Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the forms and functions of the Past Participle.

a) Attribute

Example

He showed us some magazines received 'by their library. — Он показал нам журналы, полученные их библиотекой.

The telegram sent was signed by the director. - Отправленная телеграмма была подписана директором.

There are a few broken chairs in the room. — В комнате не­сколько сломанных стульев.

1. The strain increases until the stresses are sufficient to neutralize the force applied, when the body is again in a condition of equilibrium. 2. Strength of materials studies the mechanical properties of materials used in the construction industry. 3. We are going to study the stress state caused by squeezing the material. 4. The strength of structures of equal cross sectional area loaded in tension is independent of cross section geometry. 5. The elastic modulus is the stress required to cause a sample of the material to double in length. 6. Increased strength and durability are also a part of the drive to reduce the environmental footprint of the built environment by the efficient use of resources.

b) Adverbial modifier

Example

When questioned, 1 didn't know what to answer. — Когда меня стали расспрашивать, я не знал, что ответить.

1. The modulus of rigidity describes the tendency of an object to shear when acted upon by the forces. 2. Once certified, the engineer is designated the title of the professional engineer. 3. Design considerations will include strength, stiffness, and stability of the structure when subjected to loads which may be static, or dynamic. 4. When faced with unexpected events or delays, construction managers should be decisive and work well under pressure.

Mind the use of the Present and Past Participles in the pairs of the following sentences. Read and translate them into Russian.

Example

The book written by this engineer describes new trends in construction. — Книга, написанная этим инженером, описы­вает новые направления в строительстве.

The book describing new trends in construction is written by this engineer. — Книга, описывающая новые направления в стро­ительстве, написана этим инженером.

1. Some types of plastics produced at this plant provide some decorative effects. Sorfle types of plastics providing some decorative effects are produced at this plant. 2. Many plants producing precast reinforced concrete are in operation in this country now. Many plants being in operation in this country now produce precast reinforced concrete. 3. Microcomputers invented in the 1970s help much in research work- Microcomputers helping much in research work were invented in the 1970s. 4. The report on new building methods made by Boh is being discussed now. The report on new building methods being discussed now was made by Bob.

5*

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UNIT 6. BUILDING SCIENCE 135

 

h) Shear stress causes opposing forces to act along parallel lines

of action, i) Yield strength, compressive strength, tensile strength, fatigue

strength, and impact strength are not the terms in the strength

of materials.

14. Read Text 6A "Strength of Materials" and say if you are right or wrong. Discuss your answers with your groupmates or teacher.

• TEXT 6A

Strength of Materials

DO

Building science is the collection of scientific knowledge that
focuses on the analysis and control of the physical phenomena
affecting buildings. This includes the detailed analysis of building
materials and building envelope systems. The practical purpose of
building science is to provide predictive capability to optimize
building performance and understand or prevent building failures.
One of the fields of building science is the strength of materials.
Its purpose is to determine the dimensions of the constructions in
order to resist to strains which they have to withstand, or to check
if a specific construction is able to withstand certain strains. The
strength of materials also gives the value of the bearing reactions of
the hyperstatic structures. It enables to ensure the good performance
of the beams under the permanent and
service loads. Furthermore, this science
studies the mechanical properties of
materials used in the construction industry.
«" ь * The strength of materials is also the study of

dimensions and choice of materials to A material loaded in implement in a construction. To design a

a) compression, mechanical part, a structure, it is initially

b) tension, _to i_magi_ne the forms and geometrical

c) shear. skeleton which fulfil the specific functions;

then, it is to determine the quantities of matter necessary and sufficient to achieve these forms and to ensure a resistance without damage to the object with all the strains it will be subjected to during its service. This dimensioning calls upon calculations that forecast the performance of the object whose design must combine the best conditions of security, economy, and esthetics.

In general, when an external force is applied to a body, a deformation takes place; this is called the strain. This deformation causes forces to be set up in the internal structure of the material, and the material is then said to be in a state of stress. The strain increases until the resulting stresses are sufficient to neutralize the applied force when the body is again in a condition of equilibrium. Deformation of the material is the change in geometry when stress is applied in the form of force loading, gravitational field, thermal expansion, etc. Deformation is expressed by the displacement field of the material. Strain or reduced deformation is a mathematical term to express the trend of the deformation change among the material field. For uniaxial loading — displacements of a specimen (for example, a bar element) it is expressed as the quotient of the displacement and the length of the specimen. Deflection is a term to describe the magnitude to which a structural element bends under

a load.

There are three kinds of stresses: compressive, tensile and shear. Compressive stress is the stress state caused by an applied load that acts to reduce the length of the material in the axis of the applied load, in other words the stress state caused by squeezing the material. Compressive strength for materials is generally higher than that of tensile stress. Tensile stress is the stress state caused by an applied load that tends to elongate the material in the axis of the applied load, in other words the stress caused by pulling the material. The strength of structures of equal cross sectional area loaded in tension is independent of cross section geometry. Shear stress is the stress state caused by opposing force acting along parallel lines of action through the material.

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UNIT 6. BUILDING SCIENCE | 137

 

There are some strength terms in the strength of materials. Yield strength is the lowest stress that gives permanent deformation in a material. Compressive strength is a limit state of compressive stress that leads to compressive failure in the manner of ductile failure or in the manner of brittle failure. Tensile strength is a limit state of tensile stress that leads to tensile failure in the manner of ductile failure (yield as the first stage of failure, some hardening in the second stage and break after a possible neck formation) or in the manner of brittle failure (sudden breaking in some pieces with a low stress state). Fatigue strength is a measure of the strength of a material or a component under cyclic loading, and is usually more difficult to assess than the static strength measures. Impact strength is the capability of the material in withstanding by the suddenly applied loads.

Find in Text 6A the paragraph saying about some strength terms used in the strength of materials and translate it into Russian.

Read aloud paragraph 2 of Text 6A.