Special Investigation Division

Organized crime is a lawless empire involved in gambling, narcotics, prostitution, extortion, etc. where easy money can be made. For years organized crime operated behind a nearly impenetrable wall built on fear, intimidation, bribery, and force.

Squads of highly trained FBI Agents are devoting their full efforts to bringing the crime lords to justice. The objective is to collect sufficient evidence to build a strong prosecutive case so gang leaders can be brought to justice swiftly. Cooperation is vital in the fight against organized crime. The FBI works closely with state and local enforcement agencies.

This Division also supervises investigations under the Security of Government Employees programme.

Fugitive investigations often involve a great deal of manpower.

In addition to FBI fugitives, this Division directs the efforts of FBI Agents to locate and apprehend escaped Federal prisoners, deserters from the Armed Forces.

b) Identification Division

The largest collection of fingerprints in the world is maintained in the Identification Division of the FBI. A dangerous fugitive, wanted in one state, may be located through fingerprint identification after his arrest on a minor charge under a different name by a police agency in another state. Fingerprints often are the only means of identifying victims of various crimes.

Laboratory Division

The FBI Laboratory is the greatest criminological laboratory in the world. During the first 35 years of its existence, this laboratory made approximately 4.000.000 scientific examinations. Today, this laboratory is a large complex of scientific equipment, staffed with over 300 employees most of whom have technical training. Included in this group are over 100 Special Agents with specialized training in a wide range of scientific fields. Many crimes are solved and many defendants convicted on the basis of material evidence submitted to the laboratory for examination. Laboratory examinations on many occasions have proved the innocence of persons suspected of having committed crimes.

Domestic Intelligence Division

The FBI fights against all elements which pose a threat to the security of the people in the United States, to the Nation's security.

c) Files and Communications Division

Often some of the most valuable leads in an investigation result from information already contained in the files of law enforcement agencies.

A teletype network provides constant twenty-four-hour contact between FBI headquarters and all Field Divisions. In addition, the FBI has a radio network, completely independent of commercial facilities.

Crime Records Division

The personnel of the Crime Records Department has the task of carefully studying the information on crime poured into the Headquarters from the FBI's field officer, local police agencies and other sources.

Training Division

All FBI Agents are trained at facilities in Washington, D.C., and at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. Today, the new Agents receive fourteen weeks of instruction. Two week retraining courses are held periodically for all Agents. Although the theory of the various Law enforcement arts and sciences is taught, the greater emphasis is placed on those practical skills and techniques demanded by day-to-day investigations.

The courses range from the Constitution and Federal Criminal Procedure to Investigative Techniques and the Collection, Identification and Preservation of Physical Evidence. Thorough training is given in firearms and defensive tactics in order that an agent may defend himself in those extreme situations where life may be in danger. The Training Division also provides instructors for thousands police schools conducted by local enforcement agencies in communities across the Nation.

d) Administrative Division

The Administrative Division's major responsibilities are to see that the operations of the Bureau run smoothly and expenditures are kept within the limits of the annual appropriation granted by Congress. Another duty of this Division is to recruit and assign the personnel necessary to fulfil the various functions of the FBI.

Inspection Division

The staff is composed of experienced, competent men who periodically review, inspect the total work performance of each field office and the headquarters staff. The inspections have as their goal the improvement of management and investigative practices.

Jurisdiction

Following are the matters within the FBI jurisdiction:

Anti-Racketeering

Atomic Energy Act

Bank Robbery and Embezzlement

Bankruptcy

Bribery

Espionage

Extortion

Fraud Against the Government

Internal Security

Theft of Government Property, etc.

Summing up

Speak on:

1. Common services in England and Wales provided by central government.

2. Constable as a main figure in the police station.

3. Numerous police functions.

4. 23 land divisions and the Thames Division.

5. Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the police forces in London.

6. FBI, its composition and the matters within its jurisdiction.

Revision Translation

A:

Большое число расследований уголовных преступлений, ведущихся американскими правоохранительными органами, вынудило ФБР приступить к созданию новой криминалистической лаборатории. Лаборатория будет оснащена новейшим оборудованием для баллистической, химической, судебно-медицинской и других видов экспертизы, необходимых для расследования различных преступлений.

Лаборатория ФБР, которая находится в Вашингтоне, на протяжении многих лет остается крупнейшей и лучшей в стране. Однако в последнее время она не справляется с огромным потоком заданий, поступающих не только от головного ведомства, но и из других правоохранительных органов.

Необходимость создания новой лаборатории продиктована также тем, что ФБР все чаще приходится заниматься расследованием сложнейших дел, связанных с международным терроризмом, организованной преступностью и контрабандой наркотиков.

Руководство ФБР планирует создание единой компьютерной базы данных всех правоохранительных органов США, которая будет содержать информацию о преступниках и их сообщниках и вещественных доказательствах, собранных в ходе расследований.

B:

Корреспондент одной из московских газет взял интервью у заместителя комиссара Скотланд Ярда, который курирует особое подразделение по борьбе с терроризмом, а также вопросы национальной безопасности и уголовного розыска.

- Сколько офицеров служитв лондонской полиции?

- 28 тысяч. (Для справки: в Москве несут службу свыше 70 тысяч сотрудников милиции.)

- Скольковооруженных столкновений происходит в среднем в течение года?

- В прошлом году возникло 1621 столкновение, стреляли дважды, один раз – со смертельным исходом.

- В состоянии лиглавное полицейское управление обеспечить быстрое реагирование на вызов полиции?

- Мы реагируем на звонки согласно их первостепенной важности. Если есть пострадавшие, патруль прибывает спустя несколько минут после поступления вызова на пульт диспетчерской системы Скотланд Ярда. Это позволяет направить на место происшествия ближайший дежурный патруль.

- Вооружена ли Столичная Полиция?

- Лондонская полиция не вооружена. Однако в городе круглосуточно действует специальный патруль на бронированных высокоскоростных машинах. В состав этого патруля входят 3 вооруженных офицера полиции. Полицейские машины оснащены компьютерными дисплеями, так что информация о личности подозреваемого сразу же поступает к оперативным работникам.

- Какие достижения технического прогресса использует Столичная Полиция в расследовании преступлений?

- Например, мы используем сканирующий электронный микроскоп для исследования улик, найденных на месте преступления, которые впоследствии могут послужить вещественными доказательствами, таких как отпечатки пальцев, фрагменты кожного и волосяного покрова. Если не существует специализированной экспертной методики (extensive investigative techniques), в каждом отдельном случае обращаются к гражданским специалистам и проводится узкоспециальная работа(to resort to sophisticated job). Полиция также пользуется результатами исследований ДНК, по этим результатам можно получить массу информации. Однако, лабораторные методы исследования очень дороги, поэтому к ним прибегают лишь в наиболее сложных случаях.

Revision test
(Units 1 – 3)

Miscellaneous

Ex.1. Use a/an, the or –.

1. … term of “Belaya Rus” began to be used for … first time in … 14^th century.

2. In … Middle Ages … territory of … present day … Belarus was populated by … Eastern Slavic tribes. … Slavic tribes began moving to … territory of … present day Belarus in … 6^th century AD.

3. … ancestors of … Belarusians lived in … basins of … Dnieper and … Zapadnaya Dvina rivers where they hunted, fished and farmed.

4. There was … need in … united state, and it appeared in … 9^th – 11^th centuries, called … Kiev Rus.

5. … Kiev Rus was … home of … three fraternal peoples: … Belarusians, … Ukrainians and … Russians.

6. … Polotsk principality was … craddle of … Belarusian national culture at that time.

7. In … 12^th century … Turov principality became one of … biggest cultural centres in … Belarus.

8. … formation of … Grand Duchy of Lithuania on … territory of Belarus refers to … 1240s – 1250s with … capital in … Novogarodok (Novogrudok).

9. In … 13^th – 16^th centuries … Belarusian language was … official state language of … Grand Duchy of Lithuania. … famous Statutes were written in … Belarusian.

10. … Middle Ages, 15^th – 16^th centuries, are considered to be … Golden Age for … Belarusian culture.

11. … Belarusian Renaissance is one of … finest periods in … Belarusian history with F. Skaryna as one … most brillian representatives.

12. In 1569 … Grand Duchy of Lithuania and … Poland united and formed … Rzecz Pospolitaya with … aim to struggle against … Principality of Moscow.

13. … formation of … joined state led to gradual superseding of … Belarusian language by … Polish from …official usage.

14. In 1795 … Belarusian territory was united with … Russian Empire and … Russian became …official language in this land.

Ex. 2. Use the required form of the verb in the Active or Passive Voice.

1. Diligence and patience (be) the qualities that always (help) the people of Belarus to survive in difficult times.

2. The scientists (not, define) for sure the origin of the name “Belaya Rus”, though there (be) several legends about it.

3. The lands that (be) the Republic’s territory now (begin) to be called “Belaya Rus” in the 14^th century.

4. Francisak Skaryna (translate) and (publish) the Bible into the Belarusian language, first in Prague in 1517-1519, and later in Vilnya.

5. For centuries the Belarusian nation (deprive) of its statehood.

6. At the beginning of the 20^th century Belarusians even (not, regard) as a nation.

7. The way to sovereignty (be) not an easy one for the Belarusians.

8. There (be) always progressive, courageous people in this land, who (want) to see their Motherland a prosperous independent state, and among them there (be) also lawyers.

9. Kastus Kalinovsky (1838 – 1864) (graduate) from the Law Department of St. Petersburg University.

10. In 1863 – 1864 K. Kalinovsky (head) the national liberation movement in Belarus and Lithuania.

11. By the time revolt in 1863 Belarus (be) already a part of the Russian Empire since 1795.

12. From the time immemorial the Belarusian territory (be) a gate way to Russia from the Western countries.

13. Belarus (proclaim) its sovereignty on July 27, 1991.

14. The number of people employed in the private sector constantly (grow).

15. Belarusian Parliament (adopt) the laws, the government (implement) them into life.

Ex. 3. Translate into English.

1. Родоначальником книгопечатания и одним из первых разработчиков белорусской правовой науки был Ф. Скорина.

2. Государственно-правовые идеи Ф. Скорины основывались на глубоком анализе мировой истории.

3. В своих произведениях Ф. Скорина высказывал мнение о роли народа, народном суверенитете и справедливости закона.

4. Ф. Скорина принимал участие в подготовке первого в Европе кодифицированного свода законов – Статута 1529 года.

5. Идеи Скорины оказали влияние на дальнейшее развитие не только белорусской, но и общеевропейской политико-правовой мысли.

6. Знания в области права давало старейшее высшее учебное заведение Беларуси – Виленский университет, основанный в Великом княжестве Литовском в 1570 году. Юридический факультет Виленского университета был открыт в 1641 году.

7. С возникновением государственности и письменности на территории Беларуси появилась необходимость в профессиональных юристах.

8. Настоящей революцией в правотворчестве явилось издание на белорусском языке Статутов 1529, 1566 и 1588 годов.

9. Известный юрист XVI столетия Л. Сапега выступал за ограничение монархии, за приоритет закона, за юридическое образование народа.

10. Именно с этой целью на свои средства Л. Сапега издал Статут 1588 года.

11. Статут 1588 явился действительной конституцией государства, закрепившей фактический суверенитет ВКЛ.

12. Известными юристами в то время были Ф. Скорина, М. Литвин, С. Будны, А. Волан, Н. Радивил Черный, А. Валович и Л. Сапега.

Ex. 4. Give the information in writing about the following dates in the history of Belarus.

1. the 6^th – 8^th centuries 2. the 9^th century 3. the 1240s – 1250s 4. the 14^th century 5. 1517 – 1519 6. 1529, 1566, 1588 7. 1569 8. 1812 9. 1914 10. 1917 11. March 25, 1918

12. January 1, 1919 13. 1921 14. 1922 15. 1941 – 1944 16. July 3, 1944 17. May 9, 1945 18. April 26, 1986 19. July 27, 1991 20. 1994 21. 1995 22. March 19, 2006

Ex. 5. Put the underlined noun into the plural if possible, and make all the necessary changes in the sentence.

1. A policeman doesn’t consider this crime to be serious.

2. That woman was ready to put her neighbour in jail.

3. Family violence is a complex social problem.

4. A thief broke Brown’s Camera Centre last night and stole photographic equipment worth £ 1,500.

5. Police (to say) that a thief appeared to know exactly what he was looking for.

6. Evidence from a criminal trial is not necessary admissible as evidence in a civil action.

7. Suspicion is a feeling that something is wrong or dangerous.

8. There isn’t enough evidence to prove this suspect guilty.

9. A man should take legal advice before a divorce proceeding.

10. Money is the source of all evil on the earth.

11. The jury returns only unanimous verdict – Guilty or Not Guilty.

12. That affair requires experience and hard work.

Ex. 6. Use the proper degree of comparison.

1. The imperfect laws are (good) than none.

2. There are far (many) good people in the world than (bad), but there are enough of the bad to make law necessary in the interest of everyone.

3. Even if we were as (good) as we ought to be, laws would still be necessary.

4. According to the seventeenth-century philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679), preserving life was (important) function of law.

5. (Most/Most of) countries have special rules for young defendants.

6. In many countries, such as Japan and the USA, (high) juridical decisions are made by the Supreme Court.

7. The Supreme Court members are appointed from the (low) courts by the government.

8. If you want to make a will, (good) man to advise you is a solicitor.

9. The Supreme Court is (high) and the district (city) people’s courts are (low) in the judicial system of Russia.

10. In most countries lawyers will tell you that the time they spent studying for their law finals was one of (bad) periods in their life.

11. The professional judges, High Court Judges, deal with (serious) crimes.

12. Judges in Britain are chosen from the (senior) barristers.

13. Lawyers’ salaries are substantially (great) than those of many other professionals.

14. Solicitors make up (large) branch of the legal profession in England and Wales.

15. (High) level of barristers have the title QC (Queen’s Counsel).

Ex. 7. Use the required form of the verb in the Active Voice.

1. The number of judges steadily (increase) since public opinion (criticise) the long duration of proceedings in the country.

2. Judges of the superior courts (not, answer) for judicial actions even if they (act) maliciously or corruptly.

3. The police (look) for witnesses who may have seen something, suspicious in this area between midnight and 1.30 a.m.

4. The detective (wait) to interview Mrs Green to discover what (happen) in their house the previous night.

5. It is likely that the intruders (have) a car nearby, but the police (not, disclose) any sightings yet.

6. I swear by Almighty God that evidence I (give) (be) the truth, the whole truth and nothing more but the truth.

7. The Crown Court (deal) with all the most serious criminal cases, it also (hear) appeals from magistrates’ courts.

8. Judge: “You (have) anything to say before I (pass) sentence on you?”

9. The two policemen in the car (look) at him but couldn’t see his face clearly.

10. Neither Mr Smith nor his sons (be) experts in the judicial system of Great Britain.

11. Despite civil wars and social changes, England and Wales (retain) many laws and legal principles that (originate) eight centuries ago.

12. Recently the government (appoint) the members of the Supreme Court.

13. Only the jury (decide) whether the defendant (be) guilty or not guilty.

14. If someone (say), “I’ll give you $500 to go into court and swear that this statement (be) true”, what you (do)?

15. Mr Smith (work) as a solicitor for twenty-five years. Then he (retire) and (go) to live in the country.

16. In the 21^st century the number of lawyers probably (outplace) the rate of population growth.

17. In the USA the average wages of experienced lawyers in private practice (be) more than $100,000.

18. He will be arrested if he (try) to leave the country.

19. The person who (interview) an hour ago (not, give) any information yet.

20. Effective power (belong) to the government, which is part of Parliament and responsible to it, but which also normally (dominate) it.

Ex. 8. Insert the articles if any. Retell the text.

Inns of Court

1) … student of 2) … law in England can only obtain 3)… law degree and become 4) … barrister by passing 5) … examinations of one of 6) … Inns and dining 7) … certain number of times in 8) … Hall. Then he proceeds to 9) … vocational course, highly practical in 10) … nature. Gray’s Inn was founded in 11) … 14^th century and 12) … Hall was built in 13) … 16^th century.

14) … Lincoln’s Inn is named after one of 15) … Earls of Lincoln, who started 16) … law school nearby in 17) … 14^th century. The Gatehouse, where 18) … Oliver Cromwell is said to have lived as 19) … law student, was built in 1518.

20) … Ancient Inns of 21) … Inner and Middle Temple originally belonged to 22) … Knights Templars, but as long as 23) … 14^th century 24) … lawyers and 25) … law students were living there, and 26) … Temple has been 27)… legal community ever since.

28) …Temple Hall was badly damaged by bombing during 29) … World War II, but it has been well restored. 30) … first public performance of 31) … Twelfth Night was given in this Hall in 1602.

Inns of Court are 32) … group of four institutions that historically been responsible for legal education in England. In 1974 33) … Inns created 34) … administrative body, 35) … Senate of 36) … Inns of Court and 37) … Bar, which oversees such matters as 38)… finance, 39) … legal reform and 40) … educational standards.

Ex. 9. Use the proper form of the verbs.

1. In England judges usually (choose) from the most senior barristers.

2. Magistrates (select) by special committees in every town and district.

3. The British Constitution can (alter) by an Act of Parliament.

4. The principle of separation of powers (adopt) by most modern constitutions.

5. The Executive branch (represent) by the government which (put) the laws into effect.

6. The laws (make) by Parliament, and (interpret) and (apply) by law courts.

7. After the bill (sign) by the Queen, it (become) an Act of Parliament.

8. The Queen (sign) the bill and it (become) an Act of Parliament after it (pass) in the House of Commons and (adopt) in the House of Lords.

9. Common Law is fundamentally judge-made law, which (develop) over many centuries.

10. 10.In Britain legal decisions (base) upon decisions in previous cases and on customs rather than on detailed written law.

11. 11.No one (know) why crime (occur).

12. 12.Since the 18^th century, various scientific theories (advance) to explain crime.

Ex. 10. Put questions to the following sentences.

1. The Constitution shows how the values of the country will be protected. (General)

2. The British Constitution is made up of Statute Law, Common Law and conventions. (What)

3. In the seventh century B.C., Draco drew up Greece’s first written code of laws which were shockingly severe. (When, Alternative)

4. Trial by jury, an ancient Greek tradition was retained in Solon’s new code of law. (What, Who)

5. Roman Law is one of the greatest systems that has ever existed. (Indirect)

6. The Napoleonic Code has influenced the laws of many countries in Europe and South America. (Disjunctive)

7. Government departments are responsible for implementing government policy. (Who)

8. The government is composed of about 20 of the most important ministers. (How many)

9. After the second reading the Bill is referred to a committee or to the House of itself. (Where, When)

10. The national result of the election is known by the next morning. (When, Alternative)

11. Before a government Bill is finally drafted there is normally considerable consultation with professional bodies. (When)

12. A Bill with a mainly financial purpose is nearly always introduced in the Commons. (What, Disjunctive)

13. A private Bill is introduced through a petition presented to Parliament by its promoter. (What, How)

14. The members of the joint committee are chosen in equal number by the respective Houses. (Who, How)

15. Private members’ Bills are not always debated owing to pressure on parliamentary time. (Why)

16. The committee is presided over by a chairperson instead of the Speaker. (Who)

Ex. 11. Use the sentences in the Passive Voice.

1. 1.In England Lord Chancellor appoints all judges from among experienced barristers.

2. A large number of peers support the Conservative Party rather than the other parties.

3. The Queen opens each Parliamentary session with the speech from her throne in the House of Lords.

4. The Royal hasn’t refused to sign a bill, after all parliamentary procedures, since1707.

5. 5.The Trade Union Congress formed the Labour Party in 1900 to win working class representation in Parliament.

6. 6.The American Constitution has repeatedly been amended to meet the changing needs of the nation, but it is still the supreme law of the nation.

7. Parliament creates laws and this is its most important function.

Ex. 12. Use the required form of the verb in the Active or Passive Voice.

a)

1. All major decisions of the government (make) by the Cabinet.

2. The functions (transfer) to a developing parliamentary Cabinet.

3. After the Prime Minister (form) his cabinet he (select) the rest of his ministry.

4. In order to be enforced the Bill (must, publish) in the Statute form.

5. Members of Parliament (pay) since 1911.

6. The date of elections (announce) to the Cabinet.

7. Once parliament (dissolve) all MPs (employ), but government officers continue to function.

8. The results in each constituency (announce) as soon as the votes (count).

9. The Whig party (create) after the revolution of the 1688 and (call) the Social Democratic party.

10. Mr Blair (elect) MP for his present constituency in 1983, then in 1985 he (promote) to the opposition frontbench as a spokesman on Treasury affairs and in 1987 (make) deputy spokesman on Trade and Industry.

b)

1. One of the most detailed ancient legal codes (draw up) in about 1758 B.C. by Hammurabi, a king of Babylonia.

2. The entire code, consisting of 282 paragraphs, (carve) into a great stone pillar, which (set up) in a temple to the Babylonian god Marduk so that it (could, read) by every citizen.

3. The pillar (lose) for centuries after the fall of Babylon in the 16^th century B.C., and only in 1901 it (rediscover) by a French archaeologist amid the ruins of the Persian city of Susa.

4. The pillar (exhibit) now in the Louvre museum in Paris.

5. The laws which (lay down) by Hammurabi were more extensive than any that (go) before.

6. Hammurabi’s laws (cover) crime, divorce and marriage, inheritance and property contracts, regulations about taxes and the prices of goods, the rights of slave owners and slaves, etc.

7. The cruel principle of revenge: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth (observe) in the code.

Ex. 13. Put in the required propositions.

Scottish Parliament

There are 129 Members 1)____ Scottish Parliament. MSPs represent their constituents 2)____ matters which are devolved 3)____ Scottish Parliament, such as Education, Health and the Environment. There are 72 MPs representing Scotland in the House of Commons at Westminster. Their role is to represent their constituents on reserved matters which include Defence, Foreign Affairs, National Security and Employment. You can contact your MSPs 4)____ devolved matters and your MP for reserved matters. The Scottish Parliament Public Information Service can confirm 5)____ you whether a matter is devolved or reserved.

The voting system used 6)____ Scottish Parliament is known as the Additional Member System (AMS). AMS is a type 7)____ proportional representation. This means that the share 8)____ seats each party receives reflects its level 9)____ support among voters. At a Scottish Parliament election each voter has 2 votes:

- With the first vote, voters choose between candidates standing 10)____ their constituency. The candidate winning the largest number 11)____ votes will gain the seat. There are a total 12)____ 73 constituency MSPs.

- The second vote is 13)____ a political party, or 14)____ a candidate standing as an individual, within a larger electoral area called a Scottish Parliament Region. There are 8 Scottish Parliament Regions. Each region has 7 additional seats 15)____ the Parliament, Within each region, parties are allocated additional seats dependent 16)____ the number 17)____ constituency seats it won. The members chosen to fill these 56 additional seats are known as 'regional members'. Each voter will have one constituency MSP and 7 regional MSPs. All MSPs have equal status 18)___ Parliament.

Ex. 14. Use the required modal verb: must, can, may, have (to), to be (to)

1. The Prime Minister _____ form a government.

2. Decisions made by the Cabinet _____ be unanimous.

3. A candidate of the party _____ to put down a deposit of 500 pounds and collect the signatures from residents in the constituency where he _____ stand.

4. MPs _____ to help people and try to make sure their rights under the law are not violated.

5. MPs _____ to deal with in the day-to-day business of constituency life.

6. A money Bill _____ be passed by the Lords without amendments within a month of being presented in the House.

7. Any Public Bill passed by the Commons in two successive parliamentary sessions _____ be presented for the Royal Assent.

8. The Lords _____ only delay the passage of a Public Bill, they _____ not reject it.

9. When Cabinet policy has been decided an individual minister _____ either support it or resign.

10. The Committee _____ continue the discussion of the bill.

11. In many countries citizens _____ take part in the elections whether they want it or not.

12. A Bill improving taxation or spending public money _____ on resolution of the House of Commons.

Ex. 15. Use the modal verbs must, can, may, should, would, to be (to) to have (to) or their equivalents in the proper form.

1. All governments and governmental groups, federal, state and local … operate within Constitution.

2. Americans … manage their own affairs in their own interests. They … elect their own representatives and make their own laws. And, of course, they … make their own mistakes.

3. Rights of every American … not be taken away by any government, court, official or law.

4. Under the principle “one person, one vote” all election districts … have about the same number of residents.

5. The House of Representatives controls spending and finance, so they have President … its agreement for his proposal and programs. He … declare war, either without the approval of Congress. Any treaty … first be approved by the Senate. What a President wants to do is often a different thing from what a President … to do.

6. The president … be from one party, and the majority of those in the House of Representatives or Senate from another.

7. One of the parties … win a majority in the midterm elections, the President remains President, even though his party …. not have a majority in either house. Such a result could easily hurt his ability to get legislation through Congress, which …. pass all laws. In any case, the President’s policies …. be approved by the House of Representatives and the Senate before they. become law.

8. The President … veto any act of Congress. Congress in its turn … override a veto by one-thirds vote in each house.

9. Congress … also refuse to provide funds requested by the President.

10. The President … appoint important officials of his administration by they … be approved by the Senate.

Ex. 16. Complete the following text by translating the words or expressions in brackets.

The (законодательная ветвь) – (конгресс) – consists of the (Сенат) and the (Палата Представителей). Each (сенатор) is elected for six years and each (представитель) for two years, with no limitation on the number of (сроков).

Each of the 50 states elects two (сенатор) under a system in which one-third of the (Сенат) is elected every two years. А (сенатор) must be (старше) 30 years old and must have been an American citizen for (no меньшей мере) nine years.

The (Палата Представителей) has 435 members. Each state is divided into congressional districts of roughly (равное) population, and the (избиратели) of each district elect one (представитель) to (Конгресс). А member must be (старше) 25 years of age and must have been an American citizen for at least seven years.

Both (палата) of (Конгресс) must (одобрить) bills before they become law. The (Сенат) alone (утверждает) the President's (кандидаты) for high-level official positions and (ратифицирует) treaties with other nations.

Ex. 17 Complete the following text with the words and phrases from the box, using them in the appropriate form.

constitution	federal	law
structure	government	to govern
voter	to vote	to be elected (2)
national	responsibility	to be appointed
to name	violation	to be removed from office

 

The United States is a (a)______ union of 50 states, with District of Columbia as the seat of the (b)______government. The Constitution outlines (c)______of the national government and specifies its powers and activities. Other government activities are the (d)________ of the individual states, which have their own (e)______and (f)_______. Within each state there are counties, townships, cities and villages, each of which has its own elective (g) _______.

All government in the United States is "of, by and for the people". Members of Congress, the President, state officials and those who (h)_______ counties and cities (i)______by popular vote. The President (j) _______ the heads of federal departments while judges are either (k)______directly by the people or (1)______ by elected officials, (m)______mark unsigned ballots in private booths, so that no one else can find out for whom a citizen (n)________. Public officials may (o)______for failing to perform their duties properly, as well as for serious (p)______of law.

Ex. 18 Complete the following statements with the appropriate words and expressions from Unit 3.

a)

The US Constitution sets the basic form of government: 1) _______.The ultimate power under the Constitution, in fact, belongs to 2) _________. The Bill of Rights declares such fundamental rights of any American as 3)________.

b)

The Supreme Court of the USA consists of 1) ______. They are appointed by 2)______, and must be approved by 3)______. A decision of the Supreme Court 4) ______to any other court. The Supreme Court has direct jurisdiction in the following kinds of cases: 5) _____. All other cases are 6) ______. The only power of the Supreme Court which is not stated in the Constitution is the power of 7) ______.

c)

All the fifty states of America have 1) ______form of government. The executive branch of the government in each state is headed by 2) _____ and the

judicial branch is represented by 3)______. Each state has its own 4)________which must not interfere with 5) ______.

d)

There is a two-party system in the USA. The Democratic Party is usually associated with 1) ______, and the Republicans, with 2) ______. Anyone who 3)_____may vote in the presidential election in the US. Those who want to

vote must 4) _______ before the election takes place. The national presidential elections consist of two separate campaigns: one is 5)______; the other is 6)______.

Ex. 19 Read and translate the text. Make up the summary of the text in writing.

Vocation to Defend Man

As a rule, the broad public know little about the work of a lawyer. A person asks for the help of a lawyer only on special occasions, for example, when seeking legal advice or for defense in court. The opinion also prevails that a lawyer is needed only formally. But this is absolutely wrong! Our society does not want to see a single innocent person tried or convicted. It is professional duty of a lawyer to help the investigators and the court reveal the circumstances which could acquit the defendant, or mitigate his guilt, and also not to let mistakes happen during the investigation and at the trial.

Unfortunately, the concept is still widespread that defense in a criminal case tends to make it more difficult to combat crime, and this is even supported by some lawyers, strange as it may seem. But it does not hold true. A good, skilled lawyer can do a lot.

For example, the work, done by lawyer N. Ilyina on the case of citizen T., convicted by the District Court of Krasnoyarsk to ten years imprisonment is a good confirmation of it. The defendant was found guilty of murdering his lover. The Krasnoyarsk Territorial Court let the sentence stand. However, after analyzing the case, the lawyer compiled a detailed complaint in which she expressed the belief that an innocent man had been convicted and that S. and K., who took part in the trial as witnesses for the prosecution, were the murderers.

After that, lawyer N. Ilyina had to prove that she was right. A member and the Vice-Chairman of the RF. Supreme Court refused to protest the sentence. Soon afterwards new circumstances of the investigation was resumed. However, some time later the investigators deemed the circumstances to be inadequate for rescinding the sentence. The lawyer then filed a complaint with the Vice-Procurator of the RSFSR, and again met with a refusal. The case was reconsidered only after she applied to the RF. Procurator’s Office, and the Procurator-General, agreeing with the lawyer’s arguments, filed a protest at the Krasnoyarsk Territorial Court and demanded that the sentence be annulled and the case reinvestigated.

The former witnesses were now in the dock and pleaded guilty of committing the murder. Citizen T., thanks to the lawyer’s persistence, was released.

Much is being said and written now about the need for the defense lawyer to take part in the investigation from its very beginning as the chief guarantee against violations of legality. True, it is necessary to pass a law on the extension of the defense counsel’s rights at the preliminary investigation stage. However, unfortunately, there is as yet no practical decision on this question.

The lawyer’s participation in all the investigation activities and his or her acquaintance with all the materials in the case, exclude violations.

But the lawyer must enjoy adequate rights and guarantees of his independence against unscrupulous investigators. This, of course gives the rise to the question of whether this would complicate the activities of law enforcement organs in combatting crime.

The experience of lawyers abroad, who generally participate in criminal cases from the earliest stages of the investigation, testifies that this does not present any insurmountable problems in combatting crime. A lawyer is no hindrance to a skilled investigator.

 

Revision test
(Units 4 – 7)

Miscellaneous

Ex.1. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. 80 per cent of the population of Great Britain is reported to be urban.

2. The Сabinet consists of about 20 people including the Prime Minister.

3. British climate is too influenced by the Atlantic for it to be stable.

4. Britain can't develop normally without repairing its ships.

5. Her powers limited by Parliament, the Queen still plays an important role in political life.

6. The Opposition listened to the speaker explaining the problem.

7. The Opposition criticizes the Bills to be introduced by the Government.

Ex.2. Choose the most suitable form.

1. A British citizen can (try/be tried) in British court for a murder or manslaughter (committed/ committing) anywhere in the world.

2. Most of the scientists (invited/inviting) to the conference were (leading/led) specialists in various branches of Law.

3. Experiment is a test (carried out/being carried out) to gain new knowledge.

4. The number of electronic computers (used/having been used) in any (given/giving) field of human activity is an indication of the degree of its modernity.

5. If (informed/informing) of new repressions, the workers will go on strike.

6. When (giving/given) advice to others, think whether you would follow it yourself.

7. Reporters can cause suffering to individuals (by publishing/by being published) details about their private lives.

8. I'm absolutely sure I locked the door. I clearly remember (locking/to lock) it.

9. I remembered (locking/to lock) the door when I left but I forgot to shut the windows.

10. In Britain she had a lot of problems as she wasn't used to (drive/driving) on the left.

11. The streets are unsafe at night. A lot of people are afraid (to go/of going) out.

12. I don't usually carry my passport with me. I'm afraid (of losing/to lose) it.

13. (To be/being) unemployed, he has never got much money, but it is always (embarrassing/embarrassed) for him (to ask/asking) people for help.

14. She avoided (expressing/to express) her opinion in public.

15. Would you mind (answering/ to answer) a few questions?

16. He finished the letter with the words "I'm looking forward to (seeing/see) you.”

17. The workers complained about (being regularly insulted/having insulted) by the employers.

18. I'm sorry (to bother/bothering) you, but I need to talk to you.

19. I'm sorry (for being/to be) late. I was delayed by the traffic.

20. The article (typing/being typed) now will be published tomorrow.

21. The students have just passed the last exam and one of them suggested (going/to go) to the pub in the evening.

22. I'm sorry (hearing/to hear) that you've lost your job.

23. She is a very interesting person. I always enjoy (talking/to talk) to her.

24. If you cross the street without looking, you risk (being/having been) knocked down.

25. He is trying to sell his car, but nobody is interested (in buying/to buy) it.

26. She lives only a short way from here, so it's not worth (taking/to take) a taxi to get to her house.

Ex. 3. Complete the sentences using the required form of the Verbals.

1. The name Britain is said (to derive) from an early Celtic tribe.

2. Scotland and England are known (to join) in 1707.

3. One can watch new industrial towns (to grow) in the outer ring of London.

4. Measures (to submit) to Parliament are the responsibility of the Prime Minister.

5. The Queen calls upon the leader of the Opposition (to form) a new government.

6. At the opening of Parliament only a few MPs from the House of Commons hear the Queen (to read) her speech.

7. The population of Britain is spread unequally, with most of the people (to live) in the South.

8. The Prime Minister is the ruler of the country (to preside) over the meetings of the Cabinet.

9. The (to import) food supplies half of the food needs of Britain.

10. If the Opposition succeeds in (to defeat) the Government the latter resigns.

11. The party couldn't risk (to oppose) the Bill.

12. They stopped (to print) newspapers in the centre of London.

Ex.4. Rewrite the sentences with after and – ing- form

1. I have a cup of coffee. Then I start to work.

2. I open the mail. Then I make some phone calls.

3. He checked his appointments for the next day. He left the office.

4. She watched TV. Then she went to bed.

5. I say hello’ to my friends. Then I go to see my boss.

Ex.5. State the constructions with the Verbals. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Science seems to be playing a major part in politics now and it is desirable for people to understand it.

2. For the experiment to be successful he had to do much work before carrying it out.

3. We do not expect the government to cut taxes though it was promised to the people not long ago.

4. This discovery is considered to be the result of a long and thorough investigation.

5. The application of science and technology in all fields is certain to affect the structure of society as a whole.

6. Occasionally, we all have days, in which nothing seems to go right.

7. Steve's coming so late surprised everybody for he was known to be a very punctual person.

8. The manager's refusing to sign this contract was unexpected result of our talks with one of the foreign companies working in this country.

9. I heard them discussing the agenda of the conference and asked if they would mind my joining their discussion.

10. When he had all his taxes paid, the amount left in the bank was hardly worth mentioning.

11. The standard of living having improved, the families could afford spending more money on foodstuffs.

12. Both scientists and scholars carry out research, the difference between the two being that the former are engaged in exact and natural sciences, while the latter work in the field of the humanities.

Ex. 6. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Verbals and Constructions with them.

1. She was sorry that she had missed the beginning of the lecture.

2. The problems that will be discussed are vital for our research.

3. The two sides expect that negotiations will be long and difficult.

4. Most of the scientists believe that rapid expansion of industrialization leads to an exhaustion of natural resources.

5. People are sure that science will influence the solution of most important economic and political problems.

6. We waited when the newspapers would publish the information about our new discovery.

7. The teacher insisted that we should take part in the conference.

8. As he didn't know the language and had no friends in the town he found it hard to get work.

9. As the crisis in the country had passed, people could think about the future again.

10. The problems of pollution have already been discussed at a large number of conferences and some of them have been sponsored by the UN.

11. I smelt that something was burning and suddenly saw that smoke was rising over the roof of the house.

12. O. Wild welcomed socialism and considered that it would be a better organized society.

Ex.7. Say what part of speech the underlined forms are, state their functions in the sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian

1. In some cases the police do not know who committed the crime or, if they do know, they cannot locate the offender. This is the classic problem of detection, the problem of discovering reliable information that will lead to the identification and arrest of a criminal

2. Every police officer classifies each case as promising or unpromising on the basis of several criteria, the most important of which is whether or not he thinks he can solve it.

3. While speaking to a victim or witness, the main task of the detective is his ability to conduct a productive interview.

4. Despite their importance, interviewing skills are primarily learned on the job.

5. Having productive informants is essential in many criminal cases.

6. Some states in the USA require a grand jury hearing in felony cases.

7. The grand jury consists of 12-23 persons who sit for 3 to 18 months depending on the jurisdiction.

8. The no contest plea (the same as a guilty plea) is often used when a person is facing both criminal and civil charges.

9. The patrol officer, in taking the original report, will talk with the victim to find out what happened.

10. When protecting a crime scene, the officer must remember that nothing is to be touched or moved.

11. An officer stopping a person for a minor violation of the law has no way of knowing whether the person is wanted for a felony or misdemeanor.

12. Drunk driving arrests peak during the holidays.

13. The climate, weather and changing seasons bring with them differences in crime according to some criminologists.

14. Hot summer weather when people are out of their houses leads to an increasing number of crimes of violence.

15. Burglaries and other property crimes have a tendency for increasing during winter months, when there are long periods of darkness.

Ex. 8. Define the Verbals and their Constructions. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. In the USA the President and Vice-President must be voted for as a team.

2. To become a president a candidate must receive at least 270 votes, which constitute a bare majority in 538-member electoral college.

3. The election laws and their qualification are known to vary in each State.

4. The Senate and the House of Representatives are known to be the two branches of the USA Congress.

5. It is usual for the President to call an extra session to indicate the exact matter which needs the attention of Congress.

6. The judicial branch has the responsibility of judging the constitutionality of acts.

7. There law are about 100 Federal courts through the USA, with final authority resting in the Supreme Court.

8. The discussion over, and numerous questions answered, the speaker turned and left the room.

9. The students were working in the library, one of them looking through the catalogue in search of a required book.

10. She was speaking to the children, her eyes full of kindness and understanding.

11. He has won the case, his heart full of strange emotions.

12. The accused man listened to the sentence, his face calm and indifferent.

13. There being a storm, the prisoner managed to escape without being noticed.

14. It being late, we had to postpone our meeting with the suspects for tomorrow.

15. Mother looked at her son all the time, her eyes happy.

16. The thief arrested by the police stood silent, with his eyes fixed on the ground.

17. A burglar sat on the steps, with his arms crossed upon his knees.

18. The woman was slowly walking on, with a child sleeping calmly in her arms.

19. This news broke her down, and she wandered away, tears rolling down her cheeks.

20. The Queen’s Counsel is expected to appear only in the most important cases.

21. The American Constitution appears to be the oldest still in force in the world.

22. Law seems to exist apart from man and is not even noticed by him until somebody violates its orders.

23. The Supreme Court’s function is to interpret the Constitution, not to alter or modify it.

24. The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest tribunal in the United States, with a Chief Justice and eight associate justices appointed by the President.

25. Independence declared, each of the 13 original states wanting to be sovereign and control its own affairs.

26. Democrats often want the government to establish social programs for people in need, such as the poor, the unemployed and the elderly.

27. Republicans want the government to support big business, but not control the lives of citizens.

28. Republicans are considered to oppose the government’s spending for social programs. They are known to support military spending.

Ex.9. a) Say what would happen if things were different.

1. If I (win) a lot of money, I (travel) around the world.

2. If all people (be) good and honest, the world (be) better.

3. If people (not, commit) crimes, there (not, be) any necessity to put them to prison.

4. If he (not, violate) a law some years ago, he (not, punish) then.

5. If he (not, punish) then, he (graduate) from college already.

6. If he (be) among us now, we (can, celebrate) his twentieth birthday yesterday.

7. If I (be) you, I (not, let) anybody spoil your relationship with him.

8. Don't worry, if it (rain), I (take) an umbrella. But there isn't a cloud in the sky.

9. If only she (be) here, she (help) us.

10. If only he (work) harder, he (can, get) a better job when he graduated from college.

b) Say what would have happened if things had been different.

1. Jane/ not to stay at home/ not feel so ill.

2. I was so angry. I see him/I ignore him.

3. He / speak to me/ I / not say anything.

4. The police / arrive quickly/ catch the burglar.

5. You listen to the radio/ hear this news.

Ex.10. Rewrite the sentences, using: a) I wish, b) if only

1. I'd like to have a new car.

2. I'd like to do it myself.

3. I'm sorry I failed my driving test.

4. It' a pity you didn't warn me about it.

5. I didn't know the results.

6. I want to study Law instead of computer programming.

Ex.11. Complete the sentences with the required form of the Verbals, the Subjunctive Mood, or Tenses in the Active or Passive Voice.

1. I remember (meet) her at a party a year ago. I wish I (meet) her again.

2. I remember her (say) she fell ill. It's important that she (recover) before we (arrive).

3. You've forgotten (ask) for my help. Suppose I (come), you (be) at home?

4. I regret (be) absent at that meeting. If I (be) there, I (learn) a lot of interesting.

5. She stopped (work) in the garden and (go) to the river to have a short rest.

6. The value of the dollar started (rise) in March. It's high time it (stop) (rise) already. It's important that the economic situation (change) for better in this country.

7. Peter the Great started (build) the city on the Neva river in 1703. But for him, the city, probably, never (build) at this place.

8. When my Korean host invited me to the restaurant, I (insist) on (pay) the bill. Unfortunately, it seems (to make) him very upset. I'd like to know if it (be) better for me, if the host (pay) the bill himself.

9. The man who told me to leave the mosque (look) quite angry. He said something about it (forbid) to film people at prayer and he kept (point) at my shoes.

10. He likes (go) to football and tennis matches because he (think) that they are very exciting. He usually speaks about them as if he (see) all the matches in the world.

11. I don't mind (spend) the weekend with the children, but I hate (stay) at home alone. I suggest (go) somewhere to the sea and insist on (you, go) with us.

12. Why do you avoid (see) me? – No, it’s you who tries (not, meet) me. I wish I (can, see) you every day.

13. Do you insist on (you, send) to the international conference? – Yes, it’s important for (I, send) there, as I (investigate) this problem for a long time, and know it quite well.

14. It’s desirable that she (be) calm and (show) no sign of (impress).

15. I was annoyed at (interrupt) every moment. I dislike his habit of (interrupt) people.

16. I hate (remind) him of his duties or (remind) of mine. I wish we (not, work) together.

17. The boss insisted on (discuss) this problem, but I think that the matter was not worth (speak) about.

18. I prefer to do things without (disturb) anyone or (disturb).

19. After (examine) by the doctor, my brother was admitted to the judo club. He insists on (I, join) this club too.

20. Jane was so eagerly looking forward to (give) the (lead) part in the performance that she couldn’t help (cry) at (not, offer) it. I am sure if she (give) this part, the performance (be) a success.

21. (Go) home for Christmas is a most cherished tradition of the holiday season. (Travel) abroad can be also exciting, but on Christmas Day it is more exciting (be) at home.

22. He is quite serious in (say) that he is leaving this place for good. I wish I (can) go with him.

23. A story (write) for a newspaper or a magazine (call)