Review of Tenses in the Active Voice

Таблиця часів англійського дієслова у дійсному способі

 

Часи	Групи часів
Indefinite (Simple)	Continuous (Progressive)	Perfect	Perfect-Continuous (Perfect Progressive)
Present	¢+¢I/you/we/they work He/she/it/works ¢?¢ Do I/you/we/they work? Does he/she/it work? ¢-¢ I/you/we/they don't work He/she/it doesn't work to be → am, are, is; to have →have, has; to do → do, does	¢+¢ I am working You are working He/she/it is working ¢?¢Am I working? Are you/we/they working? Is he/she/it working? ¢-¢ I am not working/ You/we/they are not working/ He, she, it isn't working	¢+¢ I/you/we/they have worked He/she/it has worked ¢?¢ Have I/you/we/they worked? Has he/she/it worked? ¢-¢ I/you/we/they haven't worked. He/she/it hasn't worked.	¢+¢ I/you/we/they have been working He/she/it has been working ¢?¢ Have I/you/we/they been working? Has he/she/it been working? ¢-¢ I/you/we/they haven't been working He/she/it hasn't been working
Past	¢+¢ I/you/he/she/it/we/they worked ¢?¢ Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they work? - I/you/he/she/it/we/they didn't work to be → was/were: to have → had; to do →did	¢+¢ I/he/she/it was working We, you, they were working ¢?¢ Was I/he/she/it working? Were we/you/they working? - I/he/she/it wasn't working We/you/they were not working	¢+¢ I/you/he/she/it/we/they had worked ¢?¢ Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they worked? ¢-¢ I/you/he/she/it/we/they hadn't worked	¢+¢ I/you/he/she/it/we/they had been working ¢?¢ Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they been working? ¢-¢ I/you/he/she/it/we/they hadn't been working
Future	¢+¢ I/we shall work You/he/she/it/they will work ¢?¢ Shall I/we work? Will you/he/she/it/they work? ¢-¢ I/we shall not (shan't) work You/he/she/it/they will not (won't) work	¢+¢ I/we shall be working You/he/she/it/they will be working ¢?¢ Shall I/we be working? Will you/he/she/it/they be working? ¢-¢ I/we shan't be working You/he/she/it/they won't be working	¢+¢ I/we shall have worked You/he/she/it/they will have worked ¢?¢ Shall I/we have worked? Will you/he/she/it/they have worked? ¢-¢ I/we shan't have worked You/he/she/it/they won't have worked	¢+¢ I/we shall have been working You/he/she/it/they will have been working ¢?¢ Shall I/we have been working? Will you/he/she/it/they have been working? ¢-¢ I/we shan't have been working You/he/she/it/they won't have been working.
Future in the Past	¢+¢ I/we should work You/he/she/it/they would work ¢?¢ Should I/we work? Would you/he/it/they work? ¢-¢ I/we shouldn't work You/he/she/it/they wouldn't work	¢+¢ I/we should be working You/he/she/it/they would be working ¢?¢ Should I/we be working? Would you/he/she/it/they be working? ¢-¢ I/we shouldn't be working You/he/she/it/they wouldn't be working	¢+¢ I/we should have worked You/he/she/it/they would have worked ¢?¢ Should I/we have worked? Would you/he/she/it/they have worked? - ¢-¢ I/we shouldn't have worked You/he/she/it/they wouldn't have worked	¢+¢ I/we should have been working You/he/she/it/they would have been working ¢?¢ Should I/we have been working? Would you/he/she/it/they have been working? ¢-¢ I/we shouldn't have been working You/he/she/it/they wouldn't have been working

Note: Future in the Past використовується при узгодженні часів для вираження майбутньої дії з точки зору минулого, а також у непрямій мові

¢ + ¢ — стверджувальне речення;

¢? ¢ — запитальне речення;

¢ - ¢ — заперечення.

 

Lesson В

Translation Practice

Exercise I. Translate the following word-combinations. Begin your translation with the basic words. Mind the scheme.

Л.О_n... ← Л.О₂ ←Л.O₁ ↔ Б.C. → П.O

Б.C. — базове слово, П.О. — праве означення, Л.О. — ліве означення

1) chill room 8) heat-operated absorption system

2) air-conditioning control system 9) heat-transfer rate

3) artificial refrigeration machine 10) air temperature difference

4) hand-operated equipment 11) hand-operated compressor

5) a water-cooled condenser 12) a weighted valve

6) a liquid cooler 13) a cold-air machine

7) an ice machine 14) a sulphuric eather machine

 

Exercise II. Translate the sentences with the following meanings of the word as:

"по мірі того, як", "коли", "як", "у якості";

as well as — "також як і"

1. The graduates of the Academy can work as mechanical engineers, masters, mechanics, management engineers and others.

2. The great scientist Michail Lomonosov is rightly regarded as the founder of Russian Science.

3. One of the best educated people of his time, he worked in many areas of science, as well as in history and linguistics.

4. In the field of space research such brilliant Ukrainian scientist as Yuri Kondratyuk worked.

5. In this case aerodynamic resistance is 3...5 times as much compared to the non-irrigated layer.

6. Mercury is used as a catalyst in the production of plastics and is also needed in the paper industry.

7. As each batch of data was received, it was placed into line with other batches of data which were processed one after another.

8. Frost forms on the surface of a fin tube heat exchanger such as an evaporator of domestic refrigerator freezer.

9. The Periodic Law as stated by Mendeleyev is of great importance for science.

10.Mendeleyev predicted not only the existence of undiscovered elements but their physical and chemical properties as well.

11.Frozen water is a solid known as ice.

12.Timber was referred to as the best structural material by the Greeks and Romans.

13.As a result of the research work a considerable amount of data was collected.

14.The temperature at which water freezes to ice is taken as 0°C.

15.There is some evidence that medicine was practised as early as 6,000 B.C. (before Christ).

16.