Grammar: Modal Verbs and theirEquivalents

a)	necessity, obligation долженствование	—	must (n’t), (don’t) have to, be to, should (n’t) –должен
b)	ability, possibility способность, возможность	—	can (‘t), could, be able to – мочь, уметь
c)	permission разрешение	—	may, be allowed to – мочь, иметь разрешение

Models:

a) obligation

You must (have to, should) do this work carefully (должен).

You had to do this work yesterday (должен был).

He is to visit our country next summer (должен, планирует).

You mustn’t copy (не должен списывать, запрещается).

You shouldn’t tell lies (не должен).

b) possibility, ability

He can (is able to) translate the text himself (может).

He could (was able to) translate this text at the last lesson (мог).

c) permission

I may (am allowed to) work in the laboratory (могу, имею разрешение).

You will be allowed to work in the laboratory next week (разрешат).

 

Choose the English equivalents.

a) Я должен
1. I can	2. I have to	3. I am able to
b) Он может
1. He must	2. He has to	3. He may
c) Она должна была
1. She was able to…	2. She had to…	3. She was allowed to …
d) Мы могли
1. We had to…	2. We could…	3. We were to …
e) Они должны были
1. They are allowed…	2. They were able to…	3. They were to …
f) Я смогу, сумею
1. I will be able to…	2. I will be allowed to …	3. I will have to …

Translate the sentences.

1.The student has to prepare carefully his homework. 2.Our University is to train many specialists for the shipbuilding industry. 3.At the last lesson I was able to tell a long story in English. 4.The students of all the faculties are allowed to work at the University or at any other office and plant. 5.My friend was to defend his diploma project in March but he fell ill. 6.I had to carry out experiments with electricity in the physics laboratory yesterday.

 

Complete the sentences with the proper modal verb.

a) Permission

1. Janet: Can I smoke in the house?

Mrs Jones: Well, you can smoke in your room but you can’t smoke in the kitchen.

2. Janet: … I make a call?

Mrs Jones: Yes, you can, but you have to pay for the calls you make.

3. Janet: … I keep a cat?

Mrs Jones: No, I’m sorry you can’t. I don’t want animals in the house.

b) Ability

1.George has traveled a lot. He … speak four languages. 2.Tom … drive but he hasn’t got a car. 3.He can’t play tennis very well now but he … play quite well when he was younger. 4.She can’t run very fast now but when she was at school she … run faster than anyone else. 5.I looked very carefully and I … see a figure in the distance.

3.21 Obligation and advice. Choose the best for these sentences.

1.It’s very early. We must / don’t have to leave now. 2.We can go to the cinema tonight. I must / don’t have to work. 3.You look tired. You should / mustn’t have a holiday. 4.That’s a great film. You don’t have to / should see it. 5.His leg is broken. We should / must phone the doctor. 6.These windows are dirty. You must / should clean them more often. 7.Peter drives too fast. He should / must drive more carefully. 8.He owes you a lot of money. You shouldn’t / mustn’t lend him any more. 9.I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I should / had to work late. 10.Many children in Britain have to / should wear uniforms when they go to school.

3.22 Say what we must and mustn’t do at table.

1.We … speak with our mouth full. 2.We … put the table napkin on our knees. 3.We … reach across for the salt.4.We … use the fork and knife properly. 5.We … put our elbows on the table. 6.We … wave the knife or the fork in the air. 7.We … lift a soup bowl to our mouth. 8.We … eat noiselessly.

3.23 Choose the correct preposition.

 

1.Hurry up! Our bus leaves on/in an hour. 2.In the picture Jerry is sitting among/between Alex and Ted. 3.The postman is in/at the door. He’s got some letters for us. 4.Father goes to work in/by car every morning. 5.I’m meeting Peter for coffee on/at Tuesday. 6.Be careful as you walk across/along the street. 7.I go to the University on/by foot.

 

TEST 1

Read the text about Russian Nobel prize winners and say if the statements are true or false.

RUSSIAN NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS

Every year, six Nobel prizes are awarded for outstanding work in science, literature, economics and the promotion of peace. This international prize was founded by the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite and built up companies and laboratories in countries all over the world.

Many Russians have been nominated for the Nobel Prize since it started in 1901 and 19 of them have received the Nobel Prize for their outstanding contributions, particularly in the field of physics, but also in other areas.

The first Russian Nobel winner for medicine (1904) was Ivan Pavlov. He made many remarkable discoveries about blood circulation and the central nervous system and he discovered the conditioned reflex through his research on the digestive system. His experiments on dogs had a great impact on behavioural psychology.

Mickail Sholokhov, the outstanding 20^th century Russian writer, wrote and published a number of short stories while completing his most famous work And Quiet Flows the Don, which took him fourteen years to finish. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1965.

In 1978, Russian physicist Pyotr Kapitza was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. He founded the Institute for Physical Problems in Moscow, and he was the oldest scientist ever to win the award.

The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded over the years to individuals and organizations that work actively for peace and greater understanding. It was suspended during both World Wars. It has been awarded to Russian physicist and civil rights campaigner Andrei Sakharov (1975) and to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev (1990).

1. The Nobel Prize is awarded annually.

2. Ilya Mechnikov is the only Russian who has won the Nobel Prize for medicine.

3. Pavlov’s work promoted the development of psychology.

4. Two Russians have been the Nobel Peace Prize winners.

TEST 2

Match the names of Russian Nobel Prizewinners to their descriptions.

a) Boris Pasternak

b) Ivan Bunin

c) Alexander Solzhenitsyn

d) Nikolay Semyonov

e) Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov.

 

1. A Russian writer wrote “The Gentleman from San Francisco”, which won him a Nobel Prize in 1933.

2. In 1964, two Russian physicists shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Charles Touwns from the USA.

3. Many of his works are autobiographical, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970.

4. He made a great contribution to the study of chemical chain reactions, and in 1956 he became the first Russian to gain the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

5. A Russian poet and novelist is also known for his translations of Shakespeare’s tragedies; in 1957 he wrote the novel “Doctor Zhivago”, which was followed by a Nobel Prize.