If he had known about the lecture, he would have come. Had he known about the lecture he would have come.

1. If it were possible we should begin this work at once. 2. If he had had all the necessary books he would have made his report in time. 3. If the books had been available in our library we could have done this work much earlier. 4. If there were no computers space

flights would be impossible. 5. If drivers were more attentive while driving there would be less accidents on the road, б) Переведите бессоюзные условные предложения:

1. Had he used new materials the device would have been more reliable. 2. Were electric motors used cars would not pollute the air would be practically noiseless and very easy to control. 3. Had they applied the new method, the result would have been much better. 4. Were the design of cars improved the fuel consumption would be greatly reduced 5. Had a less explosive gas been used in dirigibles at the beginning of the century they would have been in operation since that time. 6. Were it possible to learn how birds find their way people would use the principle to develop a navigation system for aviation.

Упражнение З. Переведите предложения и запомните значения глагола to provide во всех его формах и союза provided:

1. The experiments conducted provided very good results. 2, Russian technological achievements that provided the launching of rockets are known all over the world. 3. A tirepressure display provides information for front and back pairs of tires. 4. Provided new composite materials are used, it will be possible to reduce overall aircraft weight. 5^ Provided with a new vacuum-controlled carburetor this car model h^s several important advantages. 6. Superliners could develop a higher speed provided some special cooling measures were used. 7. An aircraft pilot can get all the information he needs provided he contacts a radio navigation station. 8. The work done provided us with new data. 9. Having measured the distance between two points, it is possible to calculate the time during which a car can cover it, provided we know the car's average speed. 10. Our laboratory has been provided with the latest equipment.

Упражнение 4. а) Дайте степени сравнения для следующих прилагательных:

great, easy, good, far, many, difficult, possible.

б) Поставьте much перед прилагательным в сравнительной степени, переведите:
late, simple, important, valuable, quick, reliable, useful, complex,

в) Переведите словосочетания:

гораздо (намного) раньше, гораздо (намного) длиннее, намного (гораздо) труднее, намного эахрективнее, намного легче.

Упражнение 5. а) Найдите русские эквиваленты для следующих словосочетаний:

as old as seagoing, a round container, Swiss National Fair, as primitive as marine life, so-called, to take people deep into the lake, underwater tasks, around the ocean floor, wrist of the manipulator, to lift 120 pounds, marine life, the world's deepest vehicle, underwatef helicopter.

 

швейцарская национальная ярмарка; подводные работы; опу­скать людей на большую глубину озера; по морскому дну; подводный вертолет; запястье манипулятора; морской животный и раститель­ный мир; самый глубоководный в мире аппарат; такая же прими­тивная, как и морская среда (жизнь); так же стары, как морепла­вание; так называемый; круглый контейнер; поднимать 120 футов. б) Переведите словосочетания:

round glass container, marine life people watch around them, centuries before, to take people deeper than before, difficult underwater tasks, mounted on a metal platform, it looks like an underwater helicoper, move like a sport car, video cameras provide vision, to lift up to 120 pounds, work for up to nine hours.

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Упражнение 6. Переведите следующие производные слова согласно образцу:

прилагательное + th - существительное

deep - глубокий -* depth - глубина

long - length, wide - width, strong - strength;

прилагательное + en = глагол

light - легкий ■** to lighten - облегчить

deep- deepen, bright- brighten, less- lessen;

префиксы sub- (суб-), under- (под-, ниже), under- (недо-) submerse - погружаться) -* submersible - подводный, по­гружаемый estimate - оценивать -* underestimate - недооценивать

subsystem, subsonic, subcommittee, subdivision, subsurface, submarine, undersea, underground, undercooling, underproduction, underdeveloped;

префикс поп- (не-)

non-conductor - непроводник -* non-military — невоенный

non-effective, non-essential, non-standard, non-metal, non-stop. Упражнение 7. Прочитайте и переведите следующие интернациональные слова:

ocean ['эи/эп], container, apparatures [ _tx pa'reitas], machine [тэ'/кп], spherical ['sferiksl], plastic, metal platform, helicopter ['helicopta], manoeuver [ma'nu:va], sport, mechanical [mi'ka niksl], manipulator [ma'nipjuleita], system, miniature ['minjat/э], microphone

['maikr f un], to lift, minerals, battery, stereo ['sti ri u], construct, cultivate, videocamera, titanium [tai'teinj m].

Упражнение 8. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов:

descend [di'send], legend ['led33nd], submerge [вэЬ'тэ^з], submersible [sab'm3:sabl], da Vinci ['vint/i], national ['nae/anl], Geneva [d3i'ni:va], Japanese [^заерэ'т:г], technician [tek'ni/эп], extreme [iks'tri:m], precision [pri's3an], essentially [i'senjbli], cycloid ['saikfoid], particular [pa'tikjula ], wrist [Vist], provide [pra'vaid], sample ['sccmpl], image [i'midj], scale [skeil], join [d3oin], politician [^poli'ti/эп].

Слова и словосочетания для запоминания

accurate a - точный particular a - данный, особенный,

almost adv - почти отдельный

advanced p.II- новейший, передо- penetrate v - проникать

вой precision n - точность

collect v - собирать promise v - обещать

construct v-строить, сооружать provided с/ - при условии; в том

crew n - экипаж случае, если

depth n - глубина realize v - осуществлять, реализо-

descend v-спускаться, опускаться вывать

due to prp - благодаря, из-за resist v - сопротивляться, выдер-

explore v - исследовать живать

find out v - выяснить, узнать sample n - образец

image n - изображение submerge - погружаться, опу-

instead of adv - вместо скаться вглубь

join v- соединять, объединять test v - проверять, подвергать ис-

lift v- поднимать(ся) пытанию

mankind n - человечество transparent a - прозрачный

operate v- работать, действовать try v- пытаться, пробовать
battery-operated pll - работающий на батареях

TEXT 9A

Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы:

1. В каких странах ведутся работы по созданию погружаемых аппаратов?

2. В чем отличия погружаемых аппаратов нового типа?

Переведите текст.

Descending to New Ocean Depths

We know litllc about the ocean yet. The dream of exploring under the waves is almost as old as seagoing. Legend says that Alexander

 

the Great submerged himself in a round glass container, and Lenardo da Vinci designed a submersible vehicle in his notebooks centuries before Jules Verne wrote "Twenty Thousand Leages Under the Sea." If their dreams had been realized and such a craft had been constructed mankind would have known about the secrets of Ocean much earlier. However.already during the Swiss National Fair in 1964 a submersible vehicle took thousands of people deep into Lake Geneva.

Not long ago, the crafts that penetrated the ocean depths were almost as primitive as the marine life they watched around them. However, non-military deep sea ships, so-called submersibles, were progressing rapidly. Russian, French, Japanese and American scientists are developing crafts that can submerge deeper, stay longer and find out more than earlier apparatuses.

Soon, one of the most advanced crafts, a one passenger submerging ship, will be tested. It may be able to take explorers and technicians deeper than ever before (up to 3,300 feet) and perform difficult underwater tasks with extreme precision.

This new submersible is essentially a spherical transparent plastic hull mounted on a metal platform. It looks like an underwater helicopter and can manoeuver itself in its water environment with some of the

2 4

versatility of a helicopter due to the use of a cycloid rotor instead of conventional marine-propeller screws⁴. It is expected that this apparatus will move around the ocean like a sports car.

However, the breakthrough that will make this particular craft quite different from other manned submersibles is a mechanical hand called the sensory manipulator system. Miniature video cameras on the "wrist" of the manipulator provide it with vision and microphones enable the submersible to "hear". This manipulator system is designed to lift up to 120 pounds and will also be able to perform such accurate scientific work as collecting samples of ocean-floor minerals and marine life. When demonstrated,it lifted crystal glasses, drew pictures and wrote with a pen.

Some scientists are trying to develop the world's deepest manned submersible. When completed, it will be capable of submerging up to depths of 21,000 feet. Its crew will be in a pressure-resistant titanium-alloy cabin. This craft will be driven by a battery-operated electric motor and will work for up to nine hours. It will record images with colour television and stereo cameras and will collect samples by manipulaling two robotic arms.

If such crafts are constructed on a large scale,we shall be able not only to spend our holidays enjoing the underwater life, but also grow and cultivate sea plants, fish and pearls. It will be possible, provided scientists, designers and politicians from all over the world join their efforts and solve the most important problems in this field.

Notes to the Text

1. transparent plastic hull'- прозрачный пластмассовый корпус

2. versatility - свобода передвижения

3. cycloid rotor - несущий винт циклоидного типа

4. marine-propeller screw - судовой гребной винт

5. breakthrough - радикальное решение

6. sensory manipulator system - сенсорная система манипулятора

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 9. Просмотрите текст 9Л и ответьте на вопросы: 1. What is the text about? 2. What is a submersible? 3. Who was the first to think of a submersible vehicle? 4.What writer wrote about a submersible? 5. What special systems will be used on a new submersible? 6. What are the characteristics of the manipulator system? 7. What kind of submersible is being designed at present? 8. What do you think of the future of such vehicles? 9. What is the name of the famous French scientist who is an explorer of the ocean? 10. Have you seen his film? Have you read his books?

Упражнение 10. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста 9А. Исправьте неправильные утверждения:

1. We know very little about the ocean yet. 2. The dream of exploring the underwater life is very old. 3. It was Jules Verne who was the first to write about a submersible vehicle. 4. Only Japanese scientists are developing deep water submersible crafts. 5. A new submersible craft looks and moves like an underwater helicopter. 6. A new submersible is provided with a manipulator that is designed to lift 120 tons. 7. When demonstrated, it lifted crystal glass and drew pictures. 8. When completed, the world's deepest manned submersible will be capable of submerging to the depth of 21,000 meters. 9. This craft will be driven by a battery-operated electric motor,

Упражнение II. Найдите в тексте 9А придаточные условные предложения; сделайте их бессоюзными, где возможно.

Упражнение 12. Найдите придаточные условные предложения, выражающие нереальные действия; переждите:

1. If a scientific research is closely linked with practice the results are always good. 2. If you looked at the equipment of 1946 you would notice the difference with that available at present. 3. If there is a pressure change in the tires, a transmitter signals to adjust the pressure. 4. If we were tc? make a journey in a plane to the nearest star we should have to travel for several thousand centuries. 5. Were traffic controlled by computers cars could travel with safety and speed. 6. Had submersibles been developed since Alexander the Great mankind would have used natural resources from the ocean floor and cultivated plants and'fish there. 7. Had all submersibles had autonomous principle of operation they would have become much more useful. 8. If fire-arms had not been invented the secret of Damascous steel would not have

 

been lost. 9. If we could make a non-stop flight around the sun in an airplane at a speed about 300 km per hour it would require 565 days to encircle it at the equator. 10. If the satellite speed is less than necessary it will go down from the orbit and enter the atmosphere. Упражнение 13. Переведите предложения с союзами provided, if, wliether: 1. Specialists reported that a miniature video camera provided the latest submersible with vision. 2. The speed of a satellite would be less provided it moved at a greater distance from the earth. 3. Drivers don't know yet whether radars wiH be mounted on the next car model. 4. If the weather is too bad for flying, passenger airplanes don't leave airports. 5. It was very important to find out if electricity could be used for long distance communication. 6. During the entire flight, the pilot is provided with all the necessary information about weather conditions. 7. Modern submersibles can remain at the depth of 20,000 feet for eight hours or, if needed, as long as two or three days. 8. A new system for motor cars can be provided with infrared sensors that can detect a human figure at night. 9. If underwater tourism continued to develop at the present rate, the number of passengers could grow up to millions in only a few years.

Упражнение 14. Переведите следующие предложения с союзом unless и запом­ните его значение:

1. Isaac Newton stated that a body would continue moving unless some force was applied to stop it. 2. Space flights would be impossible unless special materials for space vehicles were produced. 3. We should have no radio, telephone, television or computers unless there were electricity. 4. The earth temperature would increase indefinitely unless heat were radiated. 5. Unless the temperature rises the speed of the molecules will not increase. 6. It would have been impossible to send satellites into orbit unless Newton's laws of motion had been studied. 7. With" heat generated by friction of the air on aircraft surface, the temperature inside the cabin would increase to almost 1,000 °C unless it were cooled by mechanical means.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение 15. Образуйте от следующих слов

а) глаголы:

usage, subdivision, indication, complication, difference, large, systematisation, appearance, changable, measurable;

б) существительные:

noiseless, powerful, deep, dangerous, perform, realise, lighten.

Упражнение 16. Образуйте производные от следующих слов:

manipulate, compress, move.

Упражнение 17. Найдите эквиваленты:

исследовать - exploration, explorer, to explore;

;очно - exactness, exactly, exact, exaction;

погруженный - submergence, submerge, submerged, submersion; направлять - navigate, navigable, navigation; стойкий - resistance, to resist, resistant, resistor; ширина - wide, width, widely, widen.

Упражнение 18. Найдите

а) синонимы: to finish, to submerge, to work, craft, to build, to descend, vehicle, to operate, rapid, fast, to construct, to complete;

б) антонимы:

lift, difficult, to complete, after, to descend, before, easy, to start.

Упражнение 19. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова; переведите предложения:

1. In a new apparatus rotors mounted on the fuselage provide lift acting as wings when the craft is moving at high velocity. 2. The aerostatic apparatuses of the latest design can vary its lift force. 3. The man can't lift this weight, it can be lifted only automatically. 4. When weight is lifted to a given level it possesses potential energy due to its position. 5. Russia possesses the world's heaviest helicopters MI-26 which lift and transport cargoes up to 20 tons.

Упражнение 20. Найдите предложения с союзами before и after.

1. There was no means of direct communication before the telephone was invented. 2. After World War 1 dirigibles gradually lost their significance as a means of transportation. 3. Before Newton no one could explain why the planets moved around the sun. 4. After a French engineer invented the first self-propelled road vehicle in 1770 many car designers wanted to make a better automobile. 5. Before each flight pilots must ask for the information about the weather expected during the planned route. 6. The "night vision" system enables drivers to see better after dark. 7. Before the industrial production of materials in space can be started,it is necessary to create special space stations. 8. Soon after Karl Marx's arrival in England he became a daily visitor of the Reading Room of the British Museum.

Упражнение 21. Выберите правильное слово из приведенных в скобках:

1. A young physicist can (get, get up) a prize for his work. 2. Designers tested a new engine to (find,find out) whether the ceramics it was made of could withstand temperatures up to 1,000 °C. 3. It is difficult to (get, get up)early in winter. 4. Many specialists are working at the problem of developing a new kind of telephone which we (call, call for) "video phone". 5. The projects in Siberia (call, call for) the most effective means of transporting various cargoes over long distances. 6. Specialists wanted to (find, find out) whether telephone communication was reliable or not. 7. Further development (call, call for) new specialists who are able to generate new technical ideas. 8. New generation materials which we (call, call for) composite materials will allow to lighten the aircraft. 9. To translate this text we must (find, find out) some words in the dictionary.

 

9-2501

Упражнение 22. Назовите предложения, где подчеркнутое слово имеет следу­ющее значение: а) действуя

1. They should know in what direction this force is acting. 2. Acting upon the body the force changes. З.Тпеу should find the force, acting

upon the body.

б) имеет дело, рассматривает

1. Thermodynamics is the branch of physics dealing with th< transformation of heat into work. 2. The experience of France dealing with the problem of environmental problems is very important. 3. Nov Russia is dealing very seriously with the problem of Baikal protection

в) используя

1. Using thermomagnetic alloys in the turbine rotor allows to develoi a lot of various sensors. 2. By using thermomagnetic alloys it is possibk to develop a lot of various sensors. 3. Many American companies began using submersibles for tourism.

г) совершенствование

1. Construction specialists are working at improving the design of metro escalators. 2. While improving the design of metro escalators specialists developed a two speed escalator. 3. Our design bureau has developed spiral escalators improving the construction of public

buildings.

д) превышающий

1. A car exceeding its speed, the indicators show it on the display.

2. Exceeding the speed limit the driver should be very attentive.

3. There are relatively few cargoes exceeding 400 tons.

Упражнение 23. а) Прочитайте текст без словаря: Three Stonecutters

Three stonecutters (каменотес) were working hard. A man who was passing by watched them for a few minutes and then, turning to the first stonecutter, he asked: "What are you doing, my friend?" "I am working like a slave (раб). Look at my hands. Did you think I was playing?", he replied. The passer-by then looked at the second workman. "And what are you doing?", he asked. The stone-cutter answered quickly, "I am earning seven dollars and fifty cents a day. I hope to receive at least nine dollars a day in a very near future". The visitor studied the face of the third stonecutter. Once more, he asked, "And what are you doing, my friend?" The stonecutter's face lighted up as he replied, "I am helping to erect a magnificent building. Look at the colour in this piece of marble. I was just thinking how beautiful it will be when it is thoroughly polished. This building will last for hundreds of years and its beauty will inspire everyone who sees it."

б) Составьте предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1. The first stonecutter was the 1. he saw beauty and joy in his work,
unhappiest of the three because

2. The second one was happier than 2. he thought that all work was hard
the first stonecutter because and dull.

3. The third stonecutter was the 3. he thought that honest work
happiest of the three because brings advancement.

Упражнение 24. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их: drawn, grew, feeling, wake up, drank, cutting, sink.

Упражнение 25. Прочитайте и переведите без словаря:

Deep Trouble

An experimental undersea telephone cable in the Canary Islands had to be lifted from the ocean floor three times because of breakage. Each time sharks' (акула) leeth were found in the damaged cable. Though the cable contains optical fibres transmitting signals in the form of light, it carries a very small amount of electrical wires. It is known that electricity attracts sharks. Therefore, ordinary electric power cables are usually provided with some kind of protection to stop their being attacked by sharks. However, it was not expected that it was necessary to mount this expensive protection on the new cable. But provided the designers had used this conventional protection on the new cable, the sharks would not have approached it.

CONVERSATION Exercise 1. Answer the questions:

1. What apparatuses are used for exploring the ocean depths at present? (non-military submersibles). 2. What countries are developing such submersibles? (Russia, the USA, France and Japan). 3. What kind of submersible is being designed? (an advanced manned submersible). 4. What is the depth it is capable to submerge to? (21,000 feet). 5. What motor is used in it? (a battery-operated electric motor). 6. What devices are provided for collecting samples from the ocean floor? (robotic manipulators). 7. What is the practical application of the submersible? (cultivating sea plants, fish and pearls).

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts:

1. A new one-passenger submersible 1 • an underwater helicopter.

is designed for performing

2.This submersible is a spherical 2. to the depth of 3,300 feet.

transparentplastic apparatus

3. It looks like 3. this apparatus will move like a

sports car.

9*

4. It can move in water environment 4. its sensory manipulator with

miniature video cameras and microphones.

5.While exploring the ocean floor 5. accurate scientific explorations.

6.The apparatus is capable to descend 6. due to the use of rotor instead of

7. A special feature of this manned conventional propeller.

submersible is 7. mounted on a metal platform.

Exercise 3. Read and learn:

Hiking in the Mountains

Mike: My steps become lighter because I hear the music of

running water. Let's stand and look at the stream. Jane: Why only look? I'm thirsty(xo4y пить) and nothing

tastes so good as cool mountain water.
M.: But passing the same water through the pores of the

skin does the body fifteen times as much good as it does

when you drink it. Put your hands and arms into the

deepest place and place and you'll feel so wonderful.
J.: I can't stop drinking. Look at the clear, smooth surface

of the stream. Water is beautiful.
M.: And perhaps,the most beautiful thing about it is its use.

It helps all living things in one way or another.
J.: I know that my own body is eighty-five per cent water.

M.: Yes, and this water keeps you going in spite of the

weather.
J.: How does it do this?

M.: By circulation it keeps your body at the same

temperature all the time.
J.: I've read that water has the most interesting properties

of all liquids. It is the slowest to cool and the slowest

to heat.
M.: In winter the water in your body keeps you warm by

circulating evenly to all parts.In the heat of summer it

passes off through the million of pores of your skin.

This keeps you cool and takes away toxic material at

the same time.
J.: I think the great supply of water in the body is one of

the nature's great provisions.
M.: Sure, especially taking into consideration (принимать во

внимание) that the human being can live only within

the narrow range (диапазон)in body temperature of a

very few degrees Fahrenheit. Have you had enough

water?

J.: Yes, I have. Usually I drink at least six glassfuls of

water daily.

Exercise 4. Speak about:

1. An advanced manned submersible.

2. Practical applications of manned submersibles.

Use exercises 1,2 and the following words and word combinations for your topic: to realize a dream, underwater exploration, to penetrate, a submersible vehicle, to descend to a depth up to, to perform tasks, collecting samples of minerals and marine life, to work for nine hours, to join efforts.

Exirsice 5. Comment on the following statement:

Scientists cannot afford (позволить себе) to be interested in things not connected with their subject.

One point of view: There is no alternative to пападу(узкий) specialization, everybody has a limited amount of time, it is unrealistic to expect a scientist to be interested in other fields than his own, a person who is interested in many things is sure to become a dilettante.

A contrary point of view: It is impossible to understand a particular science in complete isolation, the scientist should not be treated as a machine for solving specialized problems, a narrow specialist may tend to become a narrow -minded person, really great scientists have always had wide interests.