Investigations being carried on in the field of physics, new possibilities for applying atomic energy are open.

7. Everybody agreed upon this being the best way of meas­uring and weighing.

Ai'ter having learned the simple relationship existing between the units of mass and length, we can use this system easily.

9. The electric field between the plates being altered, par­ticles of a different velocity may be selected for study.

Having been used for a long time, this instrument was out of order.

While making a series of experiments, the scientist found out the disadvantage of that process.

A series of attempts having been made, he solved that problem successfully.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706-1790)

1)Словообразование:

а) Переведите на русский язык слова, образованные с помощью префикса semi- (полу-)

flexible - semiflexible; basement - semi-basement; co­lon - semicolon; circle - semicircle; colonial - semi-co­lonial; final semifinal; vowel - semivowel.

б) Переведите прилагательные, образованные с помощью суффикса -ive от глаголов и существительных: to act - active; to compare - comparative; effect - effective; to talk - talkative; to restrict - restrictive.

в) Переведите словосочетания: electrical engineering industry; electric transmission lines; high-capacity electric transmission lines;

Technical data; standart of living; transformer substan- tion; an essential component of life.

г) Назовите русские слова, имеющие общий корень со следующими словами:

Classification, combination, compass, section, cylinder, dificit, process, specialist, regulator, budget, engineer, mechanism, mechanic, technics, parachute, physics.

Text.

Benjamin Franklin is acknowledged to be the founder of the theory of atmosheric electricity. He was the first to prove that the lighting was an electrical phenomenon. Franklin de­veloped a new theory of electricity that he called positive and negative. He finally invented a means of protection against the disastrous effects of lighting - the lighting rod. Franklin is known and respected all over the world not only as a scien- list but also as a citizen who did as much as lie could for the good of his country. Coming out in defence of the Afro-Amer- irans, Franklin declared slavery to be not only an evil from the moral point of view, but also an obstacle to the social interests of America. He is thought to be one of the broadest us well as one of the most creative minds of his time.

3) Vocabulary:

To acknowledge – признавать

Founder – основатель

To prove - доказывать

Means - средства

Disastrous - гибельный, бедственный

Lighting rod - громоотвод

To respect - уважать

Defence - защита, оборона

To declare - объявлять, провозглашать

Slavery - рабство

Evil - зло, вред, бедствие, несчастье

Creative - творческий

Mind - память, ум, мысль, мнение

4) Слова для активизации:

lighting, defence, obstacle, protection, means, to prove, evil, Id declare, broad, positive, negative.

5) Вопросы по тексту:

1. Кто является основателем теории атмосферного электричестыва?

2. Что он доказал?

3. Франклин развил новую теорию электричества, не так ли?

4. Что он изобрел против губительного воздействия молнии?

5. За что еще знают и уважают этого человека?

6. Что он заявил, выступая в защиту афро-американцев?

7. Он один из самых созидательных умов своего времени, не так ли?

6) Переведите следующие предложения, обратите вни мание на различные значения слова "that":

1. There were many scientists that found out that electric­ity was made up of tiny particles.

2. Scientists of the past thought that electricity was a sort of a "fluid" that flowed through wires as water flows through pipes.

3. It is on the above principle that our theory is based.

 

4. That this system is simple is generally recognized.

5. The age that we live in is called the age of electricity.

6. The atom is a great force that must be used for the good of mankind.

7. That was one of the most delicate weighing jobs ever done by a man.

8. I arranged to meet Nina, so that we could go to the cinema together.

9. Let us go out earler so that we can catch the train.

10. Draw it larger so that everybody can see it.

11. The little girl stood up so that the old woman could sit down.

So that переводится - так; чтобы

7)Переведите на русский язык следующие предложе­ния со словами "earth" и "to earth":

1. The winding was earthed.

2. Do not work without earthing.

3. The earth was badly assembled.

4. The star connection point should not be earthed.

5. Careful - earth! Do not earth!

6. Good earth. Bad earth. Dead earth.

8)Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на пе ревод слова "as":

Союз "as" переводят: 1) когда, в то время как; 2) так как, поскольку; 3) так, как; как.

Предлог "as" переводят: как, в качестве.

As the satellite moves forward, its path is curved by the pull of gravity.

2. As the velocity of the air increases, the pressure de­creases.

3. As propellant is expended, the weight of the space vehi­cle becomes less.

At thrust and drag are equal, the airplane flies at a constant speed.

Space suits serve as a protective measure against inad- vertant loss of cabin pressure.

Communication satellites initially had to overcome the same skepticism as the automobile.

7. Mars rotates at about the same rate as the Earth.

He obtained this substance as stated above.

9) Измените следующие предложения по модели:

Model: My brother as well as my sister are learning to drive a car.

— Both my brother and my sister are learning to drive a car.

I like symphony concerts as well as operas.

2. This book is useful for children as well as for grown-ups.

3. My sister as well as my brother are students.

This kind of work is useful as well as interesting.

10) Test. Заполните пропуски соответствующими по • и мглу составными союзами: eighter... or, neither... nor, и much as, both... and, as long as, as early as. Переведите:

1. Franklin devoted.. time... he could to social activ­ities.

2. He founded the first fire-company which was much needed… almost all buildings were of wood.

3. He said that…there was slavery in America, it

would be an obstacle to the country's social progress.

4. In his free hours he was engaged... in research and experiments... in the study of foreign languages.

5. At first Franklin's theory was acknowledged... in Amer­ica... in France.

6. He printed hooks..... magazines and newspapers.

He was engaged. in scientific research.. on

social activities.

Franklin's works were published in Russia in

the 18^th century.

11) Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод причастий с союзом "as".

Перед причастием 2, входящим в определительный при­частный оборот, может стоять союз "as", который или не переводится на русский язык, или переводится словами: «в том виде, как»: As ordinary obtained iron contains some admixtures. (Обычно получаемое железо, в том виде как оно обычно получается, содежит примеси.)

1. The theoretical significance of the wave theory of mat­ter as applied to electrons will be discussed later.

The phtoelectric current, as measured by means of the galvanometer, is directly proportional to the intensity of light.

The pressure in this tube, as first constructed by Brown in 1897, is about 5 millionths of one atmoshere.

The first pratical specroscope was designed in 1858. As originally constructed it was provided with a glass prism and used only for visible light.

"As" в обороте as it (he, she, they) does (do, did), стоящее после причастия 2, переводится 1 и в обороте as it (he, she, they) is (are, was, were), стоящее после причастия 2, пере­водится словами: «поскольку», «так как».

This subject is rather complicated, belonging as it does to theoretical physics.

The article, published as it was in a small magazine, remained unknown for a long time.

The beams, passing as they do through a narrow slit, are diffracted.

12)Русская сравнительная степень после выражений «в два рана», «в три раза» и т. д. передается в английском нзыке прилагательным в положительной степени, стоящим между as... as:

1.Your room is twice as large as mine.

2.This box is three times as heavy as that.

3.Me has twice as many books as I have.

4. Today we have loaded three times as much wheat as yes­terday.

Когда второй объект сравнения не упомянут, то "as" после прилагательного не употребляется: