Programs and Programming Languages

1. Computers can deal with different kinds of problems if they are given the right instructions for what to do. Instructions are first written in one of the high-level programming languages, depending on the type of problem to be solved. A program written in one of these languages is often called a source program, and it can’t be directly processed by the computer until it has been compiled, which means interpreted into machine code. Here is a brief description of some of the many high-level languages:

2. FORTRAN acronym for FORmula TRANslation. This language is used for solving scientific and mathematical problems. It consists of algebraic formulae and English phrases. It was first introduced in the US in 1954.

COBOL acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language. This language is used for commercial purpose. COBOL, which is written using English statements, deals with problems that do not involve a lot of mathematical calculations. It was first introduced in 1959.

ALGOL acronym for ALGOrithmic Language. Originally called IAL, which means International Algebraic Language. It is used for mathematical and scientific purposes. ALGOL was first introduced in Europe in 1960.

PL/1 Programming Language 1. Developed in 1964 to combine features of COBOL and ALGOL. Consequently, it is used for data processing as well as scientific applications.

BASIC acronym for Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. Developed in 1965 at Dartmouth College in the United States for use by students who require a simple language to begin programming.

C was developed in the 1970s to support the UNIX operating system. C is a highly portable general-purpose language.

3. When a program written in one of these high-level languages is designed to do a specific type of work, it is called an applications program.

4. The program produced after the source program has been converted into machine code is referred to as an object program or object module. This is done by a computer program called the compiler, which is unique for each computer.

5. The compiler is a systems program which may be written in any language, but the computer’s operating system is a true systems program which controls the central processing unit, the input, the output, and the secondary memory devices. Another systems program is the linkage editor, which fetches required systems routines and links them to the object module. The resulting program is then called the load module, which is the program directly executable by the computer. Systems programs being the part of the software, they are usually provided by the manufacturer of the machine.

 

XII. Read sentence 3 of passage 1 and divide it into sense groups. State the dependency relations between them.

 

XIII. Generalize information about programming languages. Fill in the table.

Language	Developed	Function	Characteristic
FORTRAN
		mathematical and scientific purposes
			combines features of COBOL and ALGOL
BASIC
		to support Unix operating system

XIV. Read passage 4 and define the connectors in the sentences.

XV. Which sentence corresponds to the content of the text?

1. Instructions for computers are written in one of the high-level languages.

2. FORTRAN is the language used for solving only scientific problems.

3. The compiler is a system program which is written only in COBOL.

4. The load module is the program directly performed by the computer.

 

XVI. In passage 5 pay attention to the sentences describing three system programs of the computer. Translate the passage.

Причастие I, II и герундий

I. Point out Participle I and Perfect Participle in the passive form:

a) 1ing, 2ed, having been 3ed, being 4ed, having 5ed;

b) having been 6ed, 7ing, 8ed, having 9ed, being 10ed;

c) being 11ed, having 12ed, 13ing, 14ed, having been 15ed;

d) having 16ed, 17ing, 18ed, being 19ed, having been 20ed;

e) 21ed, having been 22ed, being 23ed, having 24ed, 25ing;

f) 26ing, having been 27ed, 28ed, being 29ed, having 30ed;

g) 31ed, 32ing, having 33ed, having been 34ed, being 35ed.

II. Find active and passive forms of the participles:

a) having 1ed, have 2ed, being 3ed, be 4ed, has 5ed;

b) had 6ed, 7ing, have been 8ed, being 9ed, having 10ed;

c) has been 11ed, be 12ed, having been 13ed, had been 14ed, 15ing;

d) had been 16ed, 17ed, having 18ed, has 19ed, is 20ed;

e) are 21ed, be 22ed, being 23ed, having 24ed, have 25ed;

f) was 26ed, to be 27ed, having been 28ed, 29ing, has 30ed;

g) were 31ed, be 32ed, is 33ing, had 34ed, 35ed.

 

III. Using the tables on pages 104 and 105 in each line find the forms meaning:

а) когда делается (p.104):

1ing, having 2ed, having been 3ed, being 4ed, be 5ed, have 6 ed, have been 7ed, being 8 ed, are 9 ed, 10ed;

b) после того как был сделан (p.105):

1ing, having 2ed, having been 3ed, being 4ed, be 5ed, have 6ed, have been 7ed, having been 8ed, has been 9 ed, had been 10ed.

 

IV. Find Participle I and Perfect Participle in a) active, b) passive forms. Give their Russian equivalents:

а) translating; having translated; having been translated; being translated writing; having written; having been written; being written; asking; having asked; having been asked; being asked; finishing; having finished; having been finished; being finished;

b) receiving; having received; having been received; being received; doing, having done; having been done; being done; calling; having called; having been called; being called; learning; having learnt; having been learnt; being learnt.