Developing of Telecommunications

 

I would like to tell you about telecommunications and their developing.

 

We can not deny the role of telecommunications in our life. The Internet, phones, telegraph, cell phones, radio, television are all the means of communication or telecommunication. Nowadays we live in information era, when information is the key and engine of progress. Our society needs perfect means of information exchange that is why all types of telecommunication are under the permanent developing.

 

Currently hundreds of millions of people use wireless communication means. Cell phone is no longer a symbol of prestige but a tool, which lets to use working time more effectively. Considering that the main service of a mobile connection operator is providing high quality connection, much attention in the telecommunication market is paid to the spectrum of services that cell network subscriber may receive.

 

Today we can easily connect to the Internet using our cell phone or to take a picture or to take a short movie, using our video cell phone.

 

Late in the nineteenth century, communication facilities were augmented by a new invention — telephone. In the USA its use expanded slowly and by 1900 the American Telephone and Telegraph Company controlled 855,000 telephones.

 

After 1900, telephone installations extended much more rapidly in all the wealthier countries. The number of telephones in use in the world grew at almost 100 per cent per decade. But long-distance telephone services gradually developed and began to compete with telegraphic business. A greater contribution to long-range communication came with the development of wireless technology.

 

Before the outbreak of the First World War wireless telegraphy was established as a means of regular communication with ships at sea and provided a valuable supplement to existing telegraph lines. In the next few years the telephone systems of all the chief countries were connected with each other by radio. Far more immediate was the influence that radio had through broadcasting and by television, which followed it at an interval of about twenty-five years.

 

Telephones are as much a part of infrastructure of our society as roads or electricity, and competition will make them cheaper. Losses from lower prices will be countered by higher usage. Most important of all, by cutting out the need to install costly cables and microwave transmitters, the new telephones could be a boon to the remote and poor regions of the earth. Even today, half the world's population lives more than two hours away from a telephone.

 

Satellite phones are not going to deliver all their benefits at once.

 

Lots of other new communication services — on-line film libraries, personal computers that can send video-clips and sound-bites as easily as they can be used for writing letters, terrestrial mobile-telephone systems cheap enough to replace old sets — are already technically possible.

 

Questions:

 

1. What means of telecommunication do you know?

2. Why do we try to develop all types of telecommunication?

3. Can we connect to the Internet using our cell phone today?

4. What was invented late in the nineteenth century?

5. What technology made a great contribution to a long-range communication?

6. Was there wireless telegraphy as a means of regular communication before the outbreak of the First World War?

7. What new telecommunication services do you know?

 

Vocabulary:

 

telecommunication - телекомунікація, далекий зв'язок; телефон, телеграф, радіо

to develop - розвивати, вдосконалювати

to deny - заперечувати, відмовлятися від.

cell phone - мобільний телефон

exchange - обмін

permanent - постійний

tool - інструмент

effectively - ефективно

to consider - вважати, гадати

operator - оператор

to provide - забезпечувати, постачати

network - мережа, система

subscriber - передплатник, клієнт

to receive - отримувати, приймати, сприймати

facility - рЬоборудованіе, апаратура, пристосування

to augment - збільшувати, додавати

invention - винахід

to expand - розширювати, збільшувати

installation - установка, розміщення

to extend - распостраняются, розширювати

to grow (past grew, pp grown) - рости, збільшувати

gradually - поступово, потроху

to compete - конкурувати, змагатися

contribution - сприяння, внесок

wireless - бездротовий, дистанційний

outbreak - (зд) раптовий початок

to establish - засновувати, створювати

valuable - цінний, корисний

supplement - додаток, додавання

immediate - раптовий, невідкладний, негайний

influence - вплив, вплив

to broadcast (past broadcast, pp broadcast) - передавати в ефірі, віщати

interval - проміжок, інтервал

infrastructure - інфраструктура

electricity - електрика

microwave - мікрохвильовий

transmitter - передавачі

boon - благо, дар; перімущество, зручність

remote - віддалений, далекий

benefits - послуги, вигоди, привілеї

terrestrial - земний, наземний

 

Teacher ________________I.S.Kokovihinа

1. ПРОЧИТАЙТЕ ТА ПЕРЕКЛАДІТЬ ТЕКСТ.

2. ПІДГОТУЙТЕСЬ ДО ДЕТАЛЬНОГО ПЕРЕКАЗУ ТЕКСТУ

 

 

Mail Service

 

Historical references to postal systems in Egypt date from about 2000 ВС. That time mail was carried from place to place by horse or horse-drawn wagon. It was predominantly government mail. On the other side of the world, in China, mail service had been started early in 12th century ВС. It was used mostly to convey official documents.

 

The Roman Empire built the most advanced postal delivery system known until that time except for the service in China. In the Roman Empire reliable communication from Rome to governors and military officials in faraway provinces was a necessity. The speed with which government dispatches and other mail could be carried about the empire was amazing for that time. In Europe of the 19th century, stagecoaches began to carry letters and packages, but most mail was still being transported the same way as in the Roman Empire.

 

Since that time many things have changed. Today we can send our letters using also airmail, the quickest mailing service.

 

Nowadays there are post-offices in every town and city. If you want to post an ordinary letter or a postcard, you need to buy an envelope with required stamp, write the address on it and put your letter in and send it. For a registered letter, an airmail letter or an ordinary letter to another country, one must buy and stick other stamps on the envelope.

 

If you want to send a telegram, you can either take it to the nearest post-office or dictate it over the telephone. But if you have the Internet, there is no need to go to the local post-office, you can just connect to the Internet and using your mail program, send a letter or letters to where you need. The only condition is whether your recipient has or not a computer and the Internet. E-mail is cheaper and instant.

 

If you want to use traditional method and would like your letter to arrive more quickly, you can send it by airmail or express mail.

 

If you want to send a parcel, you must go to the post-office, hand your parcel to an assistant, who weighs it on scales and gives you the necessary stamps. The amount you have to pay depends on the weight of the parcel.

 

Questions:

 

1. When did the postal systems appear in Egypt?

2. When did mail service start in China?

3. What kind of postal delivery system did the Roman Empire build?.

4. What was the main feature of the Roman Empire's mail service?

5. How was the mail transportation organized in Europe in the 19th century?

6. What is today's quickest mailing service?

7. What do we need to do if we want to post an ordinary letter or a postcard?

8. What must one buy for a Registered letter?

9. What kind of mail service does Internet offer?

10. What do you need if you want to send a parcel?

 

 

Vocabulary:

 

 

reference - посилання

to date - датуватися

to carry - везти; носити

horse-drawn. wagon - гужовий фургон

to convey - переправляти

advanced - передовий

delivery - доставка

reliable - надійний

governor - губернатор, намісник

military officials - військові посадові особи

faraway provinces - віддалені провінції

to dispatch - посилати, відправляти

amazing - дивовижний, вражаючий

stagecoach - поштовий диліжанс

postcard - листівка

envelope - конверт

stamp - марка

registered letter - рекомендований лист

to stick - приклеювати

condition - умова

recipient - одержувач

message - повідомлення

required - потрібний, необхідний

airmail - авіапошта

instant - миттєвий, негайний

to arrive - прибувати

parcel - посилка

scales - ваги

to weigh - зважувати

to depend on - залежати

 

Teacher ________________I.S.Kokovihinа

 

1. ПРОЧИТАЙТЕ ТА ПЕРЕКЛАДІТЬ ТЕКСТ.

2. ПІДГОТУЙТЕСЬ ДО ДЕТАЛЬНОГО ПЕРЕКАЗУ ТЕКСТУ

 

 

Space Exploration (1)

 

Entering the twenty-first century, we have an unimaginable array of technology and a generation of young people schooled in these technologies.

Three decades ago people placed six flags on the Moon. Our automatic space stations reached almost all planets of Solar System.

Today we no longer try for new space achievements; instead we celebrate the anniversaries of the past. Our work is unfinished.

I have read a large amount of books and magazines, in addition to the science books. People have been preparing to land on Mars, but because of some obstacles, we have not realized it yet.

If we compare technologies of 1960s and 1970s, when major achievements in space exploration were made and technologies we have today, we might be surprised.

The Apollo Lunar Module had a computer in it, as we all know. The Lunar Module computer had 4,096 bytes of erasable storage. Current processors reach over 3000MHz, hundreds times more that it was that time and modern personal computers often have over 500 million bytes of erasable storage, to say nothing of modern fixed storage. 30 years of advancement have given us the ability to do even more in rocketry and computing and everywhere else. Our future achievements should not be dwarfed by our past achievements.

We need to explore space, using a combination of automated probes and manned missions.

Humans need to explore space, because by not doing so, we are denying our creative and curious nature.

 

Questions:

 

1. When did people place flags on the Moon?

2. Have all planets of-Solar System been visited by our automatic space stations?

3. Why do we need to explore space?

 

 

Vocabulary:

unimaginable - неймовірний

array - безліч, сукупність

to place - розмістити, встановити

to reach - досягти, дістатися

Solar System - Сонячна система

achievement - досягнення, успіх

to celebrate - святкувати, веселитися, радіти

anniversary - річниця, ювілей

obstacle - перешкода, перепона, перешкода

to realize - здійснювати, виконувати

exploration - вивчення, дослідження

erasable - стирані, оперативна (про пам'ять)

advancement - розвиток, досягнення, прогрес, успіх

ability - здатність

rocketry - ракетна техніка

to dwarf - зупиняти ріст; перешкоджати розвитку

manned mission - пілотований політ / місія

curious - цікавий, допитливий, допитливий

 

 

Teacher ________________I.S.Kokovihinа

1. ПРОЧИТАЙТЕ ТА ПЕРЕКЛАДІТЬ ТЕКСТ.

2. ПІДГОТУЙТЕСЬ ДО ДЕТАЛЬНОГО ПЕРЕКАЗУ ТЕКСТУ

 

Space Exploration (2)

 

Mankind always dreamed of overcoming gravitation and reaching other planets. But it was only in the 1960ies that this dream was to become reality.

On the 12th of April 1961 the spaceship «Vostok» was launched into space with a man on board and after orbiting our planet successfully returned to the Earth.

The first man to overcome gravitation and orbit the Earth was Yuri Gagarin. This day went down in history of mankind as an outstanding achievement, opening the space era.

In the course of space exploration there have been lots of achievements of world science and technology. This period saw the launching of many earth satellites, numerous space laboratories. Among the achievements we may enumerate the landing of automatic stations on the Moon, the flights of space laboratories towards Venus and Mars.

These are the years of manned space flight programmes: Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman-cosmonaut to make a space flight, A. A. Leonov achieved the first «space walk» in 1965, the first Soviet experimental station with four cosmonauts on tjoard went into orbit, the first American expedition landed on the Moon.

The Soviet "«Lunokhod», automatic orbital stations «Soyuz» and other space laboratories opened up a new period of space exploration. From the first experiments scientists went over to systematic exploration of space.

Recently there have been calls to reduce expenditure on space research programmes. I think it would be a serious mistake to allow this to happen.

There is a direct link between the development of space research programmes and different earth technologies. The higher the former are the more developed the latter are.

 

Questions:

1. What did mankind always dream about?

2. When did this dream become reality?

3. When was the spaceship «Vostok» launched?

4. Was Yuri Gagarin the first man to overcome gravitation and orbit the Earth?

5. As what day did the 12th of April go down in history?

6. What has there been in the course of space exploration?

7. What did this period see?

8. Enumerate the stages of manned space flight programmes.

9. What opened up a new period of space exploration?

10. What calls have there been recently?

11.Woulditbe a serious mistake to allow to reduce expenditure on space exploration?

12. What kind of link is there between the development of space research programmes and different earth technologies?

 

Vocabulary:

on board - на борту

mankind - людство

era - ера

in the course of - в ході

world science and technology - світова наука і техніка

numerous - численний

to enumerate - перераховувати

flight - політ

was the first-to make - був перший, хто вчинив

cosmonaut - космонавт

to land - приземлятися

it would be a serious mistake to allow this to happen - було б серйозною помилкою допустити це

earth technologies - земні технології

the former - перший (з двох)

tha latter - останній (з двох)

the higher... the more developed - чим вище... тим більш розвинені

 

 

Teacher ________________I.S.Kokovihinа

1. ПРОЧИТАЙТЕ ТА ПЕРЕКЛАДІТЬ ТЕКСТ.

2. ПІДГОТУЙТЕСЬ ДО ДЕТАЛЬНОГО ПЕРЕКАЗУ ТЕКСТУ

Education in Britain

 

In England and Wales compulsory school begins at the age of five, but before that age children can go to a nursery school, also called play school. School is compulsory till the children are 16 years old.

In Primary School and First School children learn to read and write and the basis of arithmetic. In the higher classes of Primary School (or in Middle School) children learn geography, history, religion and, in some schools, a foreign language. Then children go to the Secondary School.

When students are 16 years old they may take an exam in various subjects in order to have a qualification. These qualifications can be either G.C.S.E. (General Certificate of Secondary Education) or "O level" (Ordinary level). After that students can either leave school and start working or continue their studies in the same school as before. If they continue, when they are 18, they have to take further examinations which are necessary for getting into university or college.

Some parents choose private schools for their children. They are very expensive but considered to provide a better education and good job opportunities.

In England there are 47 universities, including the Open University which teaches via TV and radio, about 400 colleges and institutes of higher education. The oldest universities in England are Oxford and Cambridge. Generally, universities award two kinds of degrees: the Bachelor's degree and the Master's degree.

 

Questions:

1. When does compulsory school begin?

2. How long does a child stay in compulsory school?

3. What subjects do children learn in Primary School?

4. What kind of exam do students have to take when they are 16?

5. Do students have to leave school at the age of 16 or to continue their studies?

6. How do private schools differ from the regular ones?

7. How many universities are there in England?

8. What is the Open University?

9. What kinds of degrees do universities award?

 

Vocabulary:

compulsory - обов'язкова

nursery school - дитячий садок

exam - іспит

subject - предмет

university - університет

private - приватний

opportunity - можливість

to award - давати, привласнювати

bachelor - бакалавр

master – магістр

Teacher ________________I.S.Kokovihinа

1. ПРОЧИТАЙТЕ ТА ПЕРЕКЛАДІТЬ ТЕКСТ.

2. ПІДГОТУЙТЕСЬ ДО ДЕТАЛЬНОГО ПЕРЕКАЗУ ТЕКСТУ