Будьте осторожны с гендерными ожиданиями

 

Вне зависимости от того, какого пола ваши дети, не навязывайте им занятий и интересов, ассоциируемых в обществе с определенной гендерной ролью. В противном случае они могут прийти к выводу, что не соответствуют общепринятому гендерному идеалу. Впрочем, равным образом следует избегать и гиперкомпенсации: женщина-инженер в преимущественно мужской сфере деятельности неизбежно ощутит на себе особое давление как представительница своего пола. Секрет здесь, как и везде, в том, чтобы найти золотую середину.

 

Глава 8

Заключение

 

Синдром самозванца – деструктивное состояние, но есть и хорошие новости. Его негативное воздействие можно не только побороть, но и фактически обратить в свою пользу.

Первый шаг к победе над любой психологической проблемой – осознать, что таковая существует. Чтобы вы разобрались, есть ли синдром самозванца у вас или у кого-то из ваших знакомых, мы подробно рассмотрели причины, предпосылки и условия для его развития. В конце 3-й, 4-й, 5-й, 6-й и 7-й глав приведены полезные советы и рекомендации, которые помогут совладать с ключевыми проявлениями синдрома и повысить уверенность в себе (некоторые из них ориентированы на определенные группы людей, некоторые подойдут всем).

Предложенные стратегии, а также понимание основных причин возникновения синдрома самозванца позволят снизить его пагубное влияние на вашу карьеру и личную жизнь. Тем не менее цель состоит не в том, чтобы полностью искоренить сомнения в себе, а в том, чтобы свести их к минимуму. Поскольку синдромом самозванца страдают только успешные люди, высока вероятность, что, если он есть у вас, значит, вы отлично знаете свое дело.

Кроме того, не забывайте: вы не одиноки. Синдром самозванца очень распространен – по статистике около 70 % людей хоть раз в жизни ощущали себя обманщиками – и это давно стал нормой. В любом коллективе, скорее всего, найдется сразу несколько «самозванцев». Пожалуйста, вспоминайте об этом, когда вам вдруг понадобится поддержка или вы почувствуете себя в изоляции.

Иногда неуверенность в себе может обернуться во благо. Так, в некоторых случаях она существенно повышает шансы на успех: сомнения заставят вас стараться изо всех сил. Многим людям, не страдающим синдромом самозванца, свойственна неоправданная уверенность в себе, что в итоге приводит к ухудшению качества их работы. Например, одно из исследований показало, что более умные дети склонны недооценивать свои школьные достижения и рейтинг в классе, а менее способные – переоценивать их[148].

В случае, когда неуверенность все-таки вышла из-под контроля, используйте ее, чтобы узнать что-то новое – о себе или о стоящей перед вами задаче. Можно утверждать, что легкая форма синдрома самозванца – положительное явление, побуждающее человека усердно работать и достигать максимально высоких результатов. Не пытайтесь устранить синдром полностью – старайтесь найти «золотую середину». Осознав и тщательно проанализировав сомнения в себе, вы повысите самооценку и в конце концов достигнете здорового баланса в восприятии собственных возможностей. И моя книга призвана в этом вам помочь.

 

Об авторе

 

Доктор Сэнди Манн – дипломированный ученый-психолог и старший преподаватель университета Центрального Ланкашира. Преподает общую психологию и прикладную клиническую психологию. Ее частная клиника специализируется на лечении тревожных и депрессивных состояний, таких как фобии, панические атаки, обсессивно-компульсивное расстройство, посттравматические стрессовые расстройства, расстройства сна.

Доктор Манн – сертифицированный специалист по когнитивно-поведенческой терапии и ДПДГ (десенсибилизация и переработка движением глаз), автор более 20 книг по психологии и саморазвитию. Читает лекции по всему миру, выступает на радио (в том числе BBC), активно сотрудничает с интернет-изданием Huffington Post.

[1]  Sakulku, J. (2011). The Impostor Phenomenon (PDF). International Journal of Behavioral Science, 6 (1), 73–92.

 

[2]  Clance, P., & Imes, S. (Fall 1978). The imposter phenomenon in high achieving women: dynamics and therapeutic intervention (PDF). Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 15 (3): 241–247.

 

[3]  Anderson, L.V. (2016). Feeling Like An Impostor Is Not A Syndrome. Https://slate.com/business/2016/04/is-impostor-syndrome-real-and-does-it-affect-women-more-than-men.html.

 

[4] Янг В. Тайные мысли успешных женщин. Companion Group, 2014.

 

[5]  McMillan, B. (2016). Think like an imposter and you’ll go far in education. Times Higher Education, https://www.timeshighereducation.com/blog/think-impostor-and-youll-go-far-academia.

 

[6]  Thompson, J.D. (2016). I’m not worthy: imposter syndrome in academia. The Research Whisperer, https://theresearchwhisperer.wordpress.com/2016/02/02/imposter-syndrome/.

 

[7]  Richards, C. (October 26, 2015). Learning to Deal With the Impostor Syndrome. The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/26/your-money/learning-to-deal-with-the-impostor-syndrome.html.

 

[8] NPR (2016). Tom Hanks Says Self-Doubt Is ‘A High-Wire Act That We All Walk’, https://www.npr.org/2016/04/26/475573489/tom-hanks-says-self-doubt-is-a-high-wire-act-that-we-all-walk.

 

[9]  Aronofsky, D. (2017). Michelle Pfeiffer. Interview Magazine, https://www. interviewmagazine.com/film/michelle-pfeiffer.

 

[10]  Shorten, K. (2013). High-achievers suffering from ‘Imposter Syndrome. Http://www.news.com.au/finance/highachievers-suffering-from-imposter-syndrome/news-story/9e2708a0d0b7590994be28bb6f47b9bc.

 

[11] Там же.

 

[12] Там же.

 

[13] Там же.

 

[14] Там же.

 

[15]  Shorten, K. (2013). High-achievers suffering from ‘Imposter Syndrome. Http://www.news.com.au/finance/highachievers-suffering-from-imposter-syndrome/news-story/9e2708a0d0b7590994be28bb6f47b9bc.

 

[16] Там же.

 

[17] Там же.

 

[18] Там же.

 

[19]  Francis, A. (2013). Emma Watson: I suffered from ‘imposter syndrome’ after Harry Potter – I felt like a fraud. Celebs Now, http://www.celebsnow.co.uk/celebrity-news/emma-watson-i-suffered-from-imposter-syndrome-after-harry-potter-i-felt-like-a-fraud-90219.

 

[20] Clance (n 1).

 

[21]  Jarrett, C. (2010). Feeling like a fraud. The Psychologist, https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-23/edition-5/feeling-fraud.

 

[22]  J.N. Egwurugwu, P.C. Ugwuezumba, M.C. Ohamaeme, E.I. Dike, I. Eberendu, E.N.A. Egwurugwu, R.C. Ohamaeme, Egwurugwu U.F. (2018). Relationship between Self-Esteem and Impostor Syndrome among Undergraduate Medical Students in a Nigerian University. International Journal of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, с. 2163–1840 7(1): 9–16.

 

[23]  Jarrett, C. (2010). Feeling like a fraud. The Psychologist, https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-23/edition-5/feeling-fraud.

 

[24] Там же.

 

[25]  Curtis, S. (2014). Social media users feel ‘ugly, inadequate and jealous’. The Telegraph, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/social-media/10990297/Social-media-users-feel-ugly-inadequate-and-jealous.html.

 

[26] Social media use and self-esteem. New York Behavioural Health, http://newyorkbehavioralhealth.com/social-media-use-and-self-esteem.

 

[27]  Curtis (n 4).

 

[28]  Silva, C. (2017). Social Media’s impact on self-esteem. Huffington Post, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/social-medias-impact-on-self-esteem_us_58ade038e4b0d818c4f0a4e4.

 

[29]  Hunt, E. (2015). Essena O’Neill quits Instagram claiming social media ‘is not real life’. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/nov/03/instagram-star-essena-oneill-quits-2d-life-to-reveal-true-story-behind-images.

 

[30] (n 5).

 

[31]  Jan, Muqaddas & Anwar Soomro, Sanobia & Ahmad, Nawaz (2017). Impact of social media on self-esteem. European Scientific Journal 13, 329–341, 10.

 

[32]  Hymas, C. (2018). A decade of smartphones: We now spend an entire day every week online. The Telegraph, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/01/decade-smartphones-now-spend-entire-day-every-week-online/.

 

[33] Валидация – факт подтверждения соответствия ожиданиям. (Прим. ред.)

 

[34] (n 5).

 

[35]  Carter, C.M. (2016). Why so many Millennials experience Imposter Syndrome. Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinecarter/2016/11/01/why-so-many-millennials-experience-imposter-syndrome/#782a89d46aeb.

 

[36]  Hosie, R. (2017). Millenials struggle to cope at work. The Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/millennials-struggling-work-careers-because-their-parents-gave-them-medals-for-coming-last-simon-a7537121.html.

 

[37]  Weir, K. (2013) Feel like a fraud? American Psychological Association, http://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2013/11/fraud.aspx.

 

[38]  Stein, J. (2013) Millenials: the me me me generation Time Magazine, http://time.com/247/millennials-the-me-me-me-generation/.

 

[39]  Clance, P. & Imes, S. (Fall 1978). The imposter phenomenon in high achieving women: dynamics and therapeutic intervention (PDF). Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 15 (3): 241–247.

 

[40] Price, M. (2013). Imposters downshift career goals. Science, http://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2013/09/impostors-downshift-career-goals.

 

[41]  Pratini, N. (2018). The truth about imposter syndrome amongst tech workers. Hired, https://hired.com/blog/candidates/truth-imposter-syndrome-tech-workers/.

 

[42]  Anderson, L.V. (2016). Feeling Like An Impostor Is Not A Syndrome. Http://www.slate.com/articles/business/the_ladder/2016/04/is_impostor_syndrome_real_and_does_it_affect_women_more_than_men.html.

 

[43]  Vale, J. (2017) Gender pay gap. The Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/women-jobs-careers-12-per-cent-jobs-paying-150000-per-year-income-gender-pay-gap-equality-a7537306.html.

 

[44]  Сэндберг, Ш. Не бойся действовать: женщина, работа и воля к лидерству. М.: Альпина-Паблишер, 2014.

 

[45]  Harbach, J. (2017). Eliminate the fear of imposter syndrome. Entrepreneur, https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/303423.

 

[46]  Tyler, R. (2010). Do women fear rejection more than men? The Telegraph, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/businessclub/8010710/Do-women-fear-rejection-more-than-men.

 

[47]  Hobbs, R. (2018). Supporting women past imposter syndrome and into leadership. HRZone, https://www.hrzone.com/engage/

 

[48]  Kanazowa, S. (2014). Why do so many women experience the Imposter syndrome? Psychology Today, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-scientific-fundamentalist/200912/why-do-so-many-women-experience-the-imposter-syndrome.

 

[49]  Kanazowa, S. (2014). Why do so many women experience the Imposter syndrome? Psychology Today, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-scientific-fundamentalist/200912/why-do-so-many-women-experience-the-imposter-syndrome.

 

[50]  Clance, P. & Imes, S. (Fall 1978). The imposter phenomenon in high achieving women: dynamics and therapeutic intervention (PDF). Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 15 (3): 241–247.

 

[51] Tyler (n 8).

 

[52]  Jepson, S. (2018). Are we women the imposters many of us think we are? Entrepreneur, https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/309446.

 

[53]  Янг, В. Тайные мысли успешных женщин. Киев, Companion Group, 2014; Goudreau, J. (2011). Women who feel like frauds Forbes Magazine, https://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2011/10/19/women-feel-like-frauds-failures-tina-fey-sheryl-sandberg/?sh=1755157f30fb

 

[54]  Kay, K. & Shipman, C. (2014). The confidence gap. The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/05/the-confidence-gap/359815/.

 

[55] Там же.

 

[56]  Kay, K. & Shipman, C. (2014). The confidence gap. The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/05/the-confidence-gap/359815/.

 

[57]  Warrell, M. (2016). For women to rise we must close the confidence gap. Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/margiewarrell/2016/01/20/gender-confidence-gap/#c43200e1efa4.

 

[58]  Barkhorn, E. (2013). Are successful women really less likeable than successful men? The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/03/are-successful-women-really-less-likable-than-successful-men/273926/

 

[59]  Elsesser, K.M. & Lever, J. (2011). Does gender bias against female leaders persist? Quantitative and qualitative data from a large-scale survey. Human Relations, 64 (12) 1555–1578.

 

[60]  Elsesser, K.M. & Lever, J. (2011). Does gender bias against female leaders persist? Quantitative and qualitative data from a large-scale survey. Human Relations, 64 (12) 1555–1578.

 

[61] The confidence gap: why do so many of us feel like imposters at work? Prowess, 2016 http://www.prowess.org.uk/the-confidence-gap-do-women-in-the-workplace-feel-like-imposters

 

[62] Kay (n 16).

 

[63]  Tejada, C. (2017). Women have less confidence than men when applying for jobs. Huffington Post, https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/02/10/women-confidence-jobs_n_14675400.html.

 

[64]  Chignell, B. (2018). 10 essential remote working statistics CIPHR, https://www.ciphr.com/advice/10-remote-working-stats-every-business-leader-know/.

 

[65]  Chokshi, N. (2018). Out of the office. The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/us/remote-workers-work-from-home.html.

 

[66] Remote companies have more women leaders. Remote.co, https://remote.co/remote-companies-have-more-women-leaders-these-are-hiring/.

 

[67] Price (n 2).

 

[68]  Anderson, L.V. (2016). Feeling Like An Impostor Is Not A Syndrome. Http://www.slate.com/articles/business/the_ladder/2016/04/is_impostor_syndrome_real_and_does_it_affect_women_more_than_men.html.

 

[69]  Lebowitz, S. (2016). Men are suffering from a psychological phenomenon, but they’re too ashamed to talk about it. Business Insider, http://uk.businessinsider.com/men-suffer-from-impostor-syndrome-2016-1.

 

[70] Anderson (n 1).

 

[71] Genders deal with academic delusions differently. Times Higher, https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/genders-deal-academic-delusions-differently.

 

[72] Lebowitz (n 2).

 

[73] The confidence gap: why do so many of us feel like imposters at work? Prowess 2016, http://www.prowess.org.uk/the-confidence-gap-do-women-in-the-workplace-feel-like-imposters.

 

[74] (2018) Men and status: an introduction. Art of Manliness, https://www.artofmanliness.com/articles/men-and-status-an-introduction/.

 

[75]  von Rueden, C., Gurven, M., Kaplan, H. (2008). The multiple dimensions of male social status in an Amazonian society. Evol Hum Behav., 29 (6): 402–415.

 

[76] Unexpected social pressures in males. University of Pittsburgh, http://www.wstudies.pitt.edu/blogs/msf31/unexpected-social-pressures-males.

 

[77]  Young, S. (2017). Man up: are masculine stereotypes making men fear ageing? The Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/men-male-ageing-masculine-stereotypes-fear-toxic-masculinity-a7602256.html

 

[78]  Doward, J. (2016). Men much less likely to seek mental health help than women. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/nov/05/men-less-likely-to-get-help-mental-health.

 

[79]  Gladwell, H. (2018). 20 men reveal the one thing they wished they knew about other men’s mental health. The Metro, https://metro.co.uk/2018/03/01/20-men-reveal-the-one-thing-they-wish-others-knew-about-mens-mental-health-7351683/

 

[80] Doward (n 11).

 

[81]  Femiano, S. & Nickerson, M. (1989). How do media images of men affect our lives? C enter for Media Literacy, http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/how-do-media-images-men-affect-our-lives.

 

[82] Men’s mental health and attitudes towards seeking help. National elf service, https://www.nationalelfservice.net/mental-health/mens-mental-health-and-attitudes-to-seeking-help-an-online-survey/

 

[83]  Wells, J. (2015). Is Man-Up the most destructive phrase in modern culture? The Telegraph, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/11724215/Is-man-up-the-most-destructive-phrase-in-modern-culture.html.

 

[84]  Murphy, D. & Busuttil, W. (2015). PTSD, stigma and barriers to help-seeking within the UK Armed Forces. J R Army Med Corps, 161 (4): 322–6.

 

[85] Там же.

 

[86] 12 signs that you might have homosexual OCD. Https://www.intrusivethoughts.org/blog/12-signs-might-homosexual-ocd/

 

[87]  Kinsey, A. Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behaviour in the Human Female (1953). Saunders.

 

[88]  Ijaz, R. (2016). 5 reasons your employees shouldn’t fear making mistakes. Entrepreneur, https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/280656.

 

[89]  Farson, R. & Keyes, R. (2002). The Failure-tolerant Leader. Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2002/08/the-failure-tolerant-leader.

 

[90]  Saunders Medlock, L. (2014). Don’t fear failure. Huffington Post, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisabeth-saunders-medlock-phd/dont-fear-failure-9-powerful-lessons-we-can-learn-from-our-mistakes_b_6058380.html.

 

[91]  Гилберт, Д. Спотыкаясь о счастье. М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2017.

 

[92]  Diener, E., Lucas, R.E., & Scollon, C. N. (2006). Beyond the Hedonic Treadmill: Revisions to the adaptation theory of well-being. American Psychologist, 61, 305–314.

 

[93]  Solomon, K. (2017). Here’s why imposter syndrome can be a good thing. Prevention, https://www.prevention.com/life/a20487332/imposter-syndrome-benefits/

 

[94]  Mann, S. (2018). 10 Minutes to Happiness, London: Little, Brown.

 

[95]  Mann, S. (2015). Paying it Forward: How one cup of coffee could change the world. London: HarperTrue Life.

 

[96]  Hartwell-Walker, M. How many friends do you need? Psych Central, https://psychcentral.com/lib/how-many-friends-do-you-need/.

 

[97] Аффилиация – стремление быть в обществе других людей, создавать эмоционально значимые отношения. (Прим. ред.)

 

[98]  Coleman, N. You’ve got everything so why are you depressed? The Daily Mail, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-30500/Youve-got-depressed.html

 

[99]  Walton, A. (2015). Why the super-successful get depressed. Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/alicegwalton/2015/01/26/why-the-super-successful-get-depressed/#5974f9c23850.

 

[100]  Aggarwal, Y. The importance of meaning in life. All about psychology, https://www.all-about-psychology.com/the-importance-of-meaning-in-life.html.

 

[101]  Frankl, V. (1978). The unheard cry for meaning. New York: Simon & Schuster.

 

[102]  Carter, C. (2016). Why so many Millennials experience imposter syndrome. Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinecarter/2016/11/01/why-so-many-millennials-experience-imposter-syndrome/2/#38fe0edc31ea.

 

[103] SWNS (2017) Myth of the perfect parent is driving Americans nuts. New York Post, https://nypost.com/2017/09/08/myth-of-the-perfect-parent-is-driving-americans-nuts/.

 

[104]  Schoppe-Sullivan, S. (2016). Worrying about being a perfect mother makes it harder to be a good parent. The Conversation, http://theconversation.com/worrying-about-being-a-perfect-mother-makes-it-harder-to-be-a-good-parent-58690.

 

[105]  Mowat, L. (2018). ‘That’s NOT inspiring!’ Radio host slams Kate’s immaculate look 7 HOURS after giving birth. Daily Express, https://www.express.co.uk/news/royal/951215/kate-middleton-royal-baby-photos-meshel-laurie-kensington-palace-twitter.

 

[106]  Lally, M. (2017). There’s no such thing as he perfect mother – let’s drop the guilt. The Telegraph, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/family/no-thing-perfect-mother-drop-guilt/.

 

[107]  Willis, O. (2016). Feeling like a fake – dealing with parent imposter syndrome. The Independent, https://www.independent.ie/life/family/mothers-babies/feeling-like-a-fake-dealing-with-parent-impostor-syndrome-34394121.html.

 

[108]  Steinmetz, K. (2015). Help! My parents are Millennials. Time Magazine, http://wp.lps.org/tnettle/files/2015/03/Help-My-Parents-are-Millennials.pdf.

 

[109] Willis (n 6).

 

[110] Steinmetz (n 7).

 

[111]  Steinmetz, K. (2015). Help! My parents are Millennials. Time Magazine, http://wp.lps.org/tnettle/files/2015/03/Help-My-Parents-are-Millennials.pdf.

 

[112]  Degwitz, M. (2017). How to resist the lure of competitive parenting. Aleteia, https://aleteia.org/2017/11/09/how-to-resist-the-lure-of-competitive-parenting/

 

[113] Schoppe-Sullivan (n 3).

 

[114]  Bingham, J. (2013). Average age of women giving birth is now nearly 30. The Telegraph, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/mother-tongue/10380260/Average-age-of-women-giving-birth-now-nearly-30.html.

 

[115]  Harris, J. Parenting styles have changed but children have not. Edge, https://www.edge.org/response-detail/11859.

 

[116] https://www.thecut.com/2016/06/is-it-really-possible-for-parents-to-be-friends-with-their-kids.html.

 

[117] Steinmetz (n 7).

 

[118] SWNS (n 2).

 

[119] Willis (n 6).

 

[120]  McCombs, E. (2017). I think I have imposter syndrome but for parents. Huffington Post, https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/i-think-i-have-imposter-syndrome-but-for-parents_us_58dbcadbe4b0cb23e65d4f38?guccounter=1.

 

[121] Там же.

 

[122] Willis (n 6).

 

[123] Parenting shifts in the last century. A mother far from home blog, https://amotherfarfromhome.com/howhasparentingchangedinthelastcentury/.

 

[124]  Edgar, J. (2014). Give your child time to be bored, pushy parents are urged. The Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/10556523/Give-your-child-time-to-be-bored-pushy-parents-are-urged.html.

 

[125]  Чуа, Э. Боевой гимн матери-тигрицы. – М.: Сorpus (ACT), 2013.

 

[126] Schoppe-Sullivan (n 3).

 

[127]  Bulman, M. (2016). Huge increase in the number of primary school children not potty trained. The Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/children-potty-trained-nappies-toilet-huge-primary-school-parents-a7224976.html.

 

[128]  Weale, S. (2017). More primary school children suffering from stress from SATS survey finds. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/may/01/sats-primary-school-children-suffering-stress-exam-time.

 

[129]  Busby, E. (2018). Parents told that sick children must sit all SATS exams as calls for boycott grow. The Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/sats-primary-school-exams-parents-ill-boycott-children-mental-health-a8333296.html.

 

[130]  Heywood, J. (2017). Pressure on children to get into top schools has reached crisis point. The Telegraph, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationopinion/11684535/Pressure-on-children-to-get-into-top-schools-has-reached-a-crisis-point.html.

 

[131]  Lambert, V. (2014). The truth behind the death of Little Miss Perfect. The Telegraph, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-health/11016817/The-truth-behind-the-death-of-Little-Miss-Perfect.html.

 

[132]  Simmons, R. Perfectionism in teens is rampant – and we are not helping. Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/parenting/wp/2018/01/25/lets-stop-telling-stressed-out-kids-theyre-putting-too-much-pressure-on-themselves-its-making-things-worse/?utm_term=.f11aab5f1a98.

 

[133] Там же.

 

[134]  Lambert, V. (2014). The truth behind the death of Little Miss Perfect. The Telegraph, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-health/11016817/The-truth-behind-the-death-of-Little-Miss-Perfect.html.

 

[135]  Simmons, R. Perfectionism in teens is rampant – and we are not helping. Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/parenting/wp/2018/01/25/lets-stop-telling-stressed-out-kids-theyre-putting-too-much-pressure-on-themselves-its-making-things-worse/?utm_term=.f11aab5f1a98.

 

[136] Weale (n 1).

 

[137] Heywood (n 3).

 

[138] Simmons (n 6).

 

[139] Самоповреждающее поведение – нанесение себе повреждений с целью справиться с тяжелыми эмоциональными переживаниями.

 

[140]  Edwards, J. (2013). Users on this website have successfully driven nine teenagers to kill themselves. Business Insider, https://www.businessinsider.com/askfm-and-teen-suicides-2013-9?IR=T.

 

[141]  Jacobson, R. Social media and self doubt. Child Mind Institute, https://childmind.org/article/social-media-and-self-doubt/.

 

[142] Там же.

 

[143]  Kodan, A. (2017). Many UMD students feel like frauds. Blame imposter syndrome. The Diamondback, http://www.dbknews.com/2017/11/08/impostor-syndrome-college-students-umd-minorities-race-fraud-self-image/.

 

[144]  Linton, J. (2018). Imposter Syndrome real amongst University students. The Daily illini, https://dailyillini.com/opinions/2018/02/21/imposter-syndrome-real-among-university-students/.

 

[145]  Gargaro, P. (2016). Imposter syndrome? Here’s why it doesn’t matter. The Cambridge Tab, https://thetab.com/uk/cambridge/2016/10/30/imposter-syndrome-doesnt-matter-83202.

 

[146]  Yun, J. (2018). Imposter Syndrome. Harvard university website, https://gsas.harvard.edu/news/stories/imposter-syndrome.

 

[147]  Кабейн, О. Харизма: Как влиять, убеждать и вдохновлять. – М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2013. – Гл. 3; Chen, O. (2017). How to reap the benefits of imposter syndrome. Be Yourself, https://byrslf.co/how-to-reap-the-benefits-of-impostors-syndrome-eb5e0080e626.

 

[148]  Chen, O. (2017). How to reap the benefits of imposter syndrome. Be Yourself, https://byrslf.co/how-to-reap-the-benefits-of-impostors-syndrome-eb5e0080e626