Whore is aluminium used in industry? Give some facts.

What are the very important aluminium alloys? Give their names.

Where are these alloys used?

Have they corrosion resistant qualities?

c)

In what form is copper found?

What is its colour?

Has copper corrosion resistant qualities?

Where is copper used most of all?

What are three important copper alloys?

What is cupro-nickel made of?

Where is cupro-nickel used?

d)

What is tin?

What's its colour?

Is tin corroded by air?

Where is it used?

Why is tin used for cans in which there is acid fruit and other food-stuffs?

e)

What is bronze?

What do we call an alloy of copper and tin?

What's its main characteristics?.

Why is bronze used for making ships, propellers, parts of machinery?

f)

What is brass?

Is brass harder and cheaper than copper?

What's its colour?

Does brass resist corrosion?

g)

What metal is lead?

What's its colour?

What's its melting temperature?

Is it a very expensive metal?

Where was it used extensively at one time?

Where is lead used now?

What is the now usage of lead screens?

Is lead used for making glass?

h)

What is zink?

What's its colour?

What is there on the surface of this metal?

Does it burn in oxygen and in chlorine?

What's its colour when hot and when cold?

Where is zink used?

Why is it used in ointments and lotions?

What is the main usage of zink in industry?

Why can galvanized iron be used in industry?

10. Where is iron dipped into for to be using in industry?

Переведите на английский язык устно.

Все металлы делятся на чёрные и цветные.

2.К чёрным металлам относятся железо, сталь и её сплавы.

3.К цветным металлам относятся: медь, алюминий, бронза, олово и другие сплавы.

Металлы поддаются ковке и протяжке.

5.Как правило, металлы являются хорошими провод­никами электричества, особенно медь и алюминий.

6.Основные свойства цветных металлов — это высокая электро- и теплопроводность, высокая коррозийная стойкость, немагнитность, незначительный вес и лег­кость их производства (получения).

Text 4. Plastics.

Переведите текст, пользуясь словарём:

Many new materials we live with have become familiar to us over centuries. We are pretty well acquainted witli the advantages and snags of wood. We know that glass is trans­parent and, while strong in some ways, is rather brittle. We are aware that most metals can stand severe handling, but some of them rust. Plastic materials are not found as such (как таковые, в таком виде) in nature. Plastics have been conceived in the laboratory and are born in a chemical plant. This is a characteristic which they share with the so-called man-made fibres, the less well-known synthetic rubbers and many modern paints and varnishes. Plastics, as a rule, have other things in common. They are light. A given volume of polythene weighs less than one-eighth of an equal volume of iron and less then half of the same volume of aluminium.

Although the first plastic, celluloid, was introduced 100 years ago, we have only really become aware of them within the last twenty tears.

While some types of plastics are very tough, e.g., nylon, and others may be relatively brittle, as, say, polystyrene, they are, with few exceptions, not as strong as iron or steel or concrete when it comes to supporting great weights.

Plastics do not rust and therefore require no protective layer, such as paint, which can subsequently peel off. They can, of course, be coloured and such colour is part of the material. It cannot come away or be chipped off. Plastics do not like heat. Some types will withstand higher temperatures than others and the ceiling temperature is constantly being raised as new varieties appear.

Plastics have found wide application both in everyday life and in industry. We can hardly name a branch of industry where plastics are not applied. The insulation and dielectric properties of plastics led to their early use in the electrical engineering industry, which was followed by special applica- tion in mechanical engineering. The use of plastics as materi­als of construction in the form of sheets, rods or tubes are substituting the conventional metals. Automibile, aircraft and shipbuilding industries have also made use of advantages of­fered by plastics, (также используют преимущества пласти ческих материалов). Today all plastic gears for ma­chinery are made from fabric-base laminates (текстолит, слоистый пластик на основе ткани). Gears made from lam­inated phenolic materials are much more resilient than similar Steel gears; indeed the degree of resiliency is claimed to be as much as forty times that of steel (не менее, чем в сорок раз выше по сравнению со сталью). Bearings manufactured from laminated-base phenolic plastic materials have successfully re­placed the wood or bronze rolling-mill bearings.. In a rolling- mill, where it was usual practice to change the bronze roll- neck bearings every 6 to 8 weeks, it was found that a set of plastic bearings which were fitted for observation did not have to be renewed for a period 20 months after operating under the same conditions. It was also estimated that there was a drop in power consumption of between 25 and 30 per cent.

Vocabulary:

plastics - пластмассы

we are pretty well acquainted - мы достаточно хорошо знакомы

advantages – преимущества

snags - недостатки

transparent - прозрачные

While strong in some ways - будучи прочными в некоторых отношениях

is rather brittle - является довольно хрупким

to be aware - знать

to stand - выдерживать

severe handling - большие нагрузки

to conceive - задумывать, зачать

to share - делить, разделять

Man-made fibres - искусственные волокна (сделанные человеком)

fiber - волокно

rubber - резина, каучук

paint - краска

Varnish - лак

Volume - объем

Polythene - полизин

Celluloid - целлулоид

To introduce - вводить, знакомить

Tough - крепкий, прочный

Nylon - нейлон

Relatively - относительно

Brittle - хрупкий, ломкий

Polystyrene - полистирол

With few exceptions - за несколькими исключениями

Concrete - бетон

when it comes to supporting great weights -когда дело касается способ­ности нести большие нагрузки

To require - требовать, нуждаться

Protective layer - защитный костюм subsequently - в конце концов, в течение времени

To peel off - стираться, сходить (о краске)

To come away стираться, слезать

To be chipped off - отбиваться (о покрытии) to withstand – выдерживать

Is constantly - постоянно повышается

As new varietes - по мере появления новых видов пластмасс

Application - применение

To apply - применять, употреблять

Insulation - изоляция

Properties - свойства

Electrical engineering industry - электротехническая прмышленность

Mechanical engeneering - машиностроение

Sheet - широкая полоса, простыня, лист (бумаги и т.п.)

Rod - прут, стержень

Tube - труба, трубка, тюбик

To substitute - заменять, замещать

Conventional - обширный, обычный, традиционный

To offer - предлагать

Automobile - автомобиль

Gears - шестерня, зубчатые колеса

fabric-base laminate - текстолит, слоистый пластик на основе ткани

Phenolic material - фенольная смола

Resilient - упругий, эластичный

To claim - требовать, претендовать

bearing - подшипник

to manufacture - производить, выделывать

laminated-base слоистый (пластик)

to replace - заменить (-ять)

roiling mill - прокатный стан

roll-neck - шейка, балка

Set - комплект, набор; установка агрегата

To fit - годиться, быть впору; оборудовать, снабжать, пригонять

To renew – возобновлять

To estimate - оценивать

Drop -капля, понижение (цен, температур), опускание

Power consumption - потребление энергии

1) Вопросы к тексту.

1. Эта статья имеет дело с пластмассой, не так ли?

2. Мы хорошо знакомы со свойствами дерева?

3. Что мы знаем о стекле?

4. Стекло прозрачно, верно?

5. Разве стекло хрупкое?

6. Металлы могут выдерживать большие нагрузки?

7. Металлы ржавеют?

8. Пластмассу находят в природе или он рождается на химическом предприятии?