Exercise 10. Give the English equivalents for the following word combinations.

Ті, що відомі під загальною назвою; дійсно ідентичні, а не просто схожі; енергія спокою; фазові перетворення; визначальні властивості; надзвичайні температури; припустимі зміни; деякі зміни у просторі; надзвичайні умови; надзвичайно короткий період; субатомний матеріал.

 

Exercise 11. Match the words in the left column with their synonyms in the right column.

1. abrupt	a. quick
2. immense	b. unlimited, immeasurable
3. rapid	c. very powerful
4. incredible	d. improbable, impossible to believe
5. drastic	e. sudden and surprising
6. to prevail	f. to understand (see or notice)
7. to presume	g. to be most common or general
8. to perceive	h. to suppose to be true without proof

 

Exercise 12. Fill in the gaps with the missing information.

1. The world is made up of 10⁸⁹ …. 2. These subatomic particles have characteristic properties of …, … and …. 3. These particles can be converted into one another while …. 4. Dozens of other types of particles can be produced only …. 5. Scientists believe that other types of particles existed …. 6. Under ordinary conditions subatomic particles are considered to be …. 7. Under immense temperatures and densities of the Big Bang they might have undergone …. 8. The Big Bang process might have lasted only ….

 

Exercise 13. Answer the following questions.

1. What do modern scientists know for certain about matter? 2. What do scientists assume when mentioning other types of subatomic particles? 3. Why do scientists insist on the identity of the particles? 4. What should happen if the particles were not identical? 5. What phenomenon do the scientists call the “phase change”? 6. What examples of phase changes could you give? 7. Could subatomic particles experience the phase change? 8. Under what conditions could they have experienced the phase change?

 

Exercise 14. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Ваша робота включає у себе ретельну перевірку всіх даних, що надходять.

2. Розширювати діапазон ваших вмінь – це завдання практичних занять.

3. Те, що Ви є рушійною силою цієї організації, навряд чи допоможе Вам у майбутньому.

4. Ніхто не може заперечити той факт, що світ не є незмінним.

5. Немає сенсу перелічувати всі позитивні характеристики цієї роботи.

6. Він був вимушений опрацювати більше 50 джерел, щоб дати досить достовірне пояснення своєї гіпотези.

7. Замість того, щоб переписувати чужі цитати, Ви самі спроможні створити самостійний твір.
         8. Для того щоб повторити його експеримент і отримати такі самі результати, ви повинні врахувати усі умови, що були задіяні.    

9. Професор був здивований тим, які зміни зробив його аспірант у статті.

10. За все своє життя він так і не зміг вибачити, що батьки не дозволяли йому займатися улюбленою справою, а створювали ілюзію того, що він є необхідним на їх підприємстві.

 

TEXT 2

 

The Big Bang Theory

Read the text and fill in gaps (1 ‑ 10) with the correct variant (A, B, C or D).

The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model of the early ___(1)___ of the universe. The major premise of the Big Bang theory is that the universe was once in an ___(2)___ hot and dense state that expanded rapidly (a "Big Bang"). This rapid expansion ___(3)___ the young universe to cool and resulted in its present continuously expanding state. According to recent measurements, scientific evidence, and observations, the original state happened around 13.7 billion years ago, which can be referred ___(4)___ as the time that the Big Bang occurred.

Georges Lemaître proposed what became known as the Big Bang theory of the ___(5)___ of the Universe; he called it his "hypothesis of the primeval atom". The framework for the model relies on Albert Einstein's general relativity and on simplifying assumptions (such as homogeneity and isotropy of space). The governing equations had been formulated ___(6)___ Alexander Friedmann. In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered that the distances to far away galaxies were generally proportional to their redshifts – an idea originally suggested by Lemaître in 1927. Hubble's observation was taken to indicate that all very distant galaxies and clusters have an apparent velocity directly away from our vantage point: the farther away, ___(7)___ the apparent velocity.

If the distance between galaxy clusters is increasing today, everything must have been closer together in the past. This idea has been considered in detail back in time to extreme densities and temperatures, and large particle accelerators have been built to experiment on and test such conditions, resulting in significant confirmation of this theory. On ___(8)___ hand, these accelerators have limited capabilities to probe into such high energy regimes. There is little evidence regarding the absolute earliest instant of the expansion. Thus, the Big Bang theory cannot and does not provide any explanation for such an initial condition; rather, it describes and explains the general evolution of the universe going forward from that point on. The observed abundances of the light elements throughout the cosmos closely match the calculated predictions for the formation of these elements from nuclear processes in the ___(9)___ expanding and cooling first minutes of the universe, as logically and quantitatively detailed according to Big Bang nucleosynthesis.

Fred Hoyle is credited with coining the term Big Bang during a 1949 radio broadcast. It is popularly reported that Hoyle, who favored an alternative "steady state" cosmological model, intended this to be pejorative, but Hoyle explicitly denied this and said it was just a striking image ___(10)__ to highlight the difference between the two models. After the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964, and especially when its spectrum (i.e., the amount of radiation measured at each wavelength) was found to match that of thermal radiation from a black body, most scientists were fairly convinced by the evidence that some version of the Big Bang scenario must have occurred.

1.	a. construction	b. development	c. origin	d. working out
2.	a. extremely	b. very	c. fairly	d. rather
3.	a. has caused	b. had caused	c. was caused	d. caused
4.	a. to	b. with	c. in	d. by
5.	a. construction	b. development	c. working out	d. origin
6.	a. with	b. by means	c. by	d. on
7.	a. the highest	b. highest	c. higher	d. the higher
8.	a. other	b. the other	c. another	d. the another
9.	a. rapid	b. rapidly	c. fastly	d. quick
10.	a. mean	b. means	c. meant	d. meaned