Абсолютная причастная конструкция с предлогом with

Отдельно следует остановиться на особенностях абсолютной причастной конструкции с предлогом with, который в этих случаях на русский язык не переводится. Вариант перевода будет зависеть от контекста.

With the prices going higher and wages frozen it is becoming increasingly difficult for the British home market to maintain stability. - Так как (поскольку) цены продолжают расти, а заработная плата заморожена, становится все труднее сохранять стабильность на внутреннем рынке Великобритании.

Примечание. Причастие being в данной конструкции часто опускается.

With unemployment now a crisis issue… = With unemployment being now a crisis issue… - Теперь, когда вопрос о безработице стоит очень остро…

Translate the following sentences:

1.	With Phillips now having more than 15 production centres in Britain, it seems unlikely that the British operation will go unscathed.
2.	With United Kingdom wage levels rising, the costs of production in Britain are now only marginally less than on the Continent.
3.	With imports continuing to rise, the crude trade deficit of $ 82 million in the first quarter was nearly at the level of a year previously, which was the worst deficit ever recorded.
4.	In the three months to May import volume fell by 2 1/2 per cent and, with sluggish home demand expected, may not rise much in the reminder of the year.
5.	With more money about, we tend to make an undue demand upon our own domestic products instead of exporting them, therefore creating a balance of payments problem.
6.	With Britain gripped by recession and 2.5 million unemployed, intense competition for jobs tends to leave black youths behind.
7.	With U.S. exports still limited by congestion in ports, it is possible that South Africa could become the leading supplier to Europe when it completes the current phase of expansion of its automated and computerized Indian Ocean coal port, Richards Bay.
8.	With domestic demand slack, the Japanese economy has had to depend on exports for much of its growth - particularly of such high-priced items as automobiles, which now provide 17 per cent of the country's total exports.
9.	This year, with the threat of protectionist action in Europe and the United States in the background, auto-makers are showing restraint in their shipments to familiar overseas customers.
10.	With sales of automobiles of the domestic market sagging, and many dealers in deficit, the pressure to export autos last year was acute.
11.	With their profits siphoned off by the central government bonds, some production units will undoubtedly have to curtail expansion plans, profit-sharing and other incentives to workers.
12.	With the Government doing its utmost to keep wages down, and with price increases due to the EU membership coming on top of price increases arising from Government policy, the standard of living in this country would be given an extremely serious setback.
13.	Through the first nine months, Japanese shipyards reportedly won more than 80 per cent of all export ship orders handled within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), with the 12-nation Association of Western European Shipbuilders (AWES) taking the remainder.
14.	«Statistics Canada» announced another rise in the cost of living with food prices leading the way.
15.	As there is a natural limit to the capacity of consumption of necessities of life (food, etc.), particular attention must be paid to industrialization, with consumption prospects in this sphere being particularly unlimited for a long time to come.
16.	This is in essence a Honda car - the Ballade - built under licence in Britain with Honda supplying key components.
17.	Export demand has been buoyant, with high quality products particularlybenefiting from the devaluation of the pound.
18.	Tens of thousands of interesting British patents are on display in the British Patents Office but the vast majority have been abandoned due to a combination of high patent costs and astronomically high model costs, perhaps with the inventor going bankrupt in the process.
19.	The agreement marks a major extension of the collaboration between the two companies, which began with the car launched in Britain last year.

 

 

Причастие в функции союзов и предлогов

Некоторые причастия в функции союзов и предлогов переводятся чаще на русский язык следующим образом:

provided, granted (granting)	- при условии, принимая во внимание
supposing, assuming	- если, допустим, предположим что
seeing	- поскольку, принимая во внимание, учитывая, ввиду того что
given	- при наличии, если учесть
failing	- при отсутствии
regarding, respecting	- относительно
pending	- до, в ожидании
following	- вслед за
considering	- учитывая

 

Given good will on the part of other partners the project could be carried out without any further delay. - При наличии доброй воли со стороны других партнеров этот проект мог бы быть осуществлен без дальнейшего промедления.

 

Translate the following sentences:

1.	Given the well-known complexities of the Japanese distribution system, the second part of this arrangement is particularly important.
2.	Given the highly capital intensive nature of such a project, new technologies are brought to the greatest numbers of people only when labour intensive projects and business are encouraged.
3.	Given a British expanding market the average increase in productive efficiency is 3 per cent a year.
4.	Given the output achieved in the first four months and the outlook for the UK economy published in the Financial Statement and Budget Report it seems unlikely that chemicals output will rise by as much as 5 per cent.
5.	These tremendous, complex tasks can be carried out given planned development of the national economy and correct leadership of the national economic development.
6.	If Saudi Arabia decides to maintain its production at the current level, the highest prices are almost equally certain to continue to decline, given the state of the market.
7.	Foreign-owned companies that set up British subsidiaries to channel their profits pay no tax provided their management and control remain outside.
8.	Objections to this plan, supposing there is any, should be reported to the committee at once.
9.	Assuming the hearty cooperation of all the members, it is reasonable to expect that the project will be successful.
10.	Prospects are bright for a big expansion of trade between these two countries, following the signing of a new three-year trade agreement.
11.	Failing agreement by the United States to steps of this kind, serious consideration should be given to the possibilities of Western Europe to maintain high levels of output and trade in the international economy outside the United States.
12.	Pending the reopening of negotiations and fearing the abrogation of some privileges the State Council adopted certain measures.
13.	America's Secretary of State headed a U.S. Government delegation which has arrived in Tokyo for talks on trade matters. The delegation left in a convoy of 36 cars for a mountain resort, pending the opening of the talks tomorrow.
14.	The decision this month, according to the sources, was to postpone any such changes, pending a large policy review regarding relations with China and Taiwan.
15.	And it is argued that the risk that Britain runs in exposing her hand, though not to be discounted, is well worth taking, considering the importance to British industry of the negotiations as a whole.

 

 

§7 СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ (ПАССИВ)

 

Перевод предложений со сказуемым в страдательном залоге представляет значительную трудность по ряду причин.

7.1

Целый ряд глаголов, которые в английском языке образуют пассивную форму, не употребляются в страдательном залоге в русском языке. Например, глаголы to arrive at, to call upon, to deal with, to enter into, to refer to, to report on, to dictate to, to tell (smth), to give (smth) to.

The Council was told that… - Совету сообщили, что…

 

7.2

Переходному английскому глаголу может соответствовать непереходный глагол в русском языке. Например, to affect (воздействовать на), to attend (присутствовать на), to follow (следовать за), to influence (влиять на), to join (присоединяться к), to need (нуждаться в) и др.

The oil prices were affected by the shortage on the market. - Сокращение предложения на рынке сказалось на уровне цен на нефть.

 

7.3

В английском языке фразеологические сочетания могут употребляться в пассиве, в то время как при переводе на русский язык страдательный залог меняется на действительный. Например, to make use of, to pay attention to, to take notice of и др.

This statement should be looked at in the new light. - Это заявление следует рассматривать в новом свете.

 

7.4

В русском языке страдательный залог не имеет такого широкого употребления, как в английском, и его часто заменяют действительным по стилистическим соображениям или для того, чтобы правильно определить смысловой акцент.

 

Translate the following sentences:

1.	Small industries are actively encouraged in a number of ways. Firstly they are largely exempt from tax.
2.	Under both the American and British systems of finance for small business the entrepreneur is required to furnish the original seed capital and prove he can run a business.
3.	No one doubts that innovations in planning and technology are required.
4.	From the meeting came a general feeling that, providing the best use was made of resources, a substantial increase in market shares, both in foreign and domestic markets, could be achieved.
5.	More recently doubts have been expressed as to whether the planning towards heavy industrialization has really benefited many of the people in developing countries.
6.	Research as a tool of sound economic policy has not been given adequate attention.
7.	When governments or bankers think of technological transfer, especially from developed to developing countries, they are at first attracted by modern economies of scale.
8.	This should be followed by satisfactory financial support for the approved research projects.
9.	A change of course in the government's economic strategy was hinted at last night in Leader of the House's first major speech in his new job as chief Tory propagandist.
10.	The whole EU budget is also being argued about. Both Britain and West Germany want to cut farm spending, while France wants a big increase in prices for its farmers.
11.	The president's tax and budget proposals, which amount to a massive redistribution from the poor to the prosperous, have been defended on the grounds that they are necessary to end inflation. Complaints that the program is unjust are rebuffed with assurances that an unfettered economy is the best welfare program.
12.	One day the world will learn of the intrigues and provocations that were resorted to in pushing the country into this suicidal policy.
13.	The preeminence given to military industry and technology over the last three decades, has had a delayed but serious impact upon the civilian industrial economy. In stark contrast to the enormous sums allotted over the years to military technology, civilian technology has been starved for capital and thus for talent.
14.	The construction industry employs more workers than any other production industry - 1.7 million people - and, once again, it is the worst hit by government economic mismanagement.
15.	Chrysler workers have already suffered many severe hardships - the closing of Dodge Main and other plants, massive layoffs, and other cuts in pay. Now workers are asked to pay more to keep their jobs - without guarantees, although the bankers have Washington's guarantees of payment.
16.	Detroit is a city with a Black majority population. Like many other industrial Midwest towns, it has been hard-hit by the economic crisis. Youth unemployment in Detroit is even higher than in most other U.S. cities.
17.	Wall Street executives said they were heartened by the plan to reduce government borrowing and the resulting prospect of more business for their firms.
18.	The new powers of the Government on wages are as totally unacceptable to the trade union movement of this country as the old ones. They must be resisted, and defeated.

 

§ 8 ОБОРОТ it is (was)… who (that, when и т.д.)

 

Данная эмфатическая конструкция с it служит для выделения различных членов предложения (кроме сказуемого), т.е. несет эмоционально-усилительную функцию. Тот член предложения, который необходимо выделить ставят после оборота it is (was),а потом ставят соответствующее относительное местоимение (who, whom, that и т.п.) или союз (when, where). Аналогично можно выделить и целое придаточное предложение.

При переводе, опираясь на контекст, используют те средства русского языка, которые наилучшим образом передают эту эмфазу (например, словами именно, это и др.; изменением порядка слов и т.п.). Сочетание it is (was) not till (until) чаще переводятся: только после, только когда, только в такой-то момент.

It is for that reason that the Fed.'s decision is both timely and appropriate. - Именно по этой причине решение Федеральной резервной системы своевременно и целесообразно.

For it was Britain's role in the European Union which was at the heart of discussion… - Поскольку в центре обсуждения как раз и стоял вопрос о роли Великобритании в Европейском союзе, то….

It is not until full delivery that the goods will be paid for. - Товары будут оплачены только при полной поставке.

Translate the following sentences:

1.	Strangely enough it is official policies designed for the common good that so often work against adopting appropriate technology.
2.	It is through small business in the general case that ideas of Western technology and economic organization make their impact on the ordinary people.
3.	It is, however, the rising and practically irresistible tide of international migration that poses a new, unprecedented challenge to the trade union leadership in the developed countries.
4.	It is because of this single main qualitative difference that independent businesses are so much more efficient than the large organizations whether state-owned or public companies.
5.	Is it Governments alone that are responsible for 20 years of relative decline?
6.	And it is the government's aim to encourage investment that will best complement Britain's industrial infrastructure.
7.	It won't be until the end of the congressional session, 10 months from now, that the United States will know what actually can be cut from the budget - and at whose expense.
8.	It was at this time that major money center banks from New York to Hong Kong accepted, perhaps unwittingly, the responsibility of recycling the world's excess liquidity.
9.	It is not until June 5 that the Bill will be published.
10.	But because of government controls on the domestic price, it is in the export field that the coal divisions of the leading mining houses harvest the profits that have made them star performers in recent years.
11.	And yet, on the face of things at least, it is just this issue that is at present in the centre of financial controversy in the United States and Germany.
12.	Britain is looking for expansion, more "growth", but it is only tiny businesses, "seeds", which have the required expansion potential.
13.	It is this licensing of technology which makes the agreement particularly significant is terms of the Anglo-Japanese collaboration on high technology being encouraged by the two Governments.
14.	But we all know that it is capital which is creative for the future.
15.	It is precisely this potential, which no other sector has, which has so fired the imagination of politicians.
16.	It is the Bolton Committee which spotlighted the importance of the independence of the independent and small businesses to the economic prosperity of the nation.
17.	Although it wasGermany which had led a financial rescue operation earlier in the year, itwas, ironically, the relationship with Germany which had probably done more to undermine Turkey's economic stability than any other single factor.
18.	The share of imports in Britain's consumption of manufactured and semi-manufactured goods increased greatly over the past ten years. It wasthis growth which alarmed the Government and business last year when the expansion of imports had a severe effect on the balance of payment.
19.	Although the United States invented the transistor it was Japan who was first to flood the world market with pocket transistor radios.
20.	It is true America invented the modern document copier but it is nowtheJapanesewho are making the US situation in Britain uncomfortable.

§ 9 СЛУЖЕБНЫЕ СЛОВА

 

SINCE

В качестве союза since переводится на русский язык: поскольку, так как; с тех пор как, после этого (того). В качестве предлога since переводится: с, со времени и т.п.

International agreements on prices have scarcely modified the situation since prices are always dictated by big industrial powers. - Международные соглашения по ценам вряд ли меняют ситуацию, поскольку цены всегда диктуются крупными промышленными странами.

Since 1945 immense changes have occurred… - С 1945 года произошли огромные изменения…

 

WHILE

В качестве союзаwhile переводится: в то время как, пока; хотя, тогда как; несмотря на то, что; и, а.

Союз while в сочетании с причастием обычно не переводится, а сама конструкция обычно переводится деепричастным оборотом.

While planning the future… - Планируя будущее …

The stock market indexes went up in London, while in Tokyo there were no hikes. - Индексы на Лондонской фондовой бирже выросли, в то время как в Токио не наблюдалось никакого роста.

 

FOR

В качестве союза for переводится на русский язык: ибо, так как, потому что, ведь.

They insist on controlling inflation, for it drives up prices. - Они настаивают на мерах по сдерживанию (сокращению) инфляции, так как она ведет к росту цен.

 

В качестве предлога for переводится: за, по; для; в течение; из-за; на, к; от, против (болезни); за, вместо и т.д.

Наиболее часто встречающиеся сочетания с предлогом for:

for all	- несмотря на, вопреки, чтобы… не…
for one	- со своей стороны
for one thing	- во-первых, прежде всего
for that matter	- и все же; в сущности; что касается этого; несмотря на все и т.п.

 

Как уже не раз отмечалось, выбор варианта перевода будет диктовать контекст.

 

BUT

В качестве предлога but переводится: кроме, за исключением. Anything but - далеко не; все что угодно, только не; ( for, to) all but - (для) всех, кроме.

В качестве союза but переводится: но, а, и, однако, тем не менее; если не, как не, чтобы не; but for - если бы не.

В качестве наречия but - только, лишь; all but - почти, едва ли…

The Minister said that they had no choice but to cut interest rates. - Министр заявил, что у них не было иного выбора, кроме как снизить ссудный процент.

 

ONCE

В качестве союза once переводится: как только, коль скоро.

В качестве наречия once переводится: один раз, однажды, когда-то, некогда.

In most Latin American countries once boundless reliance on the US dollar is crumbling. - В большинстве латиноамериканских стран разрушается когда-то (некогда) безграничная зависимость от доллара США.

 

WELL

Слово well переводится в зависимости от того, с какой частью речи оно сочетается.

После глагола и перед причастием (II) well переводится: хорошо, вполне.

The plan, if well designed, will… - План, если он хорошо разработан, будет…

После модального глагола (перед основным) well переводится: вполне.

This work may well be done next week. - Эта работа вполне может быть сделана на следующей неделе.

В сочетании с наречием или союзом well переводится: значительно, очень, довольно; wellafter - значительно позже; well before - задолго до; as well - также; as wellas - так же как, как…, так и….

Demand was well down in the first half of the year. - Спрос значительно снизился в первой половине года.

 

AS

Союз as комбинирует в себе обстоятельства причины и времени. Поэтому при переводе могут использоваться союзные слова: когда, в то время как, по мере того как; так как; как. Если преобладание того или иного элемента не усматривается, можно воспользоваться словами: в условиях, когда.

 

Иногда после прилагательного в случае инверсии союз as переводится: хотя, как ни.

As the globalization grows stranger… - По мере того как процессы глобализации набирают силу…

Strong as the US dollar was, it… - Как ни устойчив (высок) был курс доллара США, он…

В качестве наречия as переводится: как, как например, настолько.

Обратите внимание на перевод следующих сочетаний:

as…as	- так же…как; такой же…как; не далее как
as to (for)	- что касается
as if	- как если бы; как будто
so as	- (с тем) чтобы; так (настолько) чтобы
as it is	- (в начале предложения) как бы то ни было, в действительности, можно сказать; (в конце предложения) уже и так, без того
as it were	- как бы то ни было
as it happens	- между прочим; оказывается
as a matter of fact	- фактически, в действительности
as a whole	- в целом

 

Translate the following sentences:

1.	This relative improvement may, however, prove illusory, since there had already been a pressure on dollar reserve.
2.	Since developments in the oil-refining and chemical industry processes are so closely intertwined, we now turn to consideration of some refinery process innovations.
3.	Since our population is only increasing by the average annum rate of 0.1 per cent over the next 10 years then almost the whole of the 2 1/2 per cent annual increase in home food production goes towards self-sufficiency.
4.	However, if the Japanese were to manufacture in (say) Germany then that would be distinctly to British disadvantage, since any exports into Britain represent so many jobs lost in Britain car-making and we are at a disadvantage as to trade balance.
5.	But the actual situation is more adverse since Britain had surplus production capacity.
6.	Since this economic policy hasn't been tried before, and since it isn't based on any economic model, and since the assumptions on which the administration's forecasts are based were revised to provide the desired results the scepticism is not entirely unjustified.
7.	Latin America has changed dramatically since the 1960s when it accepted Washington's political leadership much more readily. Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and Venezuela, in particular, have emerged as regional powers with their own spheres of influence.
8.	Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings permit a company to remain in control under court supervision. They also provide for court protection against lawsuits by creditors while the company attempts to work out a plan to pay bills.
9.	A high-ranking Transport Ministry official recently stated that while Japan is sympathetic to the plight of European shipbuilders, it is unlikely that the Japanese shipbuilding industry will be able to make further concessions on the matter.
10.	With the population growth will come a tremendous increase in transport on the roads and the council estimates that while in 14 years time there will be one additional person for every six now - the number of vehicles will have almost doubled.
11.	While pressing for every kind of financial help to the local authorities, it is evident that only nationalization of all urban land is an essential need.
12.	Also the Department of Employment figures are mid-year estimates while the R & D figures relate to the end of the year.
13.	Between July and August, the index had moved up by 0.3 points, while the previous monthly period saw a 1 point advance.
14.	When is an economic slump not a slump? The answer: When the economy in question is Japan's. For what Japanese economic and business leaders are all too ready to define as a "slump" or "slowdown" would be considered a rosy picture in virtually any other industrial country of the West.
15.	This sterling scare is a particularly outrageous one. For the present run on the pound was not started by foreign bankers or speculators, but by the Bank of England itself.
16.	Washington - As the new administration takes over, U.S. policy toward Latin America and the developing world has already begun a swing to the right.
17.	As recently as early March of this year, Mr. E. Rebuffed one of his top subordinates who strongly urged the Prime Minister to point out to American officials that a lot of their balance-of-payment troubles were of their own making.
18.	As the grisly toll of plant closures and mill shutdowns inexorably mounts, workers across the U.S. are getting very angry.
19.	But under U.S. trade law, imports can be restricted only if the International Trade Commission (ITC) finds them to be as big a factor as any other in causing the industry-wide malaise. The commission did not.
20.	The full effect on trade of rising costs caused by high wage settlements and a rising exchange rate has yet to be felt in Britain, the bank said. Company profitability in the first six months was the worst recorded and real unemployment is growing twice as fast as official jobless statistics show.
21.	Several distinguished economists testifying on Capitol Hill have cast doubts on the administration's predictions. L.K., the Nobel Prize winner, says, "The outlook is not as rosy, as far as growth is concerned, as far as inflation is concerned and as far as the balanced budget is concerned".
22.	The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is campaigning to change its international image as a ruthless cartel that is raking in billions of dollars and strangling the economies of both rich and poor countries.
23.	Prices on the New York Stock Exchange retreated Thursday in moderate trading as investors continued to take profits in the oils.
24.	Mr. B. was quoted as saying that cooperation between the two nations would serve their common interests.
25.	"What the president is asking," the memo charges, "is that Congress and the nation risk everything on one roll of the dice - a mystic combination of tax cuts and spending cuts that are supposed to rout inflation, low productivity, etc. - as the morning sun dissipates the evil vapors of the night."
26.	The private-sector agreement limits pay raises to the inflation index, now 7 per cent forall but the lowest paid and commits unions to making no further claims while it lasts.
27.	Never have management and labor in West Germany been so far apart in their positions at the start of wage negotiations. And what has been happening in the steel and metal working industries is but a taste of the bitter struggle over wages that will take place in other branches where current contracts expire later this spring.
28.	The Bank of England issued orders to banks late Thursday night to limit their advances toallbut exporters.
29.	Despite a "difficult year" last year, bank increased its net profits by 24 per cent and shareholders would have been given a bigger increase than that recently announced but for the Government's restraint rules.
30.	Once formal entry has been completed, another question in the negotiations is the length of the transitional period after formal entry.
31.	Once that was done then the rest was simply a question of time.
32.	Once the exchange rate begins to fall the price of imports is bound to rise.
33.	How is it that Britain, once the world's greatest industrial power, now faces this stark choice?
34.	Once the institutional and international agreements are worked out, it is likely that mining on the outer continental shelf and in the deep ocean, still in its early stages, will be rapidly growing world-wide industry.

 

§ 10 АРТИКЛЬ

 

Часто артикли в английском языке кроме своей грамматической функции несут и смысловую нагрузку. Поскольку в русском языке нет такого грамматического явления как артикль, переводчик должен использовать лексические и синтаксические средства русского языка, опираясь на контекст.

 

Определенный артикль

Определенный артикль, несущий смысловую нагрузку, часто переводится: текущий, нынешний, настоящий, действующий, тот, тот самый, этот, всё (все) и т.п.

Pirelli had agreed to compensate the shareholders if no merger was agreed by the end of November. - Фирма Пирелли согласилась выплатить компенсацию держателям ее акций (своим акционерам) в случае, если до конца ноября не будет достигнута договоренность о слиянии.

Часто при переводе существительных с определенным артиклем необходимы соответствующие фоновые знания, которые помогут дать контекстуально правильный перевод. Например, если в предложении употреблено слово the Depression, придется прибегнуть к лексической развертке и перевести это как Великая депрессия.

 

Неопределенный артикль

Неопределенный артикль, несущий смысловую функцию, часто переводится: один из, один, некий, какой-либо, новый, такой, известный, определенный, любой и др.

Как и в случае с определенным артиклем только контекст поможет выбрать верный вариант.

The Administration is miffed. Despite a strong economy, the president is low in the polls. - Администрации США (Правительству США) нечему радоваться. Несмотря на такой устойчивый (сильный) экономический подъем, рейтинг президента Клинтона невысок[3].

Наличие или отсутствие неопределенного артикля может изменить значение слова. Например, a power - держава, power - власть; a few, a little - некоторое число, некоторое количество, few, little - мало, почти нет…

Few economists realize… - Мало кто из экономистов понимает… (Почти нет экономистов, которые понимают…)

A few economists realize… - Некоторые экономисты понимают… (Есть несколько экономистов, которые понимают…)

 

10.3

Артикли также могут указывать на место смыслового акцента в предложении. Это часто влечет за собой изменение порядка слов, так как в русском языке центр высказывания (на это часто указывает неопределенный артикль) обычно находится в конце предложения.

The deficit reduction program had a profound effect on the economy. - Программа снижения дефицита бюджета оказала на экономику страны большое влияние.

A deficit reduction program had a profound effect on the economy. - На экономику страны большое влияние оказала программа снижения дефицита бюджета.

 

Translate the following sentences:

1.	If there really is a new beginning, not just the same old new beginning, then the president will have learned the lesson of his predecessor's failure. He will be able, if matters go awry, to overcome ideology, and accept the premise that when it comes to checking OPEC and big unions and big companies, a certain, not unuseful, role can be played by government.
2.	If this process continues, the USA will not have the auto industry, steel industry or heavy machine industry. They are disappearing. What it has in certain areas is underdevelopment. New England is one of such areas.
3.	As Britain's deepest postwar recession continues, with industrial production plummeting and unemployment soaring at rates last seen during the Depression, fears are growing that Prime Minister's medicine may be permanently disabling rather than curing.
4.	Democratic economists believe that at a time when business is operating with considerable slack, the nation could stand even larger deficits without much risk of accelerating inflation.
5.	There was a time when the government leaders were well aware of this.
6.	West Germany has now built up its trade to a position among the main suppliers to many countries in South East Asia.
7.	The European Union's industry ministers Friday called for a link between all state subsidies to the steel industry and cuts in capacity. But they were unable to agree on a deadline for phasing out subsidies.
8.	Some Planning Ministry officials favor an income tax not because the government needs the money, but because they believe Kuwaitis should understand the relationship between effort and reward.
9.	The Bundesbank said Thursday that is does not see any room for a retreat from its tight credit policies despite an economic downturn, which has spurred repeated calls for _ lower interest rates to stimulate the economy and fight unemployment.
10.	All this boiled down to a demand, not yet explicitly stated, for a program of aid and reconstruction on the scale being planned for Europe at that time by the incipient Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC).
11.	The coalition began campaigning for a tax to get at excessive oil profits early last fall.
12.	It is time for a decision: without it, in the end, there will be no possible solution.
13.	An era has ended in West Germany. It lasted for 30 years and it was called "industrial peace".
14.	An array of cheap government loans and services were made available to encourage investment in industry.
15.	The merger trend is roaring full steam ahead in the world auto industry, on a scale not seen since the 1920s. Back in 1921, there were 88 auto manufacturers in the U.S. By 1928, only 32 remained. Today there are only 25 major auto manufacturers in the world. And by all indications, only a few of these will survive the next few years.
16.	Few corporations are willing or able to risk the huge sums necessary to compete on a world-wide scale. So, corporations have been seeking partners in the production of vehicles and their components, some in order to survive, others in order to expand even further.
17.	To the average housewife, who can see for herself that the prices in the supermarket are edging up, the Labor Department's bulletin last week was hardly a surprise. But few housewives, or their husbands either, were aware of another, "invisible" form of inflation - namely, reductions in the size of packages that are not accompanied by reduction in price.
18.	Few other international problems have such a complex structure or such wide repercussions.
19.	Patent costs are escalating and few inventors can afford to take out world-wide patents.
20.	Few employees realize how thin is the thread from which their retirement security hangs.
21.	There are relatively few small firms in the UK.
22.	As a result, few pronouncements on the need for research are translated into reality.
23.	Few have yet looked outwardly at the implications of introducing this new technology for society in general.
24.	Certainly there was little evidence that he would be able to shift the State Secretary from his fundamental lack of enthusiasm for the project.
25.	But there is little evidence that they have become effective coordinating committees.
26.	The procedure leaves little room for the trade-offs and package deals.
27.	It has become clear that there is little prospect of the huge concerns expanding their work forces.
28.	Employment in public corporations was little changed.
29.	Ministers had made a little progress on the question of how to handle affiliates of central organizations.
30.	Employment fell a little in mechanical engineering.

 

§ 11 СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ

 

Сослагательное наклонение в английском языке выражается различными формами. В русском же языке оно имеет только одну форму - сочетание формы глагола прошедшего времени с частицей бы (сделал бы). Поэтому возникает ряд трудностей при переводе предложений с этим грамматическим явлением. Остановимся на некоторых из них.

11.1

Сочетание should с инфинитивом после оборотов типа it is necessary, it is desirable, it is important и т.п., а также после глаголов to demand, to suggest, to order и т.п. часто переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем и выражает требуемое, предполагаемое или желаемое действие.

The parties to the contract demanded that the documents should be submitted without delay (…the documents be submitted …). - Стороны по контракту потребовали, чтобы документы были представлены без промедления.

 

 

11.2

Употребление в условном предложении сочетания should с инфинитивом вместо Present Indefinite придает высказыванию меньшую степень вероятности, которое переводится на русский язык будущим временем.

If need should arise (should need arise), we shall get in touch with you again. - Если возникнет необходимость, мы с вами снова свяжемся.

 

11.3

Форма were с инфинитивом в придаточных условия указывает на еще меньшую степень вероятности высказывания. На русский язык переводится сослагательным наклонением часто со словами если… бы, почему-нибудь, и т.п.

Such a policy is bound to be unpopular and if Germany were to support it they would undoubtedly risk their leadership in Europe. - Такая политика наверняка не будет пользоваться популярностью, и, если бы Германия стала ее поддерживать, она несомненно поставила бы под угрозу свое лидерство в Европе.

 

11.4

Союз if может быть опущен в условных придаточных предложениях, тогда слова should, had, were ставятся перед подлежащим.

Had they known it they would have sent the documents beforehand. - Если бы они знали об этом, они выслали бы документы заранее.

 

Перевод всех других форм сослагательного наклонения как правило не вызывает трудностей.

 

Translate the following sentences:

1.	The United Nations Human Rights Commission yesterday urged that economic sanctions and an oil embargo should be introduced against certain countries.
2.	The analysts recommended that the United States in formulating its policies for the region should demonstrate a sensitivity to the internal pressures felt by the Gulf rulers.
3.	The Government, therefore, propose that these matters should, in the first instance, be left to negotiation between the Corporation and the Federation.
4.	It is important that the real situation should be examined because anything which promotes irrational differences between earnings in an industry is bound to cause trouble.
5.	Health depends to a great extent on housing and education, said Dr. A. who put forward the resolution asking that an extra $ 2,000 million a year should be provided initially.
6.	The pragmatists argue that the president cannot afford to take the political risk of seeing hundreds of thousands of automobile workers thrown out of jobs because of foreign competition. They urge that the administration ask the Japanese government to restrain the level of Japanese automobile exports for three years.
7.	The majority of people, should they be politicians, trade unionists of employers, are now all in favour of East-West trade. The problem today is how to break down the remaining barriers.
8.	If Bonn should decide to buy less gas, it would certainly soften U.S. opposition. But if the West Germans conclude they need all the gas they are slated to get, there could be trouble.
9.	Today's talks, therefore, will certainly lay down guide-lines for a Tory Manifesto should an early election materialize.
10.	Objections to this plan, supposing there should be any, should be reported to the committee at once.
11.	Accounting for about 40 per cent of OPEC production, Saudi Arabia currently enjoys enormous leverage over the market and its oilproducing colleagues. If it were to cut back sharply, however, sagging oil prices would almost certainly jump up once again.
12.	The major U.S. auto companies lost an astonishing $ 4.2 billion this year. Of the three only General Motors is likely to show a profit next year. If the two weaker companies were to collapse, hundreds of thousands of jobs would be lost in the auto industry, alone, and perhaps a million jobs taking into account the industries that produce materials for cars such as steel and glass.
13.	One of their fears is that the auto industry, if given relief, would increase prices rather than production. Another argument that they have used is that even if production were to increase, General Motors would pick up roughly 60 per cent of the lost Japanese sales and that would not provide enough help for Chrysler and Ford.
14.	They had a special reason for preferring short-time - the low normal wastage at its works – but, again, fear of a strike if redundancies were declared also influenced the company.
15.	Unemployment of those proportions, were it general, would be a national catastrophe.
16.	Had the election campaign been still in progress the wage squeeze might have become an issue.
17.	February's trade figures showed a $ 62 million deficit. There would have been an even worse result, had it not been for the $ 559 million that foreign businessmen invested in Britain.
18.	The Prime Minister refused to be drawn yesterday into saying what he would do if his attempt to "renegotiate" the agreement were to fail.

 

§12 ЭЛЛИПТИЧЕСКИЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ

 

12.1

Конструкция типа if any, if anything служит для усиления значения и переводится средствами усиления характерными для русского языка. Например, словами: если и есть, то…, почти нет, пожалуй, вообще, во всяком случае, если уж на то пошло, как бы то ни было, скорее и т.п.

The government has few funds, if any, to finance the project. - У правительства если и есть средства на финансирование этого проекта, то их очень мало. (У правительства почти нет средств…).

Little, if anything, could be done to prop up the falling prices on the stock market. - Пожалуй мало что можно было сделать для того, чтобы сдержать падение цен на фондовом рынке. (Почти ничего нельзя было…).

 

12.2

Уступительные (т.е. указывающие на обстоятельство, вопреки которому совершается действие главного предложения) придаточные предложения, вводимые союзами whoever, however и т.п., относятся к эллиптическим конструкциям и представляют некоторую трудность для перевода. Обратите внимание на перевод некоторых союзов в подобных предложениях:

though (although)	- хотя
notwithstanding that	- несмотря на то что
whoever	- кто бы ни
whatever	- что бы ни; какой бы ни
however	- как бы ни
no matter what	- что бы ни
no matter how	- как бы ни

 

However busy the Prime Minister was, he found t