Английский язык в профессиональной сфере общения

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК В ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ СФЕРЕ ОБЩЕНИЯ

 

Учебное пособие «Английский язык в профессиональной сфере общения», состоит из трех глав: «Международные организации», «Международные научные проекты», «Информационные технологии 21 века», каждая из которых подразделена на пять частей, в которых представлены тексты различной сложности, профессионально-ориентированного характера и задания, направленные на формирование навыков употребления профессиональной лексики.

Структура учебного пособия включает в себя систему методических упражнений, обеспечивающих совершенствование умений студентов в различных видах чтения, письменной и устной коммуникации, а также овладение студентами необходимым объемом лексического запаса в рамках изучаемых тем модулей с учётом уровня владения английским языком.

Учебное пособие «Английский язык в профессиональной сфере общения»” предназначено студентам I-II курсов технических факультетов неязыковых вузов, продолжающих изучение английского языка в вузе на этапе подготовки бакалавра всех направлений, а также для широкого круга лиц, изучающих английский язык.

 

 

УДК 811.111 (075)

ББК 81.432.1я7

© ФГБОУ ВПО «Госуниверситет - УНПК», 2012

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Введение........................................................................................................... 4

 

Part 1. International organizations………………………………………………….6

 

Part 2. International scientific projects................................................................

 

Part 3. Informational technologies of the 21^st century………………………. …….

 

Литература........................................................................................................

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов I –II курсов высших учебных заведений неязыковых специальностей на этапе подготовки бакалавра.

Цель пособия – подвести студентов к самостоятельному чтению и пониманию оригинальной научно-технической литературы на английском языке, научить студентов монологическому высказыванию в форме сообщения, резюме, краткого доклада.

Предлагаемое пособие содержит 3 раздела, каждый из которых имеет следующую структуру:

• предтекстовые задания, направленные на усвоение тематике текста;

• тренировочные лексико-грамматические упражнения;

• текстовой материал и упражнения, направленные на развитие умений и навыков работы с иноязычным текстом;

• послетекстовые упражнения, направленные на усвоение лексики и развития коммуникативной компетенции студентов.

При отборе текстового материала основными критериями служили информативная ценность и социо-культурная направленность текстов, их доступность для понимания и соответствие интересам студентов.

Последовательность изложения материала, представленного в пособии, продиктована структурой и содержанием рабочих программ по дисциплине «Иностранный язык.

Пособие состоит из трех частей, каждая из которых содержит пять текстов.

Первая часть учебного пособия: «Международные организации», вторая часть: «Международные научные проекты», и третья: «Информационные технологии 21 века».

Прежде чем приступить к работе с текстами, студентам предлагается выполнить предтекстовые задания. Этот этап необходим для активизации имеющихся у студентов знаний по теме раздела и повторения соответствующего вокабуляра и грамматических структур, поскольку студенты имеют разноуровневую подготовку.

Тексты каждого раздела тематически связаны и направлены на овладение навыками разных видов чтения.

Главная задача работы с текстами– развитие навыков чтения, достижение понимания основной информации, содержащейся в тексте.

Разработанная к текстам серия упражнений обеспечивает многократную повторяемость лексики, необходимую для овладения активным и пассивным словарем.

Послетекстовые упражнения, в силу своей коммуникативной направленности, помогают осуществлять контроль понимания прочитанного и подготавливают студентов к воспроизведению содержания текста в форме сообщения, резюме и др.

Послетекстовые упражнения предусматривают задания для развития умений монологической речи. В заданиях, направленных на развитие монологической речи, определена тема сообщения и предусмотрен перечень вопросов, помогающих студенту определить смысловое содержание высказывания и одновременно использовать их в качестве языковой опоры.

Данное учебное пособие рассчитано на аудиторную и самостоятельную работу студентов. За преподавателем остается право свободного оперирования материалом, включенным в пособие, творческого подхода при организации учебного процесса с учетом условий и контингента студентов. Учебный материал учебного пособия структурирован таким образом, чтобы каждый студент имел возможность не только улучшить знание английского языка на данном уровне, но и осуществить переход на более высокий уровень владения английским языком посредством интенсивной самостоятельной работы во внеаудиторное время.

 

Part 1. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Text 1

Lead-in

Check the transcription in the dictionary and read the words listed below.

Nongovernmental, Committee, associated, sovereign, supranational, municipal.

2. Answer the questions:

1) What do you know about international organizations?

2) How did you learn about it?

3) What do you think is the main goal of international organizations?

 

3. Read the text and say what the words in bold mean:

International organizations

An international organization is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence. There are two main types:

International nongovernmental organizations (INGOs): non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate internationally. These may be either:

International non-profit organizations. Examples include the International Olympic Committee, World Organization of the Scout Movement.

International corporations, referred to as multinational corporations. Examples include The Coca-Cola Company, Sony, Nintendo, McDonalds, and Toyota.

Intergovernmental organizations, also known as international governmental organizations (IGOs): the type of organization most closely associated with the term 'international organization', these are organizations that are made up primarily of sovereign states (referred to as member states). Notable examples include the United Nations (UN), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Council of Europe (CoE), European Union (EU; which is a prime example of a supranational organization), European Patent Organization and World Trade Organization (WTO). The UN has used the term "intergovernmental organization" instead of "international organization" for clarity.

In addition, Global Public Policy Networks (GPPNs) may be considered a third category. These take various forms and may be made up of states and non-state actors. Non-state actors involved in GPPNs may include: intergovernmental organizations, states, state agencies, regional or municipal governments, in partnerships with non-governmental organizations, private companies, etc.

Tasks

1. Answer the questions:

1. What is an international organization?

2. What are the two main types of international organizations?

3. What types of international nongovernmental organizations do you know?

4. What can be considered as the third type of international organizations?

 

Translate into English.

1) Международные организации — объединения межгосударственного или негосударственного характера, созданные на основе соглашений для достижения определённых целей.

2) Международные организации делятся на международные межправительственные организации и международные неправительственные (негосударственные) организации.

3) Международные межправительственные организации — объединения государств или государственных институций, созданные на основе международного договора между государствами или их уполномоченными институциями.

4) Международные неправительственные (негосударственные, общественные) организации — объединения, членами которых являются субъекты из разных стран и зарегистрированные в государстве, законодательство которого позволяет иностранным физическим или юридическим лицам создавать общественные организации и быть избранными в состав руководящего органа такой организации.

 

Text 2

Lead-in

European community

 

How it all began

After World War Two, Europe was weak. Millions of its citizens had died. The age of Empire was dead. Two new superpowers, America and the Soviet Union, now dominated international affairs.

Europe had to find a new role. It began to do this in 1952 with the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). This organization had six members — France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Its job? To unite Europe’s coal and steel industries. Why?

(a) To make them more efficient,

(b) To increase profits,

(c) To promote peace and co-operation. Five years later, the same countries went even further. At a conference in Rome they decided to form the European Economic Community (or ‘EEC’). This agreement created a ‘common market’ with …

(a) central organizations like the European Commission and the European Parliament run it,

(b) common rules on trade and agriculture, which each government in the Community agreed to follow.

The Members

France, West Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries signed the Treaty of Rome in 1957.Denmark, the UK and Ireland joined the Community sixteen years later in 1973. Greece became a member in 1981, and five years later, so did Spain and Portugal. That made a total of twelve as the 1990s began, but more countries seem certain to join. Austria, Sweden and Turkey have already applied for membership. And then, of course, there are ex-Communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

What the EC does

Today’s Community (it’s usually called the EC now, not the EEC) works hard to promote European business, industry and free trade. It’s not just an economic organization, though. These days, EC decisions and laws affect almost every aspect of life in the member countries, including:

• education • employment • energy • the environment • foreign aid •
human rights • the law • medical and scientific research • transport. Now let’s look at some of the organizations which propose (the European Commission), debate (the European Parliament) and take those decisions (the Council of Ministers/Euro-Summits).

The European Commission

This is where new ‘Euro’ ideas are born. The Commission’s headquarters are in Brussels and it employs over 1,500 people. The most important of these are (a) the President of the Commission, (b) seventeen ‘Commissioners’ — two each from Germany, France, Italy, Britain and Spain — one from each of the other member nations. They serve for four years and are responsible not to their national parliaments, but to the European Parliament.

Ideas come from the Commissioners and their teams or ‘ cabinets ’ (each one specializes in a different subject, e.g. trade or agriculture). These ideas are then either accepted or rejected by a majority vote of all the Commissioners. If an idea is accepted, it moves forward to the European Parliament.

The European Parliament

Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are directly elected every five years by voters in their own countries. There are 518 of them: France, Britain, Germany and Italy have 81 each. Spain has 60. The Netherlands has 25.
Belgium, Greece and Portugal have 24 each. Denmark has 16. Ireland has 15. Luxembourg has 6. OK — that’s where they come from. Now… where do they work and what powers do they have? Well… they work in two different places. (1) Strasbourg (in northern France). That’s where the main Parliament building is and where debates take place. (2) Brussels. The majority of MEP’s job consists of research, meetings and committee work. Most of this happens in the Belgian capital. As for powers — MEPs can’t actually pass laws. What they can do, though, is represent the views of ordinary Europeans. The Parliament’s reports, debates, recommendations are a vital democratic link between the Commission and the Council of Ministers.

The Council of Ministers

This organization consists of government ministers from all member countries who meet regularly to talk about Community business. For example, when important agricultural issues (which have come through the Commission and the Parliament) need to be discussed, there’s a meeting of the agriculture ministers — when transport issues need to be discussed, the transport ministers meet, and so on. Most EC decisions are made by the Council of Ministers. Most, but not all. Why is that? Because really central questions are decided at an even higher level — namely at Euro-Summits.

Euro-Summits

These crucial meetings take place three times per year. The people who go to them are:

(a) Heads of State (Presidents and Prime Ministers).

(b) Foreign Ministers.

It’s during summits that the EC’s biggest decisions are taken (or sometimes not taken) — for example… What will a single European currency mean for the Community? Should Europe have a common defense and foreign policy?

Tasks:

1. Answer the questions:

1. When did the EC begin?
2. Which ones are waiting to join?
3. How do all the different parts (e.g. the commission, the Parliament and the Council of Ministers) actually work?
4. Where are the biggest decisions taken?

 

Text 3

Lead-in

European Union

 

The European Union or the EU is an intergovernmental and supranational union of 25 European countries, known as member states. The European Union was established under that name in 1992 by the Treaty on European Union, the Maastricht Treaty. However, many aspects of the Union existed before that date through a series of predecessor relationships, dating back to 1951.

The European Union's activities cover all areas of public policy, from health and economic policy to foreign affairs and defense. However, the extent of its powers differs greatly between areas. Depending on the area, the EU may therefore resemble a federation, for example, on monetary affairs, agricultural, trade and environmental policy or a confederation, for example, on social and economic policy, consumer protection, home affairs, or even an international organization, for example, in foreign affairs.

A key activity of the EU is the establishment and administration of a common single market, consisting of a customs union, a single currency adopted by 12 of the 25 member states, a Common Agricultural Policy, a common trade policy, and a Common Fisheries Policy.

The most important EU institutions are the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice.

As to the enlargement of the EU there were five successive enlargements, with the largest occurring on May 1,2004, when 10 new member states joined.

Notwithstanding Greenland doesn't enter the EU because it was granted home rule by Denmark in 1979 and left the European Community in 1985, following a referendum.

Romania and Bulgaria will join the EU on 1 January 2007, so European Union will have 27 member states but if Croatia enter the EU by the year 2008 it will have 28 member-states. In time the European Union may grow to 30 member states. The process of enlargement is sometimes referred to as European integration.

In order to join the European Union, a state needs to fulfill the economic and political conditions generally known as the Copenhagen criteria, after the Copenhagen summit in June 1993. Also, according to the EU Treaty, each current member state and the European Parliament have to agree.

The European Union has 25 member states, an area of 3,892,685 km2 and approximately 460 million EU citizens as of December 2004. If it were a country, it would be the seventh largest in the world by area and the third largest by population after China and India.

The European Union has land borders with 20 nations and sea borders with 31.

 

Tasks:

1. Answer the questions:

 

1. What is the European Union?

2. When was the European Union established?

3. What were the purposes of the European Union creation?

4. What countries joined the European Union in 2004?

5. Do you want Ukraine to join the European Union?

6. What was the largest enlargement of the EU?

7. How many enlargements were there?

8. When does Romania and Bulgaria join the EU?

9. How many member states were in the European Union in the very beginning?

10. How many member states are there in the European Union nowadays?

11. How many member states will be in the European Union in 2007?

12. Will Ukraine join the EU in 2007?

13. Is the EU a federation or confederation?

14. What should a state do in order to join the EU?

15. Does Greenland enter the EU?

16. What is the area of the European Union?

17. What is the population of the EU?

Text 4

Lead-in

1.

2. Answer the questions:

1) What have you heard about the OSCE?

2) What is the main goal of the OSCE?

 

3. Read the text and say what the words in bold mean:

Text 5

Lead-in

1.

2. Answer the questions:

1) What do you know about the UNESCO?

2) What do you think are the main functions or its work?

 

3. Read the text and say what the words in bold mean:

UNESCO

 

UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It was founded on 16 November 1945. Education, Social and Natural Science, Culture and Communication are the means to a far more ambitious goal: to build peace in the minds of men.

Today, UNESCO functions as a laboratory of ideas and a standard-setter to forge universal agreements on emerging ethical issues. The Organization also serves as a clearinghouse — for the dissemination and sharing of information and knowledge — while helping Member States to build their human and institutional capacities in diverse fields.

In short, UNESCO promotes international co-operation among its 191 Member States and six Associate Members in the fields of education, science, culture and communication.

UNESCO is working to create the conditions for genuine dialogue based upon respect for shared values and the dignity of each civilization and culture.

This role is critical, particularly in the face of terrorism, which constitutes an attack against humanity. The world urgently requires global visions of sustainable development based upon observance of human rights, mutual respect and the alleviation of poverty, all of which lie at the heart of UNESCO's mission and activities..

 

Tasks:

1. Answer the questions:

1. What is UNESCO?

2. When was UNESCO founded?

3. What is the main goal for UNESCO establishment?

4. How many members are there in UNESCO today?

 

Text 1

Lead-in

1.Fill in the gaps with the words in the list:

Data care objective detailed domain

1. The main … of this laboratory is to study human genes.

2. The object studied needs a more … analysis.

3. USA is known for high standards of health ….

4. The scientists have to study all the … before starting on the project.

5. Studying genes with the help of computer programs is the … of bioinformatics.

 

2. Answer the questions:

1) What do you know about the Human Genome Project?

2) How did you learn about it?

3) What do you think is the main goal of the project?

 

3. Read the text and say what the words in bold mean:

Human Genome Project

The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA, and of identifying and mapping the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint.

The project began in October 1990. A working draft of the genome was announced in 2000 and a complete one in 2003, with further, more detailed analysis still being published. The mapping of human genes is an important step in the development of medicines and other aspects of health care. While the objective of the Human Genome Project is to understand the genetic makeup of the human species, the project has also focused on several other nonhuman organisms such as E. coli, the fruit fly, and the laboratory mouse. It remains one of the largest single investigative projects in modern science.

The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome (more than three billion). The "genome" of any given individual (except for identical twins and cloned organisms) is unique; mapping "the human genome" involves sequencing multiple variations of each gene. The project did not study the entire DNA found in human cells; some areas (about 8% of the total genome) remain un-sequenced. The sequence of the human DNA is stored in databases available to anyone on the Internet. Computer programs have been developed to analyze the data, because the data itself is difficult to interpret without such programs. The process of identifying the boundaries between genes and other features in a raw DNA sequence is called genome annotation and is the domain of bioinformatics. All humans have unique gene sequences. Therefore the data published by the HGP does not represent the exact sequence of every individual's genome. It is the combined "reference genome" of a small number of anonymous donors. The HGP genome is a scaffold for future work in identifying differences among individuals.

Tasks:

1.Answer the questions:

1) What is the primary goal of the Human Genome Project?

2) When did the project begin?

3) Is the project finished now?

4) Was only human DNA studied in the project?

5) What does mapping of “the human genome” involve?

6) Is the sequence of the human DNA an open information?

7) What is genome annotation?

8) What is “reference genome”?

Text 2

Lead-in

1. Fill in the gaps with the words in the list:

Undertaking comprise diseases proteins draft

1. Fish is rich in ….

2. This dictionary … about 60 000 words.

3. A rough … of the project is available on the Internet.

4. Today medicine can cure … earlier considered incurable.

5. This … requires careful preparations.

2. Answer the questions:

1) Why do you think the necessity to study human genome appeared?

2) What technologies are necessary to study DNA?

 

3. Read the text and say what the words in bold mean:

HGP History and Findings

The Human Genome Project began with the culmination of several years of work supported by the United States Department of Energy. This 1987 report stated boldly, "The ultimate goal of this initiative is to understand the human genome" and "knowledge of the human is as necessary to the continuing progress of medicine and other health sciences as knowledge of human anatomy has been for the present state of medicine." Candidate technologies were already being considered for the proposed undertaking at least as early as 1985.

The $3-billion project was formally founded in 1990 by the United States Department of Energy and the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and was expected to take 15 years. In addition to the United States, the international consortium primarily comprised geneticists in the United Kingdom, and also in France, Germany, Japan, China, and India.

Due to widespread international cooperation and advances in the field of genomics (especially in sequence analysis), as well as major advances in computing technology, a 'rough draft' of the genome was finished in 2000. Ongoing sequencing led to the announcement of the essentially complete genome in April 2003, 2 years earlier than planned. In May 2006, another milestone was passed on the way to completion of the project, when the sequence of the last chromosome was published in the journal Nature.

Key findings of the draft (2001) and complete (2004) genome sequences include:

1. There are approximately 23,000 genes in human beings, the same range as in mice and roundworms. Understanding how these genes express themselves will provide clues to how diseases are caused.

2. Between 1.1% to 90% of the genome sequence codes for proteins.

3. The human genome has significantly more segmental duplications than other mammalian genomes. These sections may underlie the creation of new primate-specific genes.

 

Tasks:

1. Answer the questions:

1. What caused the initiative to study the human genome?

2. What establishments and countries participated in the HGP?

3. When was the project completed?

4. What are the key findings of the HGP?

 

Text 3

Lead-in

1. Match the words and their definitions:

a. Management; b. predisposition; c. advance; d. etiology; e. mammal

1. Going forward, progress;

2. Warm-blooded vertebrate of the class secreting milk to feed its young;

3. Study of the causes of disease;

4. Treatment;

5. Bent or inclination to something;

 

2. Answer the questions:

1) What do you think are the advantages of HGP?

2) Can you think of any disadvantages?

 

HGP Benefits

The work on interpretation of genome data is still in its initial stages. It is anticipated that detailed knowledge of the human genome will provide new avenues for advances in medicine and biotechnology. Clear practical results of the project emerged even before the work was finished. For example, a number of companies, such as Myriad Genetics started offering easy ways to administer genetic tests that can show predisposition to a variety of illnesses, including breast cancer, hemostasis disorders, cystic fibrosis, liver diseases and many others. Also, the etiologies for cancers, Alzheimer's disease and other areas of clinical interest are considered likely to benefit from genome information and possibly may lead in the long term to significant advances in their management.

There are also many tangible benefits for biological scientists. For example, a researcher investigating a certain form of cancer may have narrowed down his/her search to a particular gene.

Further, deeper understanding of the disease processes at the level of molecular biology may determine new therapeutic procedures. It is likely that expanded knowledge in this area will facilitate medical advances in numerous areas of clinical interest that may not have been possible without them.

The analysis of similarities between DNA sequences from different organisms is also opening new avenues in the study of evolution. In many cases, evolutionary questions can now be framed in terms of molecular biology. Many questions about the similarities and differences between humans and our closest relatives (the primates, and indeed the other mammals) are expected to be illuminated by the data from this project.

The project's goals included not only identifying all genes in the human genome, but also to address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that might arise from the availability of genetic information.

 

Tasks:

1. Answer the questions:

1. What are the practical results of the HGP?

2. What are the benefits for biological scientists?

3. How does the genes research influence the study of evolution?

4. Where might the ethical, legal, and social issues arise from?

Text 4

Lead-in

1. Match the words and their definitions:

a. nucleus; b. particle; c. collision; d. to predict; e. fiction f. to halt

 

1. to foretell, to prophesy;

2. non-factual literature, esp. novels;

3. to stop (usu. temporary);

4. central core of an atom;

5. violent impact of a moving body with another or with a fixed object;

6. minute portion of matter.

 

2. Answer the questions:

1) What do you know of the Large Hadron Collider?

2) How did you learn about it?

3) How can the mass popularity of the highly scientific project be explained?

 

3. Read the text and say what the words in bold mean:

 

Large Hadron Collider

 

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) over a ten year period from 1998 to 2008, with the aim of allowing physicists to test the predictions of different theories of particle physics and high-energy physics, and particularly for the existence of the hypothesized Higgs boson and of the large family of new particles predicted by supersymmetry. The LHC is expected to address some of the most fundamental questions of physics, advancing the understanding of the deepest laws of nature. It contains six detectors each designed for specific kinds of exploration.

The LHC lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres in circumference, as deep as 175 metres beneath the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva, Switzerland. Its synchrotron is designed to collide opposing particle beams of either protons at up to 7 teraelectronvolts per nucleon, or lead nuclei at an energy of 574 TeV per nucleus. It was built in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries, as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories.

On 10 September 2008, the proton beams were successfully circulated in the main ring of the LHC for the first time, but 9 days later operations were halted due to a magnet quench incident resulting from an electrical fault. The following helium gas explosion damaged over 50 superconducting magnets and their mountings, and contaminated the vacuum pipe. On 20 November 2009 they were successfully circulated again, with the first recorded proton–proton collisions occurring 3 days later. On 30 March 2010, the first collisions took place between two 3.5 TeV beams, setting the current world record for the highest-energy man-made particle collisions, and the LHC began its planned research program.

The LHC will continue to operate at 3.5 TeV per beam, half of its planned capability, until the end of 2012. It will then be shut down for a year for upgrades to allow full energy operation (7 TeV per beam), with reopening planned for 2014.

The Large Hadron Collider gained a considerable amount of attention from outside the scientific community and its progress is followed by most popular science media. The LHC has also sparked the imaginations of authors of works of fiction, such as novels, TV series, and video games, although descriptions of what it is, how it works, and projected outcomes of the experiments are often only vaguely accurate, occasionally causing concern among the general public.

 

Tasks:

1. Answer the questions:

1. What was the basic aim of constructing the LHC?

2. Where is the LHC situated?

3. What is the highest power the LHC is capable of?

4. Was the first circulation of the LHC a success? Why?

5. When did the first particle collisions take place?

6. What are the further plans for LHC?

7. Whose attention was drawn to the LHC outside the scientific community?

Text 5

 

Lead-in

1. Fill in the gaps with the words in the list:

treaty facilities inhabit launch constraints artificial

1. The vehicle … into space is to be postponed.

2. We can’t finance this project because of the budget ….

3. The war ended after signing the peace … by both countries.

4. … Earth satellites circle the low orbit of our planet.

5. Many birds … the forest.

6. One can find many mechanical … in the territory of our plant.

 

2. Answer the questions:

1) What space vehicles in the Earth orbit do you know?

2) What are the tasks of such vehicles?

 

3. Read the text and say what the words in bold mean:

International Space Station

a. The International Space Station (ISS) is a habitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit. It follows the Salyut, Almaz, Skylab and Mir stations as the ninth space station to be inhabited. The ISS is a modular structure whose first component was launched in 1998, other modular space station projects include Mir, OPSEK, Tiangong 3 and the Chinese space station. Like many artificial satellites, the station can be seen from Earth with the naked eye.

b. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays and other elements. ISS components have been launched by American Space Shuttles as well as Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets. Budget constraints led to the merger of three space station projects with the Japanese Kibō module and Canadian robotics. In 1993 the Soviet/Russian Mir-2, the American Freedom, and the European Columbus, merged into a single multi-national programme. Some elements of the ISS are expected to be separated to form the planned Russian OPSEK facility before the remainder is deorbited.

c. The ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and other fields. The station is suited for the testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars.

d. The station has been continuously occupied for 11 years and 75 days having exceeded the previous record of almost 10 years (or 3,644 days) held by Mir, in 2010. The station is serviced by Soyuz spacecraft, Progress spacecraft, the Automated Transfer Vehicle and the H-II Transfer Vehicle, and has been visited by astronauts and cosmonauts from 15 different nations.

e. The ISS programme is a joint project between five participating space agencies, the American NASA, the Russian RKA, the Japanese JAXA, the European ESA, and the Canadian CSA. The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements. The station is divided into two sections, the Russian orbital segment (ROS) and the United States orbital segment (USOS), which is shared by many nations. The ISS is maintained at an orbital altitude of between 330 km (205 mi) and 410 km (255 mi). It completes 15.7 orbits per day. The ISS is expected to remain in operation until at least 2020, and potentially to 2028.

Tasks:

1. Match the paragraphs (a, b, c, d, e) to their titles:

1. The ISS Applications.

2. ISS as a Joint Project.

3. What Is ISS.

4. ISS Components and Multi-National Programme.

5. Mission Life and Management.

Text 1

Lead-in

Below.

Nouns

mathematics, gear, technology, calculate, data, circuit, variety

Verbs

create, manufacture, achieve, credit, punch

Adjectives

commercial, scientific, successful, mechanical, tedious, computational, worldwide, crude

2. Read the given collocations and find the Russian equivalents:

error-prone task, large-scale model, crude technology of the day, electrical circuit, credit the invention, data processing unit, general-purpose computer

несовершенная технология того времени, компьютер общего назначения, задание с ошибками, электрическая цепь, широкомасштабная модель, приписывать изобретение, устройство для обработки данных.

 

3. Read the text:

Join suitable parts.

1. In 1822 Charles Babbage, professor a. appeared in a variety of military

of mathematics at Cambridge and intelligence applications in 1930.

University… b. created the “Analytical engine”.

c. after leaving the University.

d. to a new tabulating machine

2. The Census Bureau turned … invented by Herman Hollerith.

3. Analog and digital calculators with e. of the first working all-electronic

electromechanical components … digital computer Colossus.

4. World War II promoted the f. the need to calculate detailed

development… mechanical tables.

 

Match the synonyms.

Verbs

1. produce	a) discover
2. invent	b) shorten
3. include	c) manufacture
4. reduce	d) prescribe
5. credit	e) assemble
	f) involve

Nouns

1. engine	a) base
2. foundation	b) mechanism
3. counter	c) industry
4. use	d) co-worker
5. colleague	e) application
	f) calculator
	g) patent

 

Text 2

Lead-in:

Find the equivalents.

1. amenity	a) объявить
2. announce	b) данные
3. issue	c) массив
4. developer	d) удобства
5. data	e) способность
6. equipmen	f) привлекательный
7. array	g) звук
8. attractive	h) изображение
9. capability	i) модернизировать
10.update	j) оборудование
	k) разработчик
	l) способствовать
	m) создавать

3. Read the text:

Answer the questions.

1. Which computer-market trend was entirely lost for IBM? Why did IBM fail its entry into the PC market?

2. What features made IBM a pioneer in computer industry development?

3. What became the basis of the Microsoft production?

4. What did you learn about Apple Corporation?

5. How was the computer market divided between IBM, Microsoft and Apple Corporation finally?

 

Text 3

A computer system

Lead-in:

1. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text:

1. The purpose of a … is to make it as easy as possible for you to use computer to ….

2. The … are the mechanical devices, the system, the machinery and the electronics.

3. The … are the programs written for the system.

4. These three devices are the required … of any computer system.

5. … include: database software, spreadsheets calculations, word-processing on a word processor.

 

2. Answer the questions:

1. What is the purpose of a computer system?

2. What is the hardware?

3. What is the software?

4. What does the Computer system include?

5. What are the applications?

6. What does applications include?

3. Read the text:

A computer system

A computer system is a collection of components that work together to process data. The purpose of a computer system is to make it as easy as possible for you to use computer to solve problems. A functioning computer system combines hardware elements with software elements. The hardware elements are the mechanical devices, the system, the machinery and the electronics. The software elements are the programs written for the system. Collectively these components provide a complete computer system.

Usually, a computer system requires three basic hardware items: the central processor unit, which performs all data processing, a terminal device, which helps users to communicate with their computer system and a memory storing programs and data. These three devices are the required hardware components of any computer system. Computer system includes many other devices: a printer, a scanner and a modem. These computer devices are called hardware.

A set of instructions telling a computer what to do is a program. Programs are usually written in a Programming languages like Pascal, C++, etc. Applications are programs for specific tasks. Applications include: data base software, spreadsheets calculations, word-processing on a word processor. To function hardware and software, a computer needs an operation system program. Some operation systems require users to type in commands to tell the computer what to do. Many computers use a graphical interface or point-and-click interface such as Windows.

Some interfaces allow plug-and-play, the possibility of connecting new hardware of the computer without having to adjust or configure the system to take the new hardware into account: the interface program recognizes the hardware automatically.

 

Tasks:

1. Arrange the sentences from the text " New Agent, New Help" in their logical order.

1. It's no secret that the amount of computer users has been expanding rapidly.

2. This flow of information has led to an interest in intelligent agents, software assistants that perform retrieving and developing information.

3. Currently, there are plenty of companies developing agent software.

4. These intelligent agents will be used in a range of applications including user interfaces, desktop applications, messaging commerce and network management.

5. Combined with the ability to look and listen, intelligent agents will make personal computers closer to behave in a human-like way.

6. It's not accidental that users often treat their personal computers as if they were humans.

7. By making computers more "social" engineers hope to make them more user-friendly.

 

Match the synonyms.

Nouns:

1. component	a) operation
2. purpose	b) aim
3. device	c) preference
4. advantage	d) data
5. capacity	e) part
6. aid	f) help
	g) power
	h) apparatus

Verbs:

1. combine	a) allow
2. require	b) involve
3. support	c) print
4. solve	d) recognize
5. include	e) decide
6. type	f) link
	g) demand
	h) encourage

Text 4

Lead-in:

Answer the questions

1) What is a LAN?

2) What is a WAN?

3) What is distributed system?

Computer networks

Computer networks link computers by communication lines and software protocols, allowing data to be exchanged rapidly and reliably. Traditionally, networks have been split between wide area networks (WANs) and local area networks (LANs). A WAN is a network connected over long distance telephone lines, and a LAN is a localized network usually in one building or a group of buildings close together. The distinction, however, is becoming blurred. It is now possible to connect up LANs remotely over telephone links so that they look as though they are a single LAN.

Originally, networks were used to provide terminal access to central database. The PC passes the query, written in a special language (e.g. Structured Query Language - SQL), to the mainframe, which then parses the query, returning to the user only the data requested. The user might then use his PC to draw graphs based on the data. By passing back to the user's PC only the specific information requested, network traffic is reduced. If the whole file were transmitted, the PC would then have to perform the query itself, reducing the efficiency of both network and PC.

In the 1980s, at least 100,000 LANs were set up in laboratories and offices around the world. During the early part of this connect up LANs remotely over telephone links so that they look as though they are a single LAN. Originally, networks were used to provide terminal access to another computer and to transfer files between computers. Today, networks carry e-mail, provide access to public databases and bulletin boards, and are beginning to be used for distributed systems. Networks also allow users in one locality to share expensive resources, such as printers and disk-systems.

Distributed computer systems are built using networked computers that co-operate to perform tasks. In this environment each part of the networked system does what it is best at. The high-quality bitmapped graphics screen of a personal computer or workstation provides a good user interface. The mainframe, on the other hand, can handle large numbers of queries and return the results to the users. In a distributed environment, a user might use his PC to make a query against a network and PC.

In the 1980s, at least 100.000 LANs were set up in laboratories and offices around the world. During the early part of this decade, synchronous orbit satellites lowered the price of long-distance telephone calls, enabling computer data and television signals to be distributed more cheaply around the world. Since then, fibre-optic cable has been installed on a large scale, enabling vast amounts of data to be ransmitted at a very high speed using light so signals.

The impact of fibre optics will be considerably to reduce the price of network access. Global communication and computer networks will become more and more a part of professional and personal lives as the price of microcomputers and network access drops. At the same time, distributed computer networks should improve our work environments and technical abilities.

Tasks:

Text 5

Lean in:

1. Before reading the text, try to decide which of the following definitions best describes a management information system:

a. a system for supplying information to management

b. a system for managing information

c. a system which supplies information about management

Information systems

The objective of information systems is to provide information to all levels of management at the most relevant time, at an acceptable level of accuracy, and at an economical cost.

Individual businesses require information according to the nature of their operations. A car manufacturer is particularly interested in the extent competition from overseas manufacturers in the home market and competition from other home-based manufacturers. A tour operator is concerned about purchasing power and its effect on holiday bookings and the political situation prevailing in the various countries.

As a general guide, the detail contained in reports containing information varies according to the position of the recipient in the hierarchical management structure. The chairman and managing director of a company require details of operations which arc broad in scope and which concentrate on key factors pinpointing economic and financial trends.

Functional management require information relating to the departments they are responsible for in sufficient detail to enable them to apply whatever measures are required to bring situations into line with requirements. They require information relating to events as they occur so that appropriate action can be taken to control them.

Information systems are often computerized because of the need to respond quickly and flexibly to queries. At the bottom level in the information hierarchy are the transaction processing systems, which capture and process internal information, such as sales, production, and stock data. These produce the working documents of the business, such as invoices and statements. Typically, these are the first systems which a company will install.. Above the transaction-level systems are the decision support systems. These take external information - market trends and other external financial data - and processed internal information, such as sales trends, to produce strategic plans, forecasts, and budgets. Often such systems are put together with PC spreadsheets and other unconnected tools. Management information systems lie at the top of the hierarchy of information needs. The MIS takes the plans and information from the transaction-level systems to monitor the performance of the business as a whole. This provides feedback to aid strategic planning, forecasting, and/or budgeting, which in turn affects what happens at the transactional level.

Tasks:

1. Draw a diagram to show how information is processed by information systems, as described in the last paragraph. Your diagram should show the hierarchy of systems and should include examples of the kind of information involved at each stage in the process. Use arrows (-►) to indicate the flow of information.

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК В ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ СФЕРЕ ОБЩЕНИЯ

 

Учебное пособие «Английский язык в профессиональной сфере общения», состоит из трех глав: «Международные организации», «Международные научные проекты», «Информационные технологии 21 века», каждая из которых подразделена на пять частей, в которых представлены тексты различной сложности, профессионально-ориентированного характера и задания, направленные на формирование навыков употребления профессиональной лексики.

Структура учебного пособия включает в себя систему методических упражнений, обеспечивающих совершенствование умений студентов в различных видах чтения, письменной и устной коммуникации, а также овладение студентами необходимым объемом лексического запаса в рамках изучаемых тем модулей с учётом уровня владения английским языком.

Учебное пособие «Английский язык в профессиональной сфере общения»” предназначено студентам I-II курсов технических факультетов неязыковых вузов, продолжающих изучение английского языка в вузе на этапе подготовки бакалавра всех направлений, а также для широкого круга лиц, изучающих английский язык.

 

 

УДК 811.111 (075)

ББК 81.432.1я7

© ФГБОУ ВПО «Госуниверситет - УНПК», 2012

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Введение........................................................................................................... 4

 

Part 1. International organizations………………………………………………….6

 

Part 2. International scientific projects................................................................

 

Part 3. Informational technologies of the 21^st century………………………. …….

 

Литература........................................................................................................

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов I –II курсов высших учебных заведений неязыковых специальностей на этапе подготовки бакалавра.

Цель пособия – подвести студентов к самостоятельному чтению и пониманию оригинальной научно-технической литературы на английском языке, научить студентов монологическому высказыванию в форме сообщения, резюме, краткого доклада.

Предлагаемое пособие содержит 3 раздела, каждый из которых имеет следующую структуру:

• предтекстовые задания, направленные на усвоение тематике текста;

• тренировочные лексико-грамматические упражнения;

• текстовой материал и упражнения, направленные на развитие умений и навыков работы с иноязычным текстом;

• послетекстовые упражнения, направленные на усвоение лексики и развития коммуникативной компетенции студентов.

При отборе текстового материала основными критериями служили информативная ценность и социо-культурная направленность текстов, их доступность для понимания и соответствие интересам студентов.

Последовательность изложения материала, представленного в пособии, продиктована структурой и содержанием рабочих программ по дисциплине «Иностранный язык.

Пособие состоит из трех частей, каждая из которых содержит пять текстов.