Word-building. Prefixes. A list of prefixes to understand unfamiliar words.

1. Prefixes with negative meaning:

comfortable — un comfortable

convenient — in convenient

similar — dis similar adjectives

just — un just

edible — in edible

im — instead of in — is used before "m" and "p" e.g. patient — im patient; mortal — im mortal ir — is used before "r", il — is used before "1" e.g. replaceable —irreplaceable; legal — il legal; regular — irregular;

dis agree, dis approve, dis connect;

un wrap, un lock, un zip verbs

anti (проти) — anti war; anti biotic.

 

2. Prefixes with different meanings:

auto	— auto graph, auto -pilot, auto biography;
bi	— (дво-) — bi lingual, bi cycle, bi annual;
ex	— (бувший) — ex -wife, ex -student;
micro	— (мікро-) — micro -computer, micro wave;
mis	— misunderstand — неправильно розуміти;
misinform	— дезінформувати;
multi	— (багато-) multi -national, multi -purpose;
over	— (пере-) — over do, over head;
post	— (після-) post war, post graduate;
pro	— pro -government, pro -revolutionary;
pseudo	— (псевдо-) — pseudo -scientific, pseudo -intellectual;
re	— (пере-) — re type, re wind;
semi	— (напів-) — semi -detached, semi circular, semi -final;
sub	— (під-) — sub marine, sub division, sub way;
under	— (недо-) — under cooked, under done;
	— (під-) — under ground;
	— under sized — низькорослий, карликовий;
	under secretary — заступник (помічник) міністра.

Exercises

І. Form new words using prefixes. Translate them into Ukrainian.

1. Use prefixes with negative meaning:

charge, close, connect, advantage, regular, complete, correct, accurate, important, legal.

2. Use prefix ex -:

president, champion, boss, chairman

3. Use prefix re -:

type, place, read, join, use.

4. Use prefix semi -:

conductor, circle, official, conscious.

5. Use prefix sub -:

divide, freezing, editor, conscious.

6. Use prefix multi -:

cultural, national, coloured, phase.

7. Use prefix mis -:

lead, spell, guide, handle.

II. Translate into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the absence of an article before the noun following the Gerund. Define the functions of the Gerund and Gerundial Constructions.

1. Combining small nuclei to form bigger ones is called atomic fusion.

2. The problem discussed in this paper is that of determining system requirements for taking men to Mars and returning them to Earth.

3. The idea of using hydrogen and oxygen as fuels for interplanetary rockets originated early in the 19-th century.

4. Batteries offer the dualadvantage of having no moving parts and of converting chemical to electrical energy without need to reject much heat.

5. Since power is therateof doing work, the amount of work done in a given time is the rate of doing work multiplied by the time.

6. The process of liquid boiling is called evaporation.

7. The boiling point depends on physical properties of the liquid and is determined by the vapour pressure above it.

8. The phenomenon of solid bodies transforming into vapour without going through the liquid state is sublimation.

Translate into Ukrainian:

MEASURING TEMPERATURE.

Temperature is a measure of the intensity of heat. It is usually expressed in degrees Centigrade (C) or, in English-speaking countries, in Fahrenheit (°F). The point on which the centigrade scale is based arethe melting point of ice (0°C) and the boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure (100 °C). The relation between °С and °F is expressed by the following formula:

°С = (°F - 32) • 5/9; °F = 1.8°C + 32

If heat is removed from a body, the temperature of the body falls until a point is reached where no more heat can be removed. This point is called absolute zero, and lies 273 degree below the zero point of the centigrade scale, that is, at -273°C (-460°F).

There are two other temperature scales, the Kelvin or absolute and Rankine. On the Rankine scale the boiling point of water is fixed at 672° and its freezing point at 492°. On the absolute scale temperature is measured in degrees Centigrade from the point at which molecular motion ceases. Absolute zero, as it was said above, is -273°C.

The thermometers are all identically made but each has a different scale. In the United States the Fahrenheit scale is commonly used in civil life, and Rankine scale is used by engineers. The Centigrade and Kelvin scales are used in all countries for scientific measurements.

Exercise.

Calculate the temperatures on the Fahrenheit thermometer. Comment the calculations in English. Mind the reading of mathematical symbols:

+ plus, positive

- minus, negative

x or ^. multiplied by,times /or — divided by

() brackets

1) the boiling point of nitrogen is -196°C

2) the melting point of nitrogen is -210°C

3) the boiling point of oxygen is -183°C

4) the melting point of oxygen is -219°C

5) the solidification point of carbon dioxide is -78.5°C

6) the boiling point of ammonia is -33°C

7) the boiling point of Freon-12 is -30°C

8) the boiling point of volatile liquid F-ll is 24°C

9) the melting point of lithium is 180°C

Lesson C.