Ex.21. Match the two parts of the sentences below. Pay attention to Participles.

1) When speaking English, a) we left the exhibition.

2) Having remembered suddenly that b) I felt the change in the atmosphere

she had not locked the door, at once.

3) CAV – is a British firm c) unless pressed by time.

4) They were speaking d) if needed.

5) He never hurries, e) I often make mistakes.

6) Having entered the room f) through the locked door.

7) Seeing nothing there that could interest us, g) she rushed back home.

8) Here is my address where I can be found h) producing diesel engines.

9) One should be very careful i) trying to repair his car.

10) He wasted the whole afternoon, j) when crossing the street

1) Having passed the last exam, a) when driving.

2) The plane flying with great speed b) if allowed.

3) When giving advice to others, c) he’ll tell you a lot of interesting things

About his life in England.

4) The destroyed bridge d) he began to look for a job.

5) Not knowing where to go e) me car hit a lamp post.

I shall certainly help you with it, f) I turned to the passer-by.

He is very attentive g) was soon reconstructed.

8) Having packed our suitcases, h) leaves behind a stream of white smoke.

9) While turning a corner at a high speed i) think whether you would follow it

yourself.

10) If asked, j) we hired a taxi and hurried to the airport.

Ex.22. Say whether the right Participles are used in the following sentences. Correct the wrong ones. Be very attentive!

1) We were walked down the path leading to the station. 2) Don’t forget to oil the moving parts of the machine regularly. 3) Having missed the 10 o’clock train, he had to send a telegram to his friends waited for him. 4) The porter went in, carrying two suitcases. 5) It is impossible quickly to stop the train moving at such a high speed. 6) Worked as a clerk, painter and bus driver, Neil decided to go back to University. 7) Refrigerator cars are used for the transportation of freezing meat and other perishable commodities. 8) The received information was not correct. 9) When commenting on the recent developments in the Middle East, the correspondent presented a number of interesting facts. 10) Tank cars having transported gas or cement should be made of aluminum or stainless steel. 11) All the computers installed at our office were produced in Japan. 12) The Toyota Co. has recently deciding to spend $800 million a year on the development of the new electric automobile. 13) While crossed the street, I saw an accident. 14) When typing the article, she tried to be very attentive. 15) The plane had to make a forcing landing. 16) The Internet is a global computer network having millions of users all over the world. 17) They experimented with the device, not known that it was out of order. 18) Having taken the wrong bus, Tony found himself in an unfamiliar town.

TEXT A

Before reading and translating the text match the Russian equivalents to the English word combinations (do it in written form).

UNDERGROUND RAILWAYS

 

1) air contamination	a) верхнее строение пути
2) broken stone ballast	b) щебёночный балласт
3) danger of flooding	c) бетонная основа
4) concrete base	d) подземный переход
5) cut-and-cover method	e) наземная железнодорожная линия
6) elevated railway line	f) подземная железнодорожная линия
7) ground-based railway line	g) надземная железнодорожная линия (на эстакаде)
8) permanent way	h) конечная станция
9) remote control	i) сооружение
10) structure	j) туннельный щит
11) subsurface railway line	k) открытый метод строительства
12) to take a shortcut	l) деревянная обшивка (опалубка)
13) termination	m) штанга токоприёмника (троллейбуса)
14) trolley pole	n) дистанционное управление
15) tunneling shield	o) избрать кратчайший путь
16) underpass	p) опасность затопления
17) wooden shuttering	q) загрязнение воздуха

Part 1

Depending on where in the world it is located, an underground electric-railway system may be called a subway, underground railway, tube, or metro. The underground railway is the quickest, safest, most reliable and comfortable means of city transport. Metro can solve the problems of carrying a great number of passengers within urban and suburban areas as well as the problems of traffic jams, air contamination and noise.

Subways are usually built under city streets, but in order to take shortcuts they often must pass under rivers. From the technical point of view the underground railway system is very expensive and complicated constructional work. This system includes subsurface lines, ground based lines and elevated lines. Ground based lines are usually used at the terminations of the underground railways. Outside the immediate downtown area, the subway lines usually emerge above ground too, resembling conventional railways or elevated transit lines. Besides, the underground and surface structures involve stations, tunnels, escalators, underpasses, ventilation and sanitary engineering as well as a power supply system.

The permanent way of underground railways differs from the normal railway track. The sleepers are only 0.9m long. They are shorter than those of the railroad track which are 2.7m long. The sleepers of the normal track are laid upon ballast made of broken stone or other materials. The crossties of the underground railway are laid directly on concrete base. It is more expensive but keeps air free from dust. If the ballast were made of slag, gravel, sand or even broken stone, the train would be followed by the dust clouds.

Modern Metro trains are powered by electricity. The current is obtained from the third rail. This contact rail is laid along the whole track and transmits the direct current of 825 volts to the train electromotor through the pantograph.

The Underground carrying capacity depends on the number of coaches which ranges from 2 to 8 per train and the frequency of train running which ranges from 80 seconds to 10 minutes.

Part 2

Nowadays there are underground railways in 80 cities all over the world. The construction of the first subway system, called the Metropolitan Railway, began in London in 1860. It was built by the so-called cut-and-cover method – that is, trenches were dug along the streets, reinforced with brick sides, and roofed with girders or a brick arch. The roadway on top was then restored. The Metropolitan line was opened on January 10, 1863. It used steam locomotives, not electric power.

In 1866 excavation began for a second subway line of the London Underground. It was built using a device called a tunneling shield that allowed a tunnel to be driven under the Thames River without the danger of flooding. The tunnels were driven deep enough to avoid disturbing public-utility works, or the foundations of buildings, and there was no disruption of street traffic. The Tube—the first electric underground railway—began operation in 1890.

In the same decade, many other cities followed London's lead. In Budapest an electric subway was opened in 1896 that used single cars with trolley poles. It was the first subway on the European continent. Because the tunnels were flat-roofed instead of arched, the original trenches were shallower than those of earlier lines. As a result, the subway construction was far less costly.

In Paris, construction of the Métro (Chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris) was begun in 1898, and the first 6 1/4 miles (10 kilometers) were opened in 1900. Its rapid construction was made possible largely by improved cut-and-cover methods. Vertical shafts were sunk at intervals along the planned route, and from these shafts side trenches were dug. Masonry foundations to support wooden shuttering were then placed immediately under the road surfaces. Construction of the roof arch then proceeded with little disturbance to street traffic. This method is still used in Paris.

In the United States the first practical subway line was constructed in Boston between 1895 and 1897. On October 27, 1904, New York City opened the first section of what was to become the largest subway system in the world. Other cities with notable subway systems include Philadelphia and Chicago in the United States; Toronto and Montreal in Canada; Mexico City, Mexico; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Munich and Frankfurt am Main in Germany; Milan, Italy; Cairo, Egypt; and Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, and Nagoya in Japan. The shortest metro line was constructed in Turkey. Its length is only 600 m but Istanbul is very proud of the metropolitan means of transport.

A number of major modern cities have a combination of subway and elevated railways. In addition, some have automatic trains that are operated by remote control. Lines that use automated trains include a section of the London subway system, the Victoria Line; BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) in the San Francisco Bay area; and the Washington, D.C., Metro. Greater attention is also paid to the aesthetics, comfort, safety, and convenience of subways, particularly those in Moscow and Rome.