioned above, the Confederacy lost the Civil War because it simply did not have the rail or industrial power that the Union did. Much of the Union strategy was based on cutting the rail lines between Confederate States. After 1865 to about 1914, the real Golden Age of American Rail reigned. On May 10, 1869, the Atlantic Coast was linked to the Pacific Coast in Promontory, Utah. Year round, passengers and merchants could travel/send goods from coast to coast. By 1885, a series of 4 similar rail lines sprung into action, one of which caused the decline of cattle driving cowboys when lines dipped down into Texas. No longer did cowboys need to drive their herds north – now the train could do it quicker and cheaper.

[4] The railways profoundly shaped the United States and continued to do so until about the 1930s. From that point on until the mid-seventies, road and air transport competed with the train and slowly caused many lines to go out of business. In the 1970s, for example, 10 major lines went bankrupt and the Federal Government bought a good portion of this dying service industry. The new system was called Amtrak and provided passenger service between major urban centers.

[5] Today, however, most Americans prefer to travel by plane. Prices for long distance flights are just slightly higher or equal to train tickets to the same destination. Factor in the time passengers save by flying, plus convenience, and you can easily see why American rail can never be what it once was. Although people prefer to travel quickly and comfortably by air, freight goods are still transported by rail.

LESSON FOUR

UNDERGROUND RAILWAYS

Ex.1. Practice the reading.

► ou, ow

▪ am ou nt, c ou ncil, dism ou nt, ann ou nce, disc ou nt, f ou ntain, s ou ndproof, comp ou nd, lay ou t, ou tput, f ou nd, pron ou nce, ab ou t, b ou nty, acc ou ntancy, sh ou t, pr ou d, b ou ndary, al ou d, ar ou se, param ou nt, p ow er, cr ow d, d ow nt ow n, g ow n, gl ow er, p ow der;

▪ ow ing, ow n, narr ow, borr ow, rainb ow, arr ow, shall ow, bl ow, fl ow, foll ow, gr ow, bel ow;

▪ BUT: group, route, could, would, should, acoustic; double, couple, trouble, country, touch, courage; soul

► ere, ure, are, ire (yre), ore

▪ m ere ly, atmosph ere, h ere, sinc ere, adh ere;

▪ c ure, dem ure, premat ure, sec ure, end ure, p ure ly, mat ure;

▪ decl are, softw are, c are fully, bew are, b arel y, prep are, comp are, squ are, sh are, f are, r are ly, m are, aw are, st are, d are;

▪ des ire, t ire, t yre, ent ire, requ ire ment, h ire, f ire work, esqu ire, sat ire, w ire less, ret ire d, acqu ire, inqu ire;

▪ c ore, expl ore, m ore over, rest ore, st ore, theref ore, sc ore, b ore, semaph ore, sh ore, ad ore

Words and word combinations to be remembered

1)to accommodate– вмещать 2) capacity– мощность, вместимость, грузоподъемность carrying capacity – пропускная способность 3) to carry out – выполнять, осуществлять 4)to control – управлять control –управление 5) to cost –стоить cost – цена, стоимость costs– расходы, издержки 6) current –ток alternating current (a. c.) – переменный ток direct current (d. c.) – постоянный ток 7) to damage –повреждать, причинять ущерб damage– повреждение, ущерб 8) empty – пустой, порожний 9) to ensure – гарантировать; обеспечивать 10) fleet– парк (подвижного состава) 11) to follow – следовать, соблюдать (правила) 12) to heat –обогревать heating – отопление 13) length – длина, протяженность 14)to install – устанавливать installation –установка 15) to introduce – внедрять, вводить (в эксплуатацию) introduction – внедрение, ввод 16) to maintain – эксплуатировать, содержать в технически исправном состоянии; поддерживать maintenance– содержание в технически исправном состоянии, эксплуатация 17) to protect – защищать protection– защита 18)to reduce – сокращать reduction– сокращение 19) safe– безопасный safety– безопасность 20) surface –наземный; поверхность 21) total –полный, общий, целый 22) therefore– поэтому, следовательно 23) volume – объем

Ex.2. Describe the relationship between the following words (antonyms, synonyms, neither).

1) total/ overall/ all 6) to ensure/ to guarantee 11) to protect/ to produce

2) surface/ underground 7) to install/ to dismantle 12) empty/ full

3) safe/ dangerous 8) increase/ reduction 13) to reduce/ to decrease

4) length/ height/ weight 9) capacity/ power 14) to carry out/ to fulfil

5) to carry/ to carry out 10) to damage/ to destroy 15) to perform/ to implement