Модальные глаголы, выражающие необходимость

Задание. Изучите схемы 9.6, 9.7.

Схема 9.6

I must go to school every day		I must take care of my little sister.		All of you must visit the exhibition.
must		must		must
обязанность (должен, обязан)	осознанная необходимость (надо, необходимо)	настоятельный совет (нужен)
	Долженствование, устанавливаемое говорящим
Запрос распоряжения (Мне делать…?)	приказание (должен)	нежелание выполнять действие, приказание (обязательно ли, с какой стати)
shall		must		must I … Why should I …
Shall I answer?		You must go there today		Must I go there? Why should I invite him?

 

 

Схема 9.7

Приходится, вынужден		когда мне …? (назначено)		не нужно
I have to stay after classes today.		When do I have to stay after classes?		You don’t have to stay after classes = You needn’t stay …
to have to		to have to		to have to; need
вынужденность +	назначенность ?	необходимость -
	Долженствование, устанавливаемое помимо воли говорящего
рекомендация, личное мнение		совет, выражающий объективную необходимость
should	следует, следовало бы, должен был бы, нужно бы, посоветоваться бы	ought to
He should read English every day.	You ought to pay more attention to your grammar mistakes.

 

Примечания.

1. Must имеет форму только настоящего времени. В прошедшем и будущем временах используется to have to … (had to … ‘ll have to …). Для образования вопросов и отрицаний используется вспомогательный глагол do.

2. Для выражения отсутствия необходимости выполнять действия используется выражение don’t / doesn’t have to …, don’t / doesn’t need to …, needn’t ….

3. Для выражения сожаления о том, что кто-то сделал что-нибудь неверно в прошлом, используется should have V₃, например: You should have posted this letter yesterday. Today it’s too late. – Вам следовало отправить это письмо вчера. Сегодня слишком поздно.

4. Необходимость, основанная на договоренности, графике, плане, выражается модальным выражение to be to …, например: The concert is to begin at 7.00. – Концерт должен начаться в 7. We were to meet at the station. – Мы должны были встретиться на станции.

5. Was (were) + перфектный инфинитив выражает невыполненный план, например: You were to have come. – Вам надо было прийти (но Вы не пришли).

 

Exercises.

I. Преобразуйте предложения в вопросительные и отрицательные.

1. Students often have to work at the reading-room after classes.

2. Tony had to take entrance exams in August.

3. You will have to come here twice a week.

4. She has to spend a lot of money on books.

5. You will have to join some sports club.

6. We have to work hard here.

 

II. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, назовите модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты, определите их значение.

1. The main building of this educational establishment is to be completed next year.

2. As your meeting was to be held at 5 p.m. yesterday we had to finish our work in the lab earlier than usual.

3. I am very busy tonight as I have to write the article for our students’ newspaper.

4. This outstanding scientist ought to head our conference.

5. You needn’t ask anybody for this article, I’ll give it to you.

6. You should ask your colleagues for help in finding material for the report.

III. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами” must” или “have to” в соответствующей форме. Переведите предложения.

Model: Well, it’s 10 o’clock. I must (or have to) go now.

1. You really … work harder if you want to pass that examination.

2. Many children in Britain … wear uniform when they go to school.

3. Last night Don suddenly became ill. We … call the doctor.

4. I’m afraid I can’t come tomorrow. I … work late.

5. I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I … work late.

6. We couldn’t repair the car ourselves. We … take it to the garage.

7. When you come to London again, you … come and see us.

 

IV. Составьте вопросы, используя выражение «have to».

Model: - Tom had to go to the police station.

- Why did he have to go there?

1. – Ann has to leave tomorrow.

– What time …

2. – We had to answer a lot of questions in the examination.

– How many questions …

3. – George had to pay a parking fine.

– How much …

4. – I have to get up early tomorrow.

– Why …

 

V. Преобразуйте утвердительные предложения из упражнения IV в отрицательные.

 

VI. Употребите модальный глагол, подходящий по смыслу (must, mustn’t, needn’t).

1. We haven’t got much time. We … hurry.

2. We’ve got plenty of time. We … hurry.

3. – Do you want me to wait for you?

– No, it’s okay. You … wait.

4. Tom gave me a letter to post. I …forget to post it.

5. You … come if you don’t want to but I hope you will.

6. – What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big?

– Well, it … be big – that’s not important. But it … have a nice garden.

7. We have enough food at home so we … go shopping today.

8. This book is very valuable. You … look after it very carefully and you … lose it.

 

VII. Дайте совет другу о том, что ему следует делать.

Model: He always coughs (кашляет) because he smokes too much (not / smoke). You should stop smoking.

1. He has a headache (go / the dentist).

2. He is bored at home (go out somewhere).

3. He always forgets telephone numbers (buy / a notebook).

4. He always drives very carelessly (be careful / on the road).

5. He is thinking of what Institute to enter (think / The Law Faculty).

 

VIII. Перефразируйте предложения, используя слово “should”.

Model A: I don’t advise you to make marks on the book. – You shouldn’t make marks on the book.

1. I don’t advise you to apply for this job. You don’t have enough skills.

2. Why not put up with (примириться) these small discomforts?

3. I don’t think it is right of him to complain. He is wrong himself.

4. You were not wrong. There is no need to apologise to her.

5. I don’t advise you to make a decision in a hurry.

Примечание. Модальный оборот “should(n’t) have done” означает: «В прошлом человек поступил неверно».

Model B: Why did you give in (сдались)? – You shouldn’t have given in. – Вам не следовало сдаваться.

1. It’s a pity you didn’t apologise to him. He felt terribly sorry.

2. Why didn’t you point out all our mistakes?

3. It’s too bad that you didn’t send us a telegram.

4. I feel sorry that you didn’t watch this film.

5. You failed at the exam because you didn’t pay enough attention to your studies.

 

IX. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя модальные глаголы долженствования.

1. Вчера мне пришлось ответить на все эти письма.

2. - Анну тоже пригласить на конференцию?

- Нет, не нужно. Она уже получила приглашение.

3. Вам пришлось остаться дома из-за погоды?

4. Лекция должна начаться в 9.

5. Президент должен назначить федеральных судей (to appoint Federal Judges).

6. Тебе следует попросить своих друзей помочь тебе с английским.

7. Мне ответить на вопрос?

8. Вам не нужно платить за помощь адвоката.

9. Вам нужно бы больше читать.

10. В какое время мы должны встретиться завтра?

 

Revision I. Прочитайте и переведите шутки, определите значение модальных глаголов.

1. This fellow is so dishonest that if you shake hands with him, you must count your fingers afterwards.

2. Middle age is when your brain says “You must go! Go!” while the rest of you is saying “No! No! No!”

3. Mother: Why were you fighting with Billy Brown? He is a very bad boy.

You must not do it again.

Tommy: I shall not. I know now that he’s stronger than me.

4. About my friend.

My friend has a wonderful memory: he always remembers what he must forget.

5. A good chance.

“Well, my dear. I heard that Mrs Jones has completely lost her voice”. “Poor dear. I must call on her. I’ve been waiting a good talk for such a long time.”

Примечание. To call on smb – заглянуть к кому-либо.

6. The first impression.

Mother: Now, my dear, tell me about your first day at school.

Tom: The school was all right, but they don’t teach you much. I must go to school again tomorrow.

7. Behave yourself.

Doctor’s wife: Now, my dear, you must probably forget your job if you are

going into society with me.

Her husband: What have I done?

His wife: Why, you must not feel the pulse of everyone who extends a

hand.

8. Young poet: Do you think I must put more fire into my poems?

Literary critic: No, I really think you must put more of your poems into the fire.

9. Another Reason.

Key: What a lovely fur coat you have on, dear! Your husband must have changed jobs.

Jan: Oh, now. I have changed husbands.

10. “The harder it rains, the better I like it.”

“You must be an optimist.”

“No, I’m an umbrella seller.”

11. Little Betty had been taken by her aunt to the Natural History Museum.

“Oh, Mummy!” she told her Mother on their return. “Auntie was to have taken me to the Zoo but we went to see a dead circus.”

12. “Did you visit the art galleries when you were in New York?”

“We didn’t have to. Our daughter paints.”

13. Babies are very delicate. For instance, if you pick one up, you have to hold the head to keep his neck from breaking. And when they become teen-agers – you have to hold your temper to keep from doing likewise.

14. I knew a fellow who was complaining to me that he had to work on Christmas. It was Santa Claus.

15. She was Quick.

Wife: I’m ready, darling.

Husband: Well, I’m not. I shall have to go and shave again.

16. “I had a terrible argument with my wife,” said a harassed husband. “She promised she wouldn’t talk to me thirty days.” “Then you should be happy.” “I’m unhappy, because this is the last day.”

17. A Polite Beggar

Old lady (to a beggar whom she gave alms): “ Now, what should a polite man say to a lady who has given him a penny?”

Beggar: I’m too polite to say it, madam.

Примечание. Alms – милостыня, подаяние.

 

II. Прочитайте пословицы, переведите и подберите русские эквиваленты.

1. He that is afraid of wounds must not come near a battle.

2. If you dance, you must pay the fiddler.

3. One must howl with wolves.

4. Law-makers should not be law-breakers.

5. He who laughs at crooked men, should need walk very straight.

 

Библиографический список

 

1. Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use. - Cambridge University Press, 1985.

2. Digby Beaumont, Colin Granger. The Heinemann English Grammar. – Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd, 1992.

3. Бонк Н.А., Лукьянова Н.А., Котий Г.А. Учебник английского языка: В 2 кн. – М.: Товарищество «Де Конт», 1995.

4. Гузеева К.А., Трошко Т.Г. Английский язык. Справочные материалы: Книга для учащихся. – М.: Просвещение, 1992.

5. Николенко Т.Г. Тесты по грамматике английского языка. – М.: Айрис Рольф, 1997.

6. Практический курс английского языка для 1-го курса факультета английского языка педагогических вузов / Под ред. В.Д.Аракина. – 2-е изд., испр. – М.: Высшая школа, 1978.

7. Хорнби А.С. Оксфордский интенсивный английский для взрослых: В 3 кн. – М.: АО «Буклет», 1992.

8. Шевелева С.А. Английский язык для юристов. – Москва: Юнити, 1999.

9. Эккерсли С.Е., Маколей М. Живая грамматика: Грамматика английского языка с упражнениями. – М.: Ассоциация независимых издателей, 1994.

 

 

Содержание

 

Предисловие ……………………………………………….….. Тема 1. Имя существительное. Образование множественного числа существительных. Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые Существительные. Составные существительные и номинативные словосочетания. Притяжательный падеж существительных…………………………..…………………………… Тема 2. Артикли ……………………………………………….. Тема 3. Имя прилагательное ……………………………….…. Тема 4. Местоимения …………………………………………. Тема 5. Предлоги ……………..…….…………………………. Тема 6. Союзы …..…………………………………….………. Тема 7. Время (Tense), вид (Aspect) глаголов ………………. Тема 8. Страдательный залог ……..………………………….. Тема 9. Модальные глаголы ………………………………….. Библиографический список ………...………………………...

 

Пак Светлана Михайловна

 

 

Английский язык

Грамматика

 

English Grammar for Law

 

Учебное пособие

 

 

Редактор Е.Ю.Лаврентьева

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