Exercise 11. Find the equivalents for the following word combinations in the text.

Молекулярний генератор; пристрої, які ми знаємо як …; майже видиме випромінювання; значуща стадія; процедура модельованого випромінювання; перший діючий мазер; вплив ширини спектральної лінії і величини порожнини; створення та управління пристроєм; комплектуючі приймачів радару; інфрачервона область; радіолокаціонні системи бомбардування.

Exercise 12. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the common characteristic of masers and lasers?

2. Who was the first to recognize the existence of stimulated emission? When did it take place?

3. When did the maser period begin?

4. What did Basov and Prokhorov work out?

5. Who was the first to announce the construction and operation of a maser?

6. What does the word “maser” stand for?

7. Where were masers mainly applied?

 

Exercise 13. Decide if the following statements are true, false or not stated in the text.

1. Maser and laser are completely different devices.

2. Optical masers operate with nearly visible radiation.

3. Albert Einstein was the first who discovered simulated emission.

4. The first operating device was demonstrated by Basov and Prokhorov.

5. The first maser was constructed in 1954 using ammonia molecules beam.

6. Basov’s, Prokhorov’s and Townes’s works laid the foundation to the quantum electronics.

7. Most operating masers were of a ruby type.

8. Townes got the Noble Prize for the construction of oscillator and amplifier based on maser.

9. Maser were used as a component of a radar receiver.

10.  Maser period started in 1954 and continues until now.

 

Exercise 14. Fill in the gaps with the correct word or word combination.

1. It was … who first recognized the existence of stimulated emission.

a) Charles Townes

b) Albert Einstein

c) Basov and Prokhorov

2. Instruments which generate or amplify … radiation are called optical masers or lasers.

a) low-energy

b) visible

c) potential

3. In 1954 Townes and two of his students announced the construction and operation of a new device, they named it a “…”.

a) laser

b) diode

c) maser

4. The common characteristic of masers and lasers is that they make use of the … of atomic or molecular energy.

a) conversion

b) generation

c) emission

5. Basov and Prokhorov gave a detailed theoretical exploration of the use of …

beams in microwave spectroscopy.

a) atomic

b) molecular

c) electronic

 

Exercise 15. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Досліджуючи астрономічні фотографії, можна виміряти величину потоків випромінювання від зір, планет та інших космічних об’єктів.
2. Професора Сміта було затверджено на посаді голови наукової ради Колумбійського університету. 3. Порожнини в сухих пісках починають обвалюватися одразу ж після вибуху. 4. Винахід Теодора Меймана на той час не було визнано, як пропив у нову еру в науці. 5. Намагнічування феромагнетиків обумовлюється дуже сильною оріентацією власних магнітних моментів електронів. 6. З їхньою допомогою вчені сподіваються вивчити фонове мікрохвильове випромінювання, що залишилося з часів Великого Вибуху. 7. Генератори постійного струму застосовують тоді, коли потрібно мати самостійне джерело струму. 8. Вимірювальні підсилювачі є одними з найважливіших складових частин сучасних електронних аналогових і цифрових вимірювальних пристроїв. 9. Яке вiдношення може мати логiка до фiзики, якщо перша займається формами мислення, а друга – конкретними, змiстовними речами? 10. Генератори гармонічних коливань  побудовані за кільцевою схемою.

 

TEXT 2

Fun Facts about Lasers

Read the text and fill in gaps (1 ‑ 10) with the correct variant (A, B, C or D).

What kids haven’t played with lasers? We have all loved the laser fights in movies like Star Wars. Who wouldn’t want wield a laser around while fighting an enemy. Did you know that the term laser came from an acronym meaning “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.”? It should actually be all capitalized but for _______ (1) it isn’t.

The first working laser was actually _______ (2) by Theodore Maiman at the Hughes Research Laboratories back in 1960.

The strength of early lasers was measured in Gillette’s. This was the number of blue razor blades a beam could puncture.

There are many types of lasers found in everything from electronics to medical items. In the 60’s they were only seen as a solution for a _______ (3)!

Some lasers are gas, chemical, solid state, dye and stimulated electron lasers.

Lasers we come across today _______ (4) at a low level of power. Lasers in CD-ROMs drives will be around 5mW, DVD players around 5‑10mW, recordable CD drives ‑ 100mW.

The most ________ (5) laser recorded was at 1.25 petawatts in a laboratory in California in 1996.

Lasers actually are grouped into classes for levels of _______ (6). Class 1‑5. If you reach 5 it can mean permanent blindness and burning skin!

You may have thought that lasers are _______ (7) but they aren’t. So for a thief to try to get around them would be impossible!

Lasers could not be seen in space either because they have no matter. The matter causes the scattering effect which would give the appearance of a light beam.

Scientists are working on a laser to draw lightning strikes away from airports and power plants.

Cold lasers are used for acupuncture instead of needles.

There is a new laser that can detect cancer and diabetes called the “breathalyzer.”

Lasers are used to destroy and kill tumours.

Lasers are used to remove _______ (8).

They are used in eye surgeries and _______ (9) removals.

There is a laser technology called Clear Scan that can rid you of spider veins, vascular lesions and skin discolorations.

The world’s most powerful laser can have the power of a hydrogen
_______ (10)! That is amazing!

 

1.	a. hardness	b. simplicity	c. easy	d. fun
2.	a. demonstrated	b. fixed	c. demonstrating	d. seen
3.	a. issue	b. problem	c. question	d. task
4.	a. conduct	b. monitor	c. do	d. operate
5.	a. powerful	b. strong	c. heavy	d. easy
6.	a. danger	b. color	c. sound	d. difficulty
7.	a. watched	b. looked	c. visible	d. clear
8.	a. fingers	b. ears	c. hair	d. smell
9.	a. lipstick	b. mascara	c. nail polish	d. tattoo
10.	a. atom	b. bomb	c. isotope	d. atmosphere