More is known about the beliefs of this period: the origins and names of prominent
Содержание книги
- Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen
- Prof. Maciej Popko, who kindly read through an earlier draft of the manuscri.pt.
- ArOr Archiv Orientalin, Praha
- Fesseur Rene Lebrun. Collection KUBABA, Serie Antiquite VI, Paris 2004
- Fs van Loon O.M.C. Haex - H.H. Curvers - P.M.M.G. Akkermans (eds), To the Euphrates and Be
- Kaskal kaskal, Rivista di storia, ambienti e cuitura del VIcino Oriente antico, Roma
- Syria Syria. Revue d’art oriental et d’archeologie, Paris
- Cording to the do ul des principle - influence their decisions with appropriate gifts,
- As a means and a way of contacting the gods and influencing their decisions. Cel-
- Inging graphic customs; hence it does not contribute to defining historical
- Later, in the ninth millennium BC, in the Taurus piedmoni and the river valleys of
- Cut by strong leveling or egalitarian proeesses, see Kuijt (ed.) 2000 for a full review of the debate.
- Ports. 1 Links with the Levant (Nahal Hemar) are also evidenced by the stone face
- Ahmar on the eastem bank of the Euphrates already on the Syrian side of the modern
- Does not lie, unfortunately, with yet another stela with sehematic facial features in
- Mellaart 1967: 1.08; cf. also Hodder — Cessford 2004: 23f.
- Uniike the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age anthropomorphic figurines which
- Meskell - Nakamura — King - Fand 2008: 144.
- Many structures discovered at Early Bronze Age sites have been interpreted as
- On long necks. The figurines are found usually in houses, also in buildings inter-
- Tion of metal objects, jewelry, weapons, and vessels made from copper, silver, and
- More is known about the beliefs of this period: the origins and names of prominent
- Ed gods of different origin: Luwian, Hittite, Hattian, and perhaps also from a local
- Anna was the main deity of the city of Kanes, 134 appearing next to Assur as
- Divine patron of the king and dynasty, and the second for a deity of Kanes, com-
- On iconographic similarities sfaould be treated with due caution.
- Century BC. 168 These were the kings who bullt the greatness of the Hittite Empire
- Northern Anatolia both grew from the indigenous Hattian tradition. 1t is quite likely,
- Most important States in central Anatolia, encompassing a considerable territory in
- Hittite heartland, e.g. Ankuwa, Tawiniva and Katapa, as well as the chief god of
- Palhuna / Storm-god of Ziplanda with Katahhi / Ulza, Uliw/pasu, Katarzasu / Su-
- God of Ziplanda, Katahhi of Ankuwa, and Teteshapi, whose main cult center was
- And the Hattians. ” In myths, Hapantali appears beside the Luwian goddess Kam-
- Period the goddess’s name was usually written with the logogram LAMMA, see 3.2.1)
- Theon. Some lists of gods mention Mm next to the Storm-god and the Sun-goddess
- Nerik; accordingly, offerir.gs are made to the Storm-god of Nerik, the Sun-goddess of the Earth,
- Century BC, the ceremonial throne Halmasuit was one of the cult objects in the temple
- Geneous, reflecting the ethnic differentiation of the population of the land of Haiti.
- Tral Anatolia dropped the male solar deity under the influence of Hattian beliefe
- Traditionai structure of the local pantheon with a nature goddess at the head to
- At the time also with the logograms NIN.URTA and URAS started being used
- An unpublished text 1320/z which mentions the Storm-god of Ziplanda (obv. 8’, IO 1 ) and Anzili
- To Hattian Katahzipuri, 298 which may suggest that the goddess, who was worshiped
- Ion and the traditions of local cults in central and northern Anatolia did not change
- With war-gods and sometimes also with the deity GAL.ZU. Finde of zoomorphic vessels
- To one text, it was where people gathered during the day and the gods at
- Ready in existence in Old Hittite times. The Hittite names, however, are unknown.
- SANGA-priests. Cf. also Popko 2001a; -328.
- The cult of specific deities. The tazzeli- priest is encountered solely in the cult of Zi-
- Tions. The gods received loaves of bread and specific parts of sacrificial animals (the
Deities, their nature, the pantheon structure and its development, and the forms of
Cult. Most of the Information comes from written sources, much less from archae
Ological evidence.
The arrival of Mesopotamian merchants in Anatolia is confirmed by their docu-
Mente in the first half of the twentieth Century BC. A settlement of Assyrien trad-
ers (kärum) appeared in the lower city of Kültepe/Kanes and functioned in two phases:
114
kärum II and Ib. ' Corresponding occupation on the hill (höyük), where the local
ruler rcsided, included layers 8 (-- kärum II) and 7 (= kärum Ib). 11 " Of nearly 23,000
tablets.found to date in the kärum of Karies, only some 400 came from Level Ib,
While the rest were excavated in Level II. 1 16 The texts confirm that the network of
Assyrian colonies (kärum) and stations (wabartum) covered all of central Anatolia,
Reaching as far as the region of modern Ankara. One such Assyrian trading colony
Was situated at Hattusa, later Capital of the Hittite kingdom (modern Bogazkale,
c. 160 km as the crow flies east of Ankara). 1 '' The timeframe for this period at Kültepe/
H8
Kanes is set by the Old Palace (Eski Saray) ' ' built on the South. Terrace alter
11 9
2024 BC, which can be taken as a terminus post quem for Level II in the kärum,.'
114 T. Özgüg 2003. Cf. also Wilhelm 1998—2001c.
115 T. özgüg 1999: 77.
Michel 2003.
More reeent research has demonstrated that already at this time the town had extended beyond
the limits of the Lower City. On the probable settüng of the Western pari of the Upper City in
Bogazköy/Hatfcusa in the kärum and early Old Hittite times, see, e.g\, Seeher 2004: 72. In 2007
a cylinder seal of the later kärum phase was found at the foot of Sankale, confirming the exi.sten.ee
Of a settlement in this area in the discussed period (pers. comm. A. Schachner).
118 T. özgüc 1999: 106ff.; 2003: 133ff.
Newton — Kuniholm 2004: 167.
The Old Assyrian Colony Pbriod
The kämm II period is currently dated between c, 1974 and 1837 BC (or e. 1958 and
1821 BC in the so-called “lowered” middle chronology 120) based on limü lists which
have shown that this phase lasted 138 years. " The end of the kämm Level II has
Been attributed to the reign of the Assyrian king Naram-Sin on the evidence of the
Latest attested bullae with the name of this king found in this level. 2 The revival
Of the city and Warum at the beginning of the Level Ib period, presumably alter the
erection of the so-called Warsama Palace (Warsama Sarayx) in 1832 (+4/-7) BC, 123
Is usually dated to c. 1800 BC, or c. 1785 BC in the “lowered” middle chronology,
The end of this period came in c. 1720 BC.'" ‘ Substantial architectural remains from
Acemhöyük on Lake Tuz are Contemporary with Level Ib of the kärum in Kanes.
T wo major buildings, the Sarikaya palace and the Hatipler Tepesi building, were
constructed in the same year: 1774 (+4/-7) BC, 1 " 0
A vast majority of the Cappadocian tablets — records of Assyrian merchants who
Ran trading colonies and stations in the largest towns of central Anatolia during the
first quarter of the second millennmm BC - come from Kültepe/Kanes, which was
At that time the Capital of one of the most important States in the region. These
Texts speak of gods worshiped in Kanes and, indirectly, of central Anatolian beliefe.
*
120 Michel - ■ Kocher 1997-2000; Michel 2002; cf. also Blocher 2008; Pruzsinszky 2006; Veenhof 2007.
Veenhof 2003.
. 122 Özkan 1993.
123 T. Özgü<? 1999: 79ff.; 2003: 120ff. For the date of the construction of the Warsama Palace, see
Newton -• Kumholm 2004: 168.
124 Cf. Günbatti 2008: 118.
Newton — Kuniholm 2004; 168.
Kanesite Gods in the Light of the Cappadocian Tablets 27
Kanesite gods in the light of the Cappadocian tablets
The theophoric names of the native inhabitants of Kanes indicate that they worship
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