Exercise 2. Rephrase the sentences using Active Voice.

1. The instructions have been changed. 2. She will have to be taught. 3. This car was manufactured in Japan by Toyota. 4. Why aren't the exercises finished on time? 5. Last year 2,000 new units had been produced by the time we introduced the new design. 6. Casual clothes must not be worn. 7. The test will be given at five o'clock this afternoon. 8. Students are required to wear uniforms at all times.
9. All work will have been completed by five o'clock this evening. 10. We were told to wait here. 11. Lunch was being served when we arrived. 12. Lectures are recorded and posted on the Internet. 13. Results will be published in the next issue of the journal. 14. The book is being read by most of the class. 15. Some mistakes were made in this exercise by the student. 16. Traces of ice have been discovered on the surface of the Mars. 17. The dinner was eaten by him. 18. This paining is very valuable. It was painted by Van Gogh.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Йому не дозволять керувати автомобілем, доки йому не виповниться 18. 2. Коли вона мила вікно, то вона побачила, що скло розбито. 3. Коли мама прийде додому, всі кімнати буде прибрано. 4. В енциклопедії можна знайти багато цінної інформації. 5. Це місце відвідує багато людей. 6. Мені розповіли цю історію вчора. 7. Мені сказали провести цей експеримент до кінця тижня. 8. Все вже було готово. 9. Тебе шукають. Йди додому. 10. Чому з нього завжди сміються? 11. Нам усім дали квитки на виставку. 12. Лекції цього відомого професора завжди слухають дуже уважно. 13. Мене чекають? 14. Їм поставили три важких запитання, але вони зуміли правильно відповісти на них. 15. Усіх запросили до великої зали. 16. Ці листи переглянуті. Їх можна відправляти. 17. На станції їх зустрів гід і відвіз у готель. 18. Ці журнали повинні бути повернуті в бібліотеку наступного тижня. 19. На наших заняттях багато уваги приділяється вимові. 20. Іванову звеліли пояснити, чому він пропускає заняття.

Study the following words and word combinations

annihilate, v – знищити

associate, v – асоціювати, пов’язувати

attempt, n – спроба

bind (bound, bound), v – скріплювати, пов’язувати

briefly, adv – коротко

chromodynamics, n – хромодинаміка

cluster, v – групуватися

complicate, v – ускладнювати

decay, v – затухати

diffusely, adv – розкидано

gluon, n – глюон

immense, adj – величезний

insist on, v, prep – наполягати на

nevertheless, prep – проте

quark, n – кварк

throughout, prep – впродовж

tightly, adv – напружено, міцно

unstable, adj – нестійкий

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Just one of these bombs could annihilate a city the size of New York. 2. I don't associate him with physics at all. 3. All attempts to control inflation have failed. 4. The hydrogen molecule binds with the oxygen molecule. 5. Briefly, I think we should accept their offer. 6. Industries in Britain tend to be clustered together. 7. The situation is complicated by the fact that I've got to work late on Friday. 8. People who travel by rail still read an immense amount. 9. He insisted on checking everything himself. 10. Nevertheless, most of the universe we know is made of quarks. 11. Quarks are smaller than atoms. 12. An unstable chemical is likely to separate into simpler substances.

TEXT 1

Particles and Fields

The number of the particles of each type in the present universe is the result of a complicated history. Most of the particle types that were abundant in the early universe have long ago disappeared. We only observe them when they are produced briefly in laboratories, and then annihilate or decay. Because of this we are uncertain of how many particle types may exist.

In the present universe, quarks and electrons have properties that allow them to form the tightly bound clusters that we call nuclei and atoms. Photons and neutrinos cannot do this, and so exist much more diffusely throughout the universe.

Nevertheless, most of the universe we know is made of quarks and electrons, and the present picture we have of the world is largely an expression of the properties of these particles. Of the two, quarks have a greater tendency to cluster together. Indeed, this tendency is so pronounced that quarks are believed to be never found in isolation, but only in combinations containing either three quarks or one quark and one antiquark. These are the combinations that make up most of the subatomic particles that are observed, such as protons and neutrons, the particles found in the nuclei of atoms.

The reasons why quarks insist on clustering in this way are not completely understood. There is a general theory, known as quantum chromodynamics (QCD) that attempts to describe how quarks behave. QCD involves the interactions of fields associated with quarks and fields associated with another type of particle called gluons (so named because they bind the quarks together). Most physicists believe that when the predictions of this theory are better understood, we will know why quarks cluster as they do.

Ever since the first microsecond after the origin of the universe, quarks have been bound together, in groups of three, into neutrons or protons. All of the other combinations of quarks or the other quark types, which also can bind together, are unstable under present conditions. That is, if they are produced, they change spontaneously into less massive particles, and eventually into some combination of the stable ones. Even neutrons are unstable when they are found in isolation– as when they arc produced in nuclear reactors– and decay into protons in a few minutes. The reason that neutrons exist at all in the present universe is that when given the chance they bind together into more complex and lasting objects. Neutrons can bind with protons into atomic nuclei, and with one another in immense numbers into neutron stars.