National Emblems of the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom (abbreviated from “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”) is the political name of the country which consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Great Britain is the name of the island which is made up of England, Scotland, Wales, whereas the British Isles is the geographical name of all the islands off the north-west coast of the European continent.In everyday speech “Britain” is used to mean the United Kingdom.

The flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Yack, is made up of three crosses. The upright red cross on a white background is the cross of the 1st George, the patron saint of England. The white diagonal cross on a blue background is the cross of St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland. The red diagonal cross on a white background is the cross of St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland.

The Welsh flag, called the Welsh dragon, represents a red dragon on a white and green background.

St. George’s Day falls on 23 April and is regarded as England’s national day. On this day some patriotic Englishmen wear a rose pinned to their jackets. A red rose is the national emblem of England from the time of the Wars of the Roses (15th century).

St. Andrew’s Day (the 30th of November) is regarded as Scotland’s national day. On this day some Scotsmen wear a thistle in their buttonhole. As a national emblem of Scotland, thistle apparently first used in the 15th century as a symbol of defence. The Order of the Thistle is one of the highest orders of knighthood. It was founded in 1687, and is mainly given to Scottish noblemen (limited to 16 in number).

St. Patrick’s Day (the 17th of March) is considered as a national day in Northern Ireland and an official bank holiday there. The national emblem of Ireland is shamrock. According to legend, it was the plant chosen by St. Patrick to illustrate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity to the Irish.

St. David’s Day (the 1st of March) is the church festival of St. David, a 6th- century monk and bishop, the patron saint of Wales. The day is regarded as the national holiday of Wales, although it is not an official bank holiday.

On this day, however, many Weishmen wear either a yellow daffodil or a leek pinned to their jackets, as both plants are traditionally regarded as national emblems of Wales.

In the Royal Arms three lions symbolize England, a lion rampant — Scotland, and a harp — Ireland. The whole is encircled and is supported by a lion and a unicorn. The lion has been used as a symbol of national strength and of the British monarchy for many centuries. The unicorn, a mythical animal that looks like a horse with a long straight horn, has appeared on the Scottish and British royal coats of arms for many centuries, and is a symbol of purity.

 

 

Theme “Holidays in Great Britain”

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HOLIDAYS AND CELEBRATIONS

There are six public holidays in Great Britain. They are: Christmas Day; Boxing Day; Good Friday, observed before Easter Sunday, after a full moon on or after March 21; Easter Monday, observed next day after Easter Sunday;Spring Bank Holiday on the last Monday of June or on the first Monday of July;Late Summer Bank Holiday on the last Monday of August or on the first Monday in September.

Besides public holidays other festivals and traditions are observed.

NEW YEAR IN ENGLAND

In England the New Year is not as widely observed as Christmas. Some people ignore it.The most common type of celebration is a New Year party. It begins at 8 pm and goes on until morning. There is a buffet supper of cold meat, pies, sandwiches, cakes and biscuit At midnight everyone can hear the chimes of Big Ben and drink a toast to the New Year. Then the par. goes on. Another way of celebrating is to go to a New Year’s dance. Dance halls are decorated there are several bands playing merry music. The most famous celebration is in London round the statue in Piccadilly Circus where crowds come the New Year. In Trafalgar Square someone usually falls into the fountain.

Some people watch others celebrating on television.Some people send New Year cards and give presents and make “New Year resolutions”.

ST. VALENTINE’S DAY

Saint Valentine’s Day is observed on February 14. The first Valentine of all was a bishop. February 14 is the date of an old pagan festival when Roman maidens put love letters into an urn to be drawn out their boy friends. It is the day when people exchange greetings of affection with a Valentine card.

MOTHER’S DAY

Mother’s Day is observed in March on the fourth Sunday in Lent. The day known as Mothering Sunday dates from the time when many girls worked as domestic servants away from home. On Mothering Sunday, they could go home to see their mother and give her a present from the houselady. This custom remained and is called “Mother’s Day”. People visit their mothers, give them flowers and presents or send therm Mother’s Day” cards.

EASTER

In England Easter is a time for the giving and receiving of presents [Easter eggs], for the Easter Bonnet Parade and hot cross buns. Nowadays Easter eggs are made of chocolate but painting egg-shells is still popular in some country districts. Emblems of Easter are also fluffy chicks, baby rabbits, daffodils,catkins and lily. They signify the Nature’s reawakening.

London greets the spring with Easter Parade on Easter Sunday. The parade begins at 3 p.m. It consist of many decorated floats bearing the Easter Princess and her attendants. The finest bands take part in

APRIL FOOL’S DAY

April Fool’s Day is named from the custom of playing practical jokes. It is a season when all people are given an exuse to play the fool. In April comes the cuckoo, emblem of simpletons. In Scotland the victim of a joke is ckoo” or “gowk”.

MAYDAY

The1st of May was pagan spring festival. It was celebrated with garlands, flowers, dancing, and games. A Maypole wreathed with flowers was erected. The girls put on their best summer frocks, and plainted flowers in their hair awaiting the crowning of the May Queen. The most beautiful girl was crowned with a garland of flowers. After this there was dancing. The dancers dressed in fancy costume represented in the Robin Hood legend. Games were followed by refreshments in the open.

LONDON MAY QUEEN FESTIVAL

London May Queen Festival has been held since 1880. Visitors from many parts of the world gather in Kent to witness the Crowning of London’s May Queen. Over a thousand children take part. Forty May Queens from different parts of the country are present. Their dresses are beautifully made. The actual crowning takes place at 3 p.m.

WHITSUN

There are no special customs associated with Whitsun, the seventh Sunday after Easter Sunday. The Morris men can be seen at Whitsun. The Morris is a rustic merry-making introduced by Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward 1(1272-1307). The dances are performed by sets of dancers accompanied by tradi4an-Woman, Hobby Horse and the Fool. Basic dress is a white shirt and trousers tied at the knee, ribbons and handkerchiefs.

Queen’s birthday as a National holiday is celebrated in June;

Scotland observes the spring bank holiday in mid-May; the summer bank holiday in mid-August.

LATE SUMMER BANK HOLIDAY

On Bank Holiday, the town folk usually flock into the country and to the coast. They take lunch and enjoy their meal in the open. Seaside towns near London are invaded by thousands of holidays- makers. Bank holidays is also an occasion for big sports meeting. There are large fairs, a Punch show, and bingo. Many Londoners will visit Whipsnade Zoo. There is also much boat activity on the Thames and other rivers.

BONFIRE NIGHT

Guy Fawkes /1570-1606/ was one of the English conspirators who tried to destroy Parliament and King James I as a protest against anti-Papist measures. They dug a tunnel where they stored 36 barels of gunpowder. On October 26, one of the conspirators warned Lord Monteagle about conspiracy. On November 5 the gunpowder was found, together with Guy Fawkes. He revealed the names of the con spiration. Fawkes was hanged.The Plot is still commemorated by an official ceremonial search before the opening of Parliament, burning of Fawkes’ s effigy and the explosion of fireworks every November 5.Guy Fawkes Night is one of the most popular festivals in Great Britain. There is extremely organized celebration at Winchester. People prepare elaborate guys, for which prizes are awarded. The guy awarded the first prize is the first to be cast upon huge bonfire.

REMEMBRANCE DAY

Remembrance Day [Poppy Day] on the Sunday before November 11 is observed in commemoration of British warriors who fell during the two World Wars. On that day special services are held in the churches. Wreaths are laid at war memorials throughout the country.At London’s Cenotaph people observe two-minute silence and perform the Remembrar ceremony. The silence begins at the first stroke of Big Ben booming 11 o’clock. The members of the Royal family and political leaders lay wreath at the foot of the Cenotaph.Then comes the march past the memorial of ex-servicemen and women, followed by ordin citizens. On that day artificial poppies, a symbol of mourning, are traditional sold in the streets everywhere. The money is later used to help the men who had been crippled during the war.

CHRISTMAS CELEBRATIONS

Christmas Day is observed on December 25. In Britain this day was a festival long before the conversion to Christianity. On that day people began the year and it was called “modranecht” — mother’s night. Many Christmas customs go back to pagan times. In 1644, the English puritans forbade the kepping of Christmas by Act of Parliament. At the restoration Charles II revived the feast in 1660.On Christmas Eve everything is rush. Offices close at one o’clock, but the shops stay open late. London and big cities are decorated with coloured lights. In the homes there is a great air of expectations. The children are decorating the Christmas tree with baubles and coloured lights. The house is decorated with holly and mistletoe under which the boys kiss the girls. Christmas cards are hung round the walls. The housewife is busy in the kitchen. The Christmas bird, usually a turkey, is being prepared. The pudding is inspected and the cake is iced.In villages carol-singers come and sing Christmas carols. They expect a Christmas box I musical efforts. The money collected is then donated to some deserving cause.

In Trafalgar Square stands an enormous Christmas tree. It is a gift from the people of Oslo for help during the war. The tree is over 15 feet high. It is brightly decorated. This sparkling tree seems to catch theSpirit of Christmas.

BOXING DAY

Boxing Day is observed on December 26. It is a legal holiday in England, Wales, Northern Ireland, New Zealand, Australia and South Africa. Christmas boxes traditionally given to dustmen and a few other public servants.This isw the day when one visits friends. Tradition demands a visit to the pantomime to watch the story of Cinderela, Dick Whittington or whatever it may be. There are pantomimes on ice, with well- known pop singers or pantomimes with a famous comedian. In the country there are usually Boxing Day Meets for fox-hunting.

 

Teacher ________________I.S.Kokovihinа

 

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