Ex. 1. Say in Russian. Скажите по-русски.

Nearly three centuries ago, the simplest microscope, father of microbiology, spare time, diverse objects, had chiseled himself, opened a new vista, many forms of bacteria, to trace out from the surface of man, animals; ditch-water., to create a new genus, to create a new theory of spontaneous generation of life; to establish, spoilage of beer, undesired germs, to demonstrate, to keep away from this developing disease, on the basis of...; of common use, causing the disease, theory of immunization, to produce vaccines, to isolate, pathogenic organism, liquid and solid culture media, serum and blood agar, practical applications, field of medical surgery, sterile surgical appliances, antiseptic dressings, to save surgical wounds from the bacteria, golden years, a lather of antibiotics, to cultivate polio causing virus poliomyelitis, budding stage, a separate distinct branch of biology, close relationship, specialized subject, sanitary microbiology, industrial microbiology.

 

Ex.2. Say in English. Скажите по-английски.

Новый мир микробов, простейший микроскоп, отец бактериологии, свободное время, исследования, открыл новые перспективы, наблюдать, создавать, дождевая вода, самозарождение, пастеризация, вызывать заболевание, теория иммунизации, выпускать вакцину, сибирская язва, новый подход, сберечь хирургические раны от бактерий, основывать, представлять теорию, отец антибиотиков.

 

Ex. 3. Find and put down the regular verbs in the (= write) text. Read them aloud. Найдите правильные глаголы и выпишите их из текста. Прочтите их вслух.

Ex.4. Find Past Participle Passive in the text. Найдите в тексте причастие прошедшего времени.

Ex. 5. Find Present Perfect. Найдите Present Perfect.

Ex.6. Ask your classmates about the scientists who worked in the field of microbiology (put all types of questions to the text). Спросите ваших однокурсников об ученых, кто работал в области микробиологии (задайте все типы вопросов к тексту).

 

Ex.7. This article tells us about some scientists who contributed much to microbiology. Whose name have you remembered? Tell your classmates about them. В статье идет речь о некоторых ученых, кто внес значительный вклад в микробиологию. Чьи имена вы запомнили? Расскажите о них своим однокурсникам.

Industrial microbiology.

One of the most promising areas of applied science is that of industrial microbiology. Technology has developed in this area to put microorganisms to work for the better life of mankind. Down through the ages man has empirically used materials that contained microorganisms toproduce some desired effect. This is the most evident (obvious) in the production of fermented foods and drinks and microbiologically processed foods such as pickles (соленые или маринованные огурцы).

In time it was recognized that waste products could acquire yield some valuable commercial qualities (commodities) if they are treated (when treated) with specific microorganisms. Various commercial products of important economic value made by microorganisms are:

I)pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, steroids, human proteins,
vaccines, vitamins;

2) Organic acid;

3) Organic solvents;

4) enzymes;

5) Amino acids;

6) Synthetic fuels.
Many of these products can be produced both microbially and by
chemical synthesis. The choice of which process to employ generally depends on economics. Antibiotic fermentation research was followed by the development of efficient industrial processes for the manufacture of vitamins, medicines, enzymes, amino acids.

Single-cell protein is used to feed animals. In future single-cell protein mаy be used in farming to improve food production and distribution. Technology (the industrial process), types of organisms, end products are varied. Technological problems are among the largest to be solved.

The important characteristics that have made microbes useful in industry are:

1) Their ability to grow on easily available and cheap raw material;

2) Their ability to bring about biochemical transformations under simple culture conditions.

Microbes have tremendous capacity of carrying out variety of reactions. These properties of microorganisms are highly preferable over synthetic properties. Presently industrial microbiology has established as a strong branch (arm) of applied microbiology. It is unlikely that at least in some industries the microbes could be replaced by synthetic.

 

Exercises to the text.

Ex.1 Say in Russian. Скажите по-русски.

One of the most promising areas of applied science, has developed in this area, down through the ages, is the most evident (obvious) in, microbiologically processed foods, microbiologically processed foods, important economic value, enzymes, synthetic fuels, microbially and by
chemical synthesis, antibiotic fermentation research, for the manufacture of vitamins, medicines, enzymes, amino acids, single-cell protein, are among the largest to be solved, on easily available and cheap raw material, simple culture conditions, simple culture conditions, are highly preferable, could be replaced.

 

Ex.2 Say in English. Скажите по-английски.

Промышленная микробиология, на протяжении столетий, производить желательный эффект, в производстве ферментируемой еды и напитков, маринованные огурцы, специфичные микроорганизмы, разнообразные торговые продукты, белки, вакцины, витамины, фармацевтическая продукция, аминокислоты, во многом зависти от экономики, эффективный промышленный процесс, производство витаминов, медицинских препаратов, усовершенствовать производство пищевых продуктов и их распределение, способность расти, биохимические превращения, свойства микроорганизмов, прикладная микробиология.

 

Ex. 3. Find verbs in Present Simple. Найдите глаголы в Present Simple.

Ex. 4. Find Past Participle Passive in the text. Найдите в тексте причастие прошедшего времени.

Ex.5 Find Present Perfect. Найдите Present Perfect.

 

Ex. 6. Answer the following questions to the text. Using your answers give summary of the text. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту. Используя ваши ответы, составьте пересказ текста.

1. What is that of industrial microbiology?

2. What has a man empirically used to produce some desired effect?

3. What was it recognized in time?

4. What are various commercial products of important economic value made by microorganisms?

5. Was antibiotic fermentation research followed by the development of efficient industrial processes for the manufacture of vitamins, medicines, enzymes, amino acids?

6. How may single-cell protein be used in future?

7. What are the important characteristics that have made microbes useful in industry?

8. What capacity do microbes have?

9. Has presently industrial microbiology established as a strong branch (arm) of applied microbiology?

 

Microbes in Economic life.

Microorganisms are one of the most important partners in our life. Their presence is felt by human beings in one way or another. They may be called the worst of our enemies but at the same time they are among our best friends. There are some beneficial and harmful effects of microorganisms.

Beneficial activities of microbes.

Food from microbes.

Microorganisms are known to improve fertility of soil. They are capable of rapidly transforming agricultural wastes, sludge into organic matters. Availability of essential elements to crop depends upon the microbial activities. Microorganisms, especially bacteria and blue green algae, fix atmospheric nitrogen and enrich the nitrogen contents of soil. Farmers can get more crops from a better soil. Algae and moulds including mushrooms are also used as food. Yeast is utilized as food. The large scale production of yeast is considered as microbial farming. Food yeast contains vitamins, like thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, biotin, etc. Mushrooms have fascinated men, since immemorial. About 2000 species of edible mushrooms have been reported from all over the world. Japan and China are producing several million pounds of mushrooms for food. Certain states of India are advancing forward the cultivation of mushrooms. Chemically the mushrooms are very rich in protein (= are very high in protein content). It is about 51% which is more than any comparable fruit or vegetable. Apart from protein mushrooms are the good source of nicotinic acid, riboflavin, panthothenic acid, vitamins В, С, К, biotin and thiamin. Carbohydrate contents vary from 28-76%.