II. Use the plan and rules of annotation and write down an abstract in Ukrainian to the text written above.

III. Choose in the library two or three annotations from books on your speciality. Characterize them according to the structure, composition, context, language, length and assignment.

 

 

SUMMARY. ESSAY. SYNOPSIS. Review.

РЕФЕРАТ

"Реферат (від лат. refero — доповідаю) — короткий виклад (перед аудиторією або в письмовій формі) наукової праці, вчення, змісту книги тощо; доповідь на задану тему"

(Словник іншомовних слів. За редакцією академіка АН УРСР О.С.Мельничука. Головна редакція УРЕ, Київ, 1985)

На відміну від анотації, яка відповідає на питання, про що йдеться в первинному документі, реферат дає відповідь на запитання, що саме, що нове, особливе міститься у первинному документі і передає основний зміст документу, нову проблемну інформацію, яка міститься в ньому.

Складання рефератів (реферування) являє собою процес аналітично-синтетичної переробки первинних документів з метою їх аналізу та витягнення необхідної інформації.

Види рефератів

Реферати-конспекти (Synopsis), які містять у загальному вигляді всі основні положення первинного документу, ілюстративний матеріал, найважливішу аргументацію, відомості про методику винаходження, використання обладнання, сферу використання.

Реферати-резюме (Summary) містять лише ті основні положення, які тісно пов'язані з темою документа, що реферується.

За кількістю первинних джерел, що реферуються, реферати поділяються н а монографічні (summary, synopsis), складені за одним документом, та оглядові (essay), складені за декількома документами на одну тему.

Композиційно текст реферату найбільш часто складається з трьох частин: вступу, основної частини та заключної частини.

У вступній частині, як правило, наводяться короткі відомості про автора (або авторів) та дається загальна характеристика джерела.

В основній частині наводяться всі суттєві положення, нові дані, які містяться у первинному документі.

У заключній частині подаються висновки автора, узагальнення, резюме.

Заключна частина не є обов'язковою у рефераті. Часто текст реферату закінчується викладанням останнього розділу джерела реферування.

Кліше для реферування на українській мові

1. Робота / книга / стаття складається з... розділів і присвячена аналізу...

2. Перший розділ подає скорочену історію питання...

3. Характеризується роль та значення...

4. По-перше... По-друге... По-третє...

5. У другій частині і у другому розділі робиться спроба з'ясувати...

6. Наступний розділ розкриває...

7. Розкривається значення...

8. Свої дослідження автор підтверджує малюнками і таблицями.

9. Автор продовжує досліджувати...

 

10. На думку автора...

11. Автор розглядає і робить висновок і вказує...

12. Оцінюючи..., можна зробити висновок, що...

13. Автор застерігає...

14. У кінці статті автор робить висновок, що...

15. Автор підводить підсумки...

English equivalents

1. The work / paper / book / article consists of... chapters and is devoted to the analysis of

2. The first chapter / part deals with the short history of the problem...

3. The role and importance... are characterized

4. Firstly... Secondly... Thirdly...

5. The second chapter / part endeavours to clear up...

6. The next chapter discovers...

7. The meaning / importance of... is examined.

8. The study is completed by figures and tables.

9. The author goes on to examine / to discover / to discuss...

 

10. In the author's opinion...

11. The author considers / concludes / points out...

12. Evaluating..., the conclusion can be drawn that...

13. The author warns that...

14. At the end of the article the author sums up / makes conclusions that...

15. The author summarizes the results of...

Exercises:

I. Write down a summary of the following text:

PACKAGING MATERIALS

Dehydration,one of the principal factors limiting the storage life of frozen foods, is greatly reduced by proper packaging. Unpackaged products are subject to serious moisture losses not only during the freezing process but also during the storage period. While in storage, unpackaged frozen products lose moisture to the air continuously by sublimation. This eventually results in a condition known as "freezer-burn", giving the product a white, leathery appearance. Freezer-burn is usually accompanied by oxidation, flavor changes, and loss of vitamin content.

With few exceptions, all products are packaged before being placed in frozen storage. Although most products are packaged before freezing, some, such as loose frozen peas and lima beans, are packaged after the freezing process.

To provide adequate protection against dehydration and oxidation, the packaging material should be practically 100% gas and vapor proof and should fit tightly around the product to exclude as much air as possible. Too, air spaces in packages have an insulating effect which reduce the freezing rate and increase freezing costs.

The fact that frozen products are in competition to products preserved by other methods introduces several factors which must be taken into account when selecting packaging materials. When the products to be sold directly to the consumer, the package must be attractive and convenient to use in order to stimulate sales. From a cost standpoint, the package should be relatively inexpensive and of such a nature that it permits efficient handling so as to reduce processing costs.

Some packaging materials in general use are aluminium foil, tin cans, impregnated paper board cartons, paper-board cartons over-wrapped with vapor-proof wrappers, wax paper, cellophane, polyethylene, and other sheet plastics.

Frozen fish are often given an ice glaze (a thin coating of ice) which provides an excellent protective covering. However, since the ice glaze is very brittle, glazed fish must be handled carefully to avoid breaking the glaze. Too, since the ice glaze gradually sublimes to the air, the fish must be reglazed approximately once a month by dipping into fresh water or by spraying.

II. While writing a summary in English of any text proposed by your teacher, mind the following:

1.A good summary should contain:

1) a brief summary of the argument, or at least the main conclusions,

2) a clear statement of the writer's point of view

3. A summary is very brief in comparison to the essay.

 

Lesson C. Speech Practice

ODESA STATE ACADEMY OF REFRIGERATION

Odessa State Academy of Refrigeration is the unique in Ukraine specialized higher educational establishment. It has been functioning since 1922 when it was founded.

The Academy amounts about 3,000 students trained by a highly qualified pedagogical staff. Among the lecturers of the educational establishment there are academicians and professors who regularly take part in International Conferences and Congresses. Scientific research and close relations with the world's leading firms give opportunity to use the latest achievements of science in teaching.

Today Odessa State Academy of Refrigeration comprises three institutes: Low-Temperature Engineering and Technology, Energetics and Ecology and the Institute of Distant Education and the Faculty of Information Technologies.

At these institutes students master programming, computer-aided design, robotics, energy-saving carriers and their technology, learn to solve environmental problems and some actual tasks of refrigerating and cryogenic engineering, thermophysics and air-conditioning.

Two forms of training (full-time and by correspondence) last 5 and 6 years, respectively. School leavers are admitted after passing the competitive entrance examinations.

Students are provided with hostel accommodation, sport and recreation facilities. The computing center and numerous laboratories well-equipped with up-to-date apparatuses and devices, the large library are at the student's disposal.

The academic year is divided into two terms. During the terms students attend lectures and classes, do laboratory works. Subjects of general education: mathematics, physics, chemistry, theoretical mechanics, students study doing the first and second years. Three foreign languages are taught at the Academy: English, French and German. Special departments deliver lectures and lead seminars on theory of processes, machines, refrigerating and cryogenic installations, the fundamentals of designing, operation of vapour compression refrigerating machines, air-conditioning installations, fundamentals of heat-and-mass transfer, resistance theory, hydro and gas dynamics, thermophysical properties of refrigerants, insulating and lubricating materials, etc.

At the end of each term students take credit tests and examinations. The whole course of the students' theoretical and practical training according to the curriculum is completed by taking final examinations in special subjects and defence of diploma projects.

Graduates receive degrees of Bachelors (B.Sc.) after 4 years of study, and Masters (M.Sc.) after 5 years. Those, who want to continue their studies, can do a post-graduate course which takes 3 years.

Notes: unique /ju:'ni:k/ унікальний

at (smb's) disposal у розпорядженні

department кафедра, відділ, факультет

installation установка

lubricating materials мастильні матеріали

environmental problems проблеми навколишнього середовища

curriculum /kə'rikjuləm/ навчальний план, програма

diploma projects дипломні проекти

 

Exercises:

I. Answer the questions.

1. When was the Academy established?

2. What is the number of students trained in the Academy?

3. What kind of pedagogical staff work at the Academy?

4. What subjects are taught in the Academy?

5. Can you tell about the curriculum of this higher educational establishment?

6. How many terms are there in the academic year?

7. What degrees do graduates receive?

II. True or false?

1. The Academy consists of five institutes.

2. Students can study either at the full-time department or at the extra-mural one.

3. Final examinations are taken by students at the end of every term.

4. Graduates receive degrees after the defence of diploma papers.

III. Read the following text:

BRITISH UNIVERSITY LIFE.

Three quarters of students attending full-time British Universities are men and only one quarter are women. Half of them study arts subjects such as history, law, languages or economics, the others study so-called applied sciences: medicine, technology or agriculture.

London University, the largest in Great Britain, includes internal and external students, the latter coming to London only to sit for their examinations. The University of London provides teaching chiefly by means of lectures, which are attended mainly by day students. The colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, however, are essentially residential institutions and they mainly use tutorial methods which brings the tutor into close and personal contact with the student.

Education of University standard is also given in other institutions such as colleges of technology and agriculture, which prepare their students for degrees or diplomas in their own fields.

The three terms into which the British University year is divided are roughly eight to ten weeks. Each term is full of activity, and the holidays between the terms — a month at Christmas, a month at Easter, are mainly periods of intellectual digestion and private study. Terminal examinations take place at the end of each term, final examinations — at the end of the course of studies.

B.A. or B.Sc. stands for Bachelor of Arts, or of Science, the first degree. M.A. or M.Sc. denotes Master of Arts, or of Science. One can become a B.A. after three years of hard study, and an M.A. at the end of five years.

IV. Speak on the Ukrainian and British systems of Higher education according to the plan:

1) the number of men and women at the higher educational establishments

2) the number and length of terms in the academic year

3) the subjects, that are taught

4) the tutorial system

5) the examinations

6) the accommodation

7) the problem of paid education.

UNIT 10

Lesson A. Texts: Cycling Controls: Temperature Actuated Controls. Temperature

Sensing Elements.

Grammar: The Compound and Complex Sentences.

Lesson B. Translation Practice: Meanings of the words with suffixes -wise and

-proof. Text for translation: Pressure Actuated Cycling Controls.

Lesson C. Speech Practice: The Constitution of Ukraine.

Lesson A

Key words: actuate /'æktjueit/ приводити в дію; збуджувати

actuator /'ækt∫ə,eitə/ силовий привід

control /kən'trol/ контроль; регулювання

controls важелі управління, ручки

регулювання
float control астатичне регулювання;

поплавкове управління;

управління рухом потоку

sensitive швидко реагуючий,

сприйнятливий

thermostat /θə:moustæt/ термостат, стабілізатор

температури

refrigerated space охолоджений простір

cycle the pump приводити насос у дію чи

зупиняти його

sense and relay temperature changes сприйняти та передати

температурні зміни saturated mixture /'sætju:reitid

'mikst∫ə/ насичена суміш

lever /'levə/ важіль

compound bar = bimetal element біметалевий елемент

dissimilar /di'similə/ неоднорідний; несхожий,

відмінний

Invar залізо-нікельовий сплав

brass /'bra:s/ жовта мідь, латунь

alloy /'æloi/ сплав

warp /'wo:p/ викривлятися

Lexical Drills:

I. Choose the words connected with refrigeration control:

controls, pump, levers, evaporator, actuator, condenser, saturated mixture, bimetal element, to start, flexibility, liquid level, to stop, temperature sensing element, thermostat, thermocouple.

II. Continue the lists:

evaporator: to vaporize,... condenser: saturation,...

III. Find- the synonyms:

wet, to utilize, humidity, to sense, liquid, medium, to adjust, to provide, to drive

to regulate, to actuate, to supply, fluid, to use, humid, moisture, to detect, environment

Grammar

THE COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES СКЛАДНІ РЕЧЕННЯ

Складносурядні   Складносурядні речення складаються з двох або більше простих речень, які об'єднуються за допомогою сполучників and, but або безсполучниковим способом (розділяються крапкою з комою або комою). e.g. It is easy to boil or freeze water, but it is very difficult to duplicate in the laboratory the extreme conditions present at the birth of the universe.

Складнопідрядні   Складнопідрядні речення складаються з двох або більше речень, одним з яких є головне, а інші підрядними: 1) підметовим 2) присудковим 3) додатковим 4) означальним 5)обставинними: часу, місця, причини, способу дії і порівняння, наслідку, по ступки, умови, мети. Підрядні речення приєднуються до головного за допомогою сполучників та сполучних слів: that, when, since, after, before, until, unless, if, who, which

 

Безсполучникове упорядкування

 

У деяких випадках у складних реченнях підрядні означені та додаткові речення приєднуються до головного без сполучника.

e.g. Oxygen is a gas we can obtain from air. Кисень є газ, який ми можемо отримати з повітря.

У такому разі, при перекладі підрядного речення в українській мові треба використовувати відповідні сполучники (який, що).

 

Складнопідрядні речення

1) підметове:

What must be realized by all of us is the potential danger of industry for environment.

2) присудкове:

The question is how we can prevent the greenhouse effect

3) додаткове:

I think that this problem can be solved by means of experiments

4) означальне:

This argument gives additional evidence that space is in fact three-dimensional but doesn't explain why this is so.

5) обставинні:

Refrigeration is effective only when it is done as soon as possible and is maintained without interruption until the product is consumed

If this idea is correct it would mean that there really are more than the familiar number of dimensions.

For liquefaction the temperature and pressure must be below the critical point at which the difference between the liquid and the vapour disappears, otherwise the substance cannot be transformed into a liquid state, however high the pressure would be raised

Cooling is the process of removing heat from vapour so that it will begin to condense.

Goggles should be used where there is any risk of liquid refrigerant squirting out

Any delay in refrigerating a product is bad for its quality, because it undergoes a physiological change that makes food unsuitable for prolonged storage.

Cold stores in industrialized countries are designed in order that only one category of product is stocked per cold room.

Exercises: