Study the following grammar rule

GERUND VS. INFINITIVE

Gerund	Infinitive
Використовується для описання дії, яка передувала тій, що виражена першим дієсловом або відбувалась в один і той же час. He reminded his visiting London that month. We enjoy going to the cinema together.	Використовується для описання дії, яка слідує за дією, що виражена першим дієсловом. We decided to go to the cinema. I want them to go out of here immediately!
Деякі дієслова можна використовувати як з інфінитивом, так і з герундієм, але їх значення змінюється.
r emember remember going smth – я щось зробив, і я про це пам’ятаю I clearly remember reading this article though I don’ t know its title.	remember to do smth – я пом’ятаю, що повинен щось зробити Remember to post the letter when you’ll be passing the post office.
go on go on doing smth – продовжувати виконувати одну й ту ж справу The lecturer went on talking for two hour non-stop.	go on to do smth – робити щось нове   After checking essays the teacher went on to prepare for the next double-period.
need need doing smth – щось потрібно зробити The batteries in the radio need changing.	need to do smth – комусь потрібно щось зробити You don’t need to come to the meeting.
try try to do smth – намагатися щось зробити Try to keep quiet when you come home very late.	Try going smth – робити спробу   If that device doesn’t work, try pressing the red button.
Існують дієслова, після яких можна використовувати інфінітив і герундій без зміни значення: begin, start, continue, intend, like, love, hate, can ’ t stand, can ’ t bear.

 

Exercise 15. Open the brackets putting the verb either in the Gerund or in the Infinitive.

1. You must remember (call) at the baker’s on your way home because we need (buy) some bread and biscuits. 2. Could you stop (talk) for a moment? I need (concentrate) on this letter. 3. I hope you haven’t forgotten (telephone) the garage because the car badly needs (service). 4. We could try (make) a dash for the car if it would only stop (rain) for a moment. 5. I’m sure you won’t regret (buy) the car, even though it needs (paint) and (oil). 6. I regret (say) that he’s clean forgotten ever (promise) me a job. 7. I don’t remember (take) my wallet out of my bag, but I must have done it when I stopped (buy) a paper. 8. As I told you, he’s rather deaf, so don’t forget (try) (shout) if he doesn’t answer the door at first. 9. I’ve considered (ask) him (raise) my salary but I don’t think he can afford (do) it. 10. If the machine happens (stop) (work), just telephone and arrange for the service engineer (call). 11. I can't help (think) that we shouldn’t have agreed (lend) him our car. 12. If you've finished (use) the typewriter, I’d like (borrow) it for a while, so that I can get used to (type) on that machine.

 

Exercise 16. Tanslate the following sentences into English.

1. Він забув, що телефонував у майстерню, і зателефонував туди вдруге. 2. Я пам’ятаю, що коли ми навчалися у школі, ми мріяли про студентське життя. 3. Я завжди пам’ятаю, що потрібно зателефонувати професору, перед тим як прийти до нього. 4. Зараз багато людей воліють читати електронні книжки, ніж паперові. А мені подобається перегортати справжні сторінки. 5. У лабораторії не можна палити. Ви можете палити тільки в спеціально обладнаних для цього зонах. 6. Я ніколи не забуду, як я вступав до університету. Це був один з найтяжчих років мого життя. 7. Годі звинувачувати мене. Ми ж зупинили роботу, щоб розібратися, де ми зробили помилку. 8. Із сумом повідомляємо вас, що отримання гранта відкладається ще на один рік. 9. Якщо ви бажаєте вдосконалити ваші знання з англійської мови, ви можете спробувати дивитися фільми без перекладу. 10. Коли я був студентом, мені довелось звикати до того, що потрібно багато читати.

 

TEXT 2

Copper and Technology

Read the following text and match titles (A ‑ F) with passages (1 ‑ 5). Mind that there will be two left unused.

(1) The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60 %), roofing and plumbing (20 %) and industrial machinery (15 %). Copper is mostly used as a metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5 % of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper supply is used in production of compounds for nutritional supplements and fungicides in agriculture. Machining of copper is possible, although it is usually necessary to use an alloy for intricate parts to get good machinability characteristics.

(2) The electrical properties of copper are exploited in copper wires and devices such as electromagnets. Integrated circuits and printed circuit boards increasingly feature copper in place of aluminium because of its superior electrical conductivity; heat sinks and heat exchangers use copper as a result of its superior heat dissipation capacity to aluminium. Vacuum tubes, cathode ray tubes, and the magnetrons in microwave ovens use copper, as do wave guides for microwave radiation.

(3) Copper’s greater conductivity versus other metallic materials enhances the electrical energy efficiency of motors. This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43 %‑46 % of all global electricity consumption and 69 % of all electricity used by industry. Increasing the mass and cross section of copper in a coil increases the electrical energy efficiency of the motor. Copper motor rotors, a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives, are enabling general-purpose induction motors to meet and exceed National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) premium efficiency standards.

(4) Because of the waterproof nature of copper, it has been used as the roofing material of many buildings since ancient times. The green color on these buildings is due to a long-term chemical reaction: copper is first oxidized to copper (II) oxide, then to cuprous and cupric sulfide and finally to copper (II) carbonate, also called verdigris, which is highly corrosion-resistant. The copper used in this application is phosphorus deoxidized copper (Cu-DHP). Lightning rods use copper as a means to divert electric current throughout the ground instead of destroyingthe main structure. Copper has excellent brazing and soldering properties and can be welded; the best results are obtained with gas metal arc welding.

 

A. Architecture and industry

B. Electronics and related devices

C. Copper alloys usage

D. Electric motors

E. Copper compounds

F. Сopper application