Solving New York’s Garbage Problems.

New York City is being buried under tons of garbage – more than 11000 tons a day. What to do with it has become a concern not only for the citizens and government of North Americans most populous city, but also for communities and environments as far as 300 miles away, where New York seeks dumping for its trash.

For more than 60 years, Fresh Kills landfill in Staten Island has been the final resting place of New York’s refuse, Fresh Kills received its final load of waste on March 22, 2001, but New Yorkers haven’t stopped producing waste. The city now plans to haul garbage to distant landfills in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, where local government are willing to lake it.

This solution creates its own problems; however, 550 tractor-trailers would be needed to more garbage from New York lean day, forming a convoy nearly nine miles long. All those bucks mean traffic snarls, air pollution, and increased carbon emissions.

Some communities are unwilling to take others people garbage; there will be fewer places to take New York’s garbage. New York’s problem is indicative of the planet’s problem, especially as everyone else begins to follow the lead of the United Stated.

Throwaway products account for the much of the garbage produced worldwide. The convenience of pepper napkins and disposable diapers makes reusable froth napkins and diapers less designable for most people. Hundreds of millions of tons of municipal solid waste end up in landfills every day, and the tonnage is droving. These every day items are grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, product packaging.

According to the Earth Policy institute, the technology exists to recycle virtually all the components of garbage. Composting organic materials, inducing yard waste, table waste and produce waste from supermarkets also recycles nutrients in garbage can. Urban composting could greatly reduce the expenditure needed to potassium and mine phosphates.

 

Exercises to text.

I. Say in Russian. Скажите по– русски.

Is being buried, most popular city, seeks dumping grounds, the final resting place of New York’s refuse, final loud of waste, are willing to take it, forming a convoy, traffic scalds, is indicative, paper napkins, a municipal solid waste, the tonnage, food scrapes, to recycle, organic materials, urban composting, to reduce the expenditure.

 

II. Say in English. Скажите по-английски.

Тонны мусора; стало беспокойством; отбросы; перевозить мусор; на дальние территории; местные правительства; решение создает свои собственные проблемы; грузовик; не в состоянии принять мусор других людей; продукты, которые выбрасывают (выбрасываемые продукты, отходы); одноразовые полотенца; тканые салфетки; ножницы для резки травы; бытовые электроприборы; азотосодержащие; разрабатывать фосфаты и калий.

 

III. Finish the sentences. Закончите предложения.

1. New York city…

2. For more than 60 years…

3. The city now plans…

4. All those trucks…

5. The convenience of paper napkins….

IV. Begin the sentences. Начните предложения.

1.....form in a convoy nearly nine miles long.

2. … to take New York’s garbage.

3. ……the tonnage is growing.

4.……. all the components of the garbage.

5……… to mine phosphates and potassium.

 

V. Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is New York being burned under?

2. What does New York seek dumping grounds for?

3. What received its final load of waste on March 22, 2001?

4. What problems does the solution create?

5. What is New York’s problem like?

6. What does the convenience of paper napkins and disposable diapers make reusable?

7. What does the technology exist to recycle virtually?

 

VI. What do you know about “Fresh kills”? Give the detailed answer. Что вы знаете о “Fresh kills”? Дайте подробный ответ, используя информацию в тексте.

What tree loss costs

Thirty years of rapid urban development in the greater Baltimore-Washington, DC, metropolitan area has dramatically reduced tree coverage, imperiling water and air quality in the region, among other problems.

The conservation group “American Forests” compared satellite images of the region from 1973, 1985 and 1997 showing areas with high vegetation coverage(defined as 50% or more of the land covered with trees) and low coverage(less than 20%).

High-vegetation areas made up 55% of total land area in this region in 1973 but dropped to 38% 24 years later.

The loss of tree cover from 1973 to 1997 has increased the cost of managing storm water in Baltimore-Washington region. The study found a 19% increase in storm water flow during peak storm events- an additional 540 million cubic feet of water. Replacing the lost storm water-retention capacity of trees with engineered systems would cost over a billion dollars.

The dwindling tree canopy has reduced the area’s natural capacity to remove approximately 9,3 million pounds of pollutants from air. American Forests estimates the value of this air quality control to be about 24 million over 24 years.

American Forests has joined campaigns in Baltimore-Washington to plant 20 million trees for the new millennium and to create 2,010 miles of streamside forests by 2010.

Exercises to text.

I. Say in Russian. Скажите по-русски.

urban development; tree coverage; satellite images; high-vegetation areas; has increased; in storm water flow; replacing the lost storm water-retention capacity of trees; approximately; an air-qualify control; to create.

 

II. Say in English. Скажите по-английски.

вода, подвергающаяся опасности; качество воздуха; искусственный облик; показывая регионы; небольшой охват; потеря древесного покрова; в течение максимального шторма; уменьшение древесного полога; оценивает ценность; для нового тысячелетия.

 

III. Express your agreement or disagreement, doubt according to the Model(pattern).

Model: Replacing the lost storm water-retention capacity of trees with engineered systems would cost over a billion dollars.

A: You are right.

B: I ′m afraid, you are wrong. (I believe you are wrong).

1. Thirty years of slow urban development in the greater Baltimore -Washington, metropolitan area has not dramatically reduced tree coverage, imperiling water and air quality in the region, among other problems.

2. High vegetation areas made up 55% of total land area in this region in 1973 but dropped to 38% 24 years later.

3. Replacing the lost storm water-retention capacity of trees with engineered systems would cost 110,000 dollars

4. American Forests estimates the value of this air-quality control to be about 24 million over 15 years.

 

IV. Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. When has metropolitan area dramatically reduced tree coverage?

2. When did the conservation group American Forests compare satellite images of the region?

3. When did the loss did the loss of tree cover increase?

4. How many dollars would replace the lost storm water-retention capacity of trees cost?

5. What (who) estimates the values of air-quality control?

6. Why have “American Forests” joined campaigns in Baltimore-Washington?

V. What do you know about “American Forests”?

Give a detailed answer using information of the text.

Что вы знаете об “Американских лесах”.

Дайте подробный ответ, используя информацию из текста.

 

Making Polluters Pay.

The best way to reduce pollution and other damage to the environment is through taxes. This strategy could also give U.S. tax pay a net tax cut of roughly 1500 per person:

The new World what proposes that polluters are accountable for the damage they do to the environment and should pay for it. It would also reduce investment and payroll taxes, while gradually increasing the tax burden on polluters.

Currently, 90% of the worlds 7, 5 trillions yearly tax burden is levied on work and investment, while less than regulation for correcting the markets failure to reflect the fee environmental costs of our actions.

A benefit of more fully taxing pollution is that 1 trillion a year could be raised worldwide, Rodman estimates. This would permit a 15% cut in taxes on wages and profits.

Perverse Subsidies.

Strongly supporting Rodman criticism of government subsidies is ecologist Norman Myers. He is a consultant for the international institute for sustainable development and author of Perverse Subsidies.

Myers opponents subside to be “environmentally perverse” when they faster activities that degrade the environment directly as in over logging of a forest on through senders effects such as erosion, acid rain and smog. Other subsides encourage the waste of water resources, overexploitation of fish stocks and excessive application of agricultural chemical.

Some subsides can serve useful purposes inducing nonpolluting renewable sources of energy. Myers considers: “The same applies to recycling, dematerialization, agricultural set-asides, and a host of subsides beneficial to both the economy and the environment”.

 

Exercises to the text.