Part 1. International organizations

Text 1

Lead-in

Check the transcription in the dictionary and read the words listed below.

Nongovernmental, Committee, associated, sovereign, supranational, municipal.

2. Answer the questions:

1) What do you know about international organizations?

2) How did you learn about it?

3) What do you think is the main goal of international organizations?

 

3. Read the text and say what the words in bold mean:

International organizations

An international organization is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence. There are two main types:

International nongovernmental organizations (INGOs): non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate internationally. These may be either:

International non-profit organizations. Examples include the International Olympic Committee, World Organization of the Scout Movement.

International corporations, referred to as multinational corporations. Examples include The Coca-Cola Company, Sony, Nintendo, McDonalds, and Toyota.

Intergovernmental organizations, also known as international governmental organizations (IGOs): the type of organization most closely associated with the term 'international organization', these are organizations that are made up primarily of sovereign states (referred to as member states). Notable examples include the United Nations (UN), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Council of Europe (CoE), European Union (EU; which is a prime example of a supranational organization), European Patent Organization and World Trade Organization (WTO). The UN has used the term "intergovernmental organization" instead of "international organization" for clarity.

In addition, Global Public Policy Networks (GPPNs) may be considered a third category. These take various forms and may be made up of states and non-state actors. Non-state actors involved in GPPNs may include: intergovernmental organizations, states, state agencies, regional or municipal governments, in partnerships with non-governmental organizations, private companies, etc.

Tasks

1. Answer the questions:

1. What is an international organization?

2. What are the two main types of international organizations?

3. What types of international nongovernmental organizations do you know?

4. What can be considered as the third type of international organizations?

 

Translate into English.

1) Международные организации — объединения межгосударственного или негосударственного характера, созданные на основе соглашений для достижения определённых целей.

2) Международные организации делятся на международные межправительственные организации и международные неправительственные (негосударственные) организации.

3) Международные межправительственные организации — объединения государств или государственных институций, созданные на основе международного договора между государствами или их уполномоченными институциями.

4) Международные неправительственные (негосударственные, общественные) организации — объединения, членами которых являются субъекты из разных стран и зарегистрированные в государстве, законодательство которого позволяет иностранным физическим или юридическим лицам создавать общественные организации и быть избранными в состав руководящего органа такой организации.

 

Text 2

Lead-in

Check the transcription in the dictionary and read the words listed below.

A superpower, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Benelux, Ireland, Turkey, an employment, a decision, a commission, a headquarter, Brussels, a commissioner, vital, issues.

 

2. Answer the questions:

1) What do you know about the EC?

2) What do you think is the main goal the EC?

 

3. Read the text and say what the words in bold mean:

European community

 

How it all began

After World War Two, Europe was weak. Millions of its citizens had died. The age of Empire was dead. Two new superpowers, America and the Soviet Union, now dominated international affairs.

Europe had to find a new role. It began to do this in 1952 with the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). This organization had six members — France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Its job? To unite Europe’s coal and steel industries. Why?

(a) To make them more efficient,

(b) To increase profits,

(c) To promote peace and co-operation. Five years later, the same countries went even further. At a conference in Rome they decided to form the European Economic Community (or ‘EEC’). This agreement created a ‘common market’ with …

(a) central organizations like the European Commission and the European Parliament run it,

(b) common rules on trade and agriculture, which each government in the Community agreed to follow.

The Members

France, West Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries signed the Treaty of Rome in 1957.Denmark, the UK and Ireland joined the Community sixteen years later in 1973. Greece became a member in 1981, and five years later, so did Spain and Portugal. That made a total of twelve as the 1990s began, but more countries seem certain to join. Austria, Sweden and Turkey have already applied for membership. And then, of course, there are ex-Communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

What the EC does

Today’s Community (it’s usually called the EC now, not the EEC) works hard to promote European business, industry and free trade. It’s not just an economic organization, though. These days, EC decisions and laws affect almost every aspect of life in the member countries, including:

• education • employment • energy • the environment • foreign aid •
human rights • the law • medical and scientific research • transport. Now let’s look at some of the organizations which propose (the European Commission), debate (the European Parliament) and take those decisions (the Council of Ministers/Euro-Summits).

The European Commission

This is where new ‘Euro’ ideas are born. The Commission’s headquarters are in Brussels and it employs over 1,500 people. The most important of these are (a) the President of the Commission, (b) seventeen ‘Commissioners’ — two each from Germany, France, Italy, Britain and Spain — one from each of the other member nations. They serve for four years and are responsible not to their national parliaments, but to the European Parliament.

Ideas come from the Commissioners and their teams or ‘ cabinets ’ (each one specializes in a different subject, e.g. trade or agriculture). These ideas are then either accepted or rejected by a majority vote of all the Commissioners. If an idea is accepted, it moves forward to the European Parliament.

The European Parliament

Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are directly elected every five years by voters in their own countries. There are 518 of them: France, Britain, Germany and Italy have 81 each. Spain has 60. The Netherlands has 25.
Belgium, Greece and Portugal have 24 each. Denmark has 16. Ireland has 15. Luxembourg has 6. OK — that’s where they come from. Now… where do they work and what powers do they have? Well… they work in two different places. (1) Strasbourg (in northern France). That’s where the main Parliament building is and where debates take place. (2) Brussels. The majority of MEP’s job consists of research, meetings and committee work. Most of this happens in the Belgian capital. As for powers — MEPs can’t actually pass laws. What they can do, though, is represent the views of ordinary Europeans. The Parliament’s reports, debates, recommendations are a vital democratic link between the Commission and the Council of Ministers.

The Council of Ministers

This organization consists of government ministers from all member countries who meet regularly to talk about Community business. For example, when important agricultural issues (which have come through the Commission and the Parliament) need to be discussed, there’s a meeting of the agriculture ministers — when transport issues need to be discussed, the transport ministers meet, and so on. Most EC decisions are made by the Council of Ministers. Most, but not all. Why is that? Because really central questions are decided at an even higher level — namely at Euro-Summits.

Euro-Summits

These crucial meetings take place three times per year. The people who go to them are:

(a) Heads of State (Presidents and Prime Ministers).

(b) Foreign Ministers.

It’s during summits that the EC’s biggest decisions are taken (or sometimes not taken) — for example… What will a single European currency mean for the Community? Should Europe have a common defense and foreign policy?

Tasks:

1. Answer the questions:

1. When did the EC begin?
2. Which ones are waiting to join?
3. How do all the different parts (e.g. the commission, the Parliament and the Council of Ministers) actually work?
4. Where are the biggest decisions taken?