Ex. 11. Translate the sentences from English into Russian. Transform the Passive Voice into the Active Voice.

Model: At present railways widely use up-to-date electronic equipment. ® Up-to-date electronic equipment is widely used at present railways.

1. We are building a new railway line in this region. 2. The dispatcher controls the entire section of the line from the single control center. 3. The government financed the renewal of signaling equipment of all the railroads. 4. The plant will increase its capital investment in equipment. 5. Railway engineers designed a lot of devices which find their application in other industries. 6. Since 1980 railway engineers have developed a system of more reliable communication of information. 7. Japanese railway engineers introduced the system that helps to control a whole trunk line from a single control center. 8. An electric motor or a small steam turbine drives this high-frequency generator. 9. Someone switched on the light and opened the door. 10. Students are doing a lot of work to get ready for their English exam. 11. Engineers have tested the newly developed control system in the Underground. 12. Railwaymen must carefully test any new signaling system. 13. We use the term computer to describe a device made up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical components. 14. E-mail can reach its destination in minutes or less unless some part of the network is heavily congested or temporarily out of order. 15. Railwaymen use signaling to control train operation to provide the safety of traffic. 16. Railways have made great progress due to the use of CTC. 17. Snowstorm delayed the train on route for a couple of hours. 18. The ATO system performs all functions of the driver except for the opening and closing of the doors.

 

Ex. 12. It is common to see an Infinitive phrase used with the word it as the subject of a sentence: It is easy to find my house. – Легко найти мой дом. In such sentences, it refers to the Infinitive phrase.

A. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the infinitive phrase:

1. It's good for you to exercise regularly. 2. It is dangerous to climb mountains, especially in the winter. 3. Once you learn to ride a bicycle, it's easy to do it. 4. Is it impolite to ask a lot of personal questions if you don't know the person very well? 5. It is very important to increase traffic safety. 6. Statistically it is safer to travel by air than to drive a car.7. It is necessary to introduce electronic track circuits on this section of the line. 8. It is difficult to design a computer. 9. It’s easy for you to say, but not easy for him to do! 10. Is it necessary to equip with CTC any large railway? 11. If you want to get somewhere as quickly as possible it’s better to travel by air. 12. Is it more difficult for an adult to learn a foreign language than for a child? 13. It was impossible to get tickets to the seaside last summer. 14. It’s too fast for me to understand the BBC news. 15. Sometimes it’s better only to hear. 16. It was possible to provide reliable and practicable driverless trains on the Victoria Line. 17. It's true that there have been some very serious train accidents recently, but it's generally quite a safe way to travel. 18. It is important to control the rail profile in order to minimize the risk of derailment. 19. It's important for the meeting to start on time.20. It is possible to modify the more simple types of switch to allow trains to pass at high speed.

 

B. Complete each following sentence with the Infinitive phrase, using your own words.

1. It is very important … 2. Is it a good idea …? 3. It is usually wrong … 4. It's impossible (for me) … 5. It is better … than … 6. It is more economical … 7. Is it possible ….? 8. It was necessary … 9. It sounds like a lot of fun ….

Ex. 13. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Infinitive of Purpose and the Infinitive as Noun.

1. We multiply volts by amperes to obtain the number of watts. 2. To control the movement of trains is of great importance. 3. To control the movement of trains we need a signaling system. 4. In order to understand this phenomenon the laws of motion should be considered. 5. To explain the pressure of gases and their diffusion we must take into consideration that all substances are made of molecules. 6. To understand this problem you must read this article. 7. To understand this problem is impossible. 8. To answer this question we studied a lot of publications. 9. To make this experiment without special equipment is absolutely impossible. 10. A bumper is covered with chromium to make it look nice. 11. To make a new autopilot system engineers need highly developed electronics and new materials. 12. To help the driver get information while concentrating on the road the most important data will be projected on the windscreen. 13. The circuit can be broken to interrupt the flow of electricity. 14. We must take a taxi to catch the train. 15. Railway signaling is a system used to control railway traffic safely, essentially to prevent trains from colliding. 16. CTC was designed to enable the train dispatcher to control train movements directly, bypassing (обходя) local operators and eliminating written train orders.

 

Ex. 14. Using the given words, write sentences with the Infinitive of Purpose, translate them into Russian.

Model: to go to the hospital yesterday / to visit a friend. [I] ® I went to the hospital yesterdayto visit a friend.

1) to work hard at present / to make the progress in his English. [the best friend of mine]

2) to borrow some money / to buy a computer. [her sister]

3) to invent a device / to increase the productivity. [a research institute]

4) to go on the Internet every evening / to check her e-mails. [Helen]

5) to be widely used / to improve the quality of passenger service. [up-to-date electronic equipment]

6) to arrive at the railway station yesterday / to buy a train ticket. [I]

7) to drive to the garage / to repair our car. [Dad]

8) to be busy entire evening / to write a report. [the students]

9) to get up early / to avoid rush hours. [his elder brother]

10) to take driving lessons / to get a driving license. [I]

11) to go to the night clubs / to meet friends. [young people]

12) to have sensors / to detect trains running on the track. [automatic signaling devices]

13) to use / to perform various operations much faster and better. [the automation technology]

14) to have ability / to correct themselves. [all machines with automatic-control mechanisms]

15) to use a modem / to send messages along a telephone line. [we]

 

 

Ex. 15. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Infinitive as Adjective.

1. The carriage to be repaired will be transported next week. 2. The material to be attacked by X-rays is placed on the screen. 3. The method to be chosen in any particular case depends on many factors. 4. The object to be detected is placed on one side of the lens. 5. The problem to be considered next deals with the loss of heat in the pipeline. 6. Signals to be measured must be strong enough. 7. Scientists working at the design of a new compartment have a long list of problems to be solved. 8. The controller to be installed on this train was made in Germany. 9. A radar to be mounted on lorries and cars was designed in the USA. 10. A simple safety device to be installed on the train enables to stop it in an emergency. 11. We know some signals to be operated by hand others to be automatic. 12. Cab signals to be installed on all locomotives assist enginemen to drive trains. 13. The mainline to be divided into a number of track circuits is under the control at the central point. 14. They asked for the goods to be delivered by Monday. 15. Automation is one of the ways to increase production.

Ex. 16. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the verb to take in the meaning of занимать, отнимать, понадобиться, требовать (времени, активности, энергии).

1. It takes five years to study to be an engineer. 2. It will take a lot of time to fix this problem. 3. It took us much time to transmit the necessary information. 4. It may take years to construct an up-to-date high-speed line in this country. 5. It took some minutes to move the railway points manually. 6. How long does it take them to get to work? 7. It may take a long time for you to reach your final goal. 8. It takes about one second to scan indications of all tracks. 9. How long does it take by train from Samara to Moscow? 10. Did it take you a long time to find a job? 11. It took Mark six month to learn to drive. 12. How long did it take them to repair the car? 13. It took railroads several decades to improve train-control practices and adopt safety devices sufficient to make railroad travel truly safe.

 

Ex. 17. Before reading Text A make sure you understand the main terms of Electronics. Match line A with line B and translate the terms’ definitions:

A	B
1) a relay	a) an electronic mechanism which is used to move the trains from one track to another automatically;
2) a signal	b) any number under ten;
3) telecommunication	c) a device by which electric current flowing in one circuit can open or close current in a second circuit;
4) a transistor	d) a vacuum tube or semiconductor device used as a rectifier (выпрямитель);
5) a diode	e) various methods of receiving and sending messages by telephone or telegraph, either by radio signals or by wires;
6) a digit	f) a sound, image, or message sent by waves, as in radio or television; a railway apparatus near the track to direct train drivers.
7) a point / switch	g) a small electrical apparatus used in radios, televisions, etc. for controlling the flow of electrical current.