Tion of metal objects, jewelry, weapons, and vessels made from copper, silver, and
Содержание книги
- Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen
- Prof. Maciej Popko, who kindly read through an earlier draft of the manuscri.pt.
- ArOr Archiv Orientalin, Praha
- Fesseur Rene Lebrun. Collection KUBABA, Serie Antiquite VI, Paris 2004
- Fs van Loon O.M.C. Haex - H.H. Curvers - P.M.M.G. Akkermans (eds), To the Euphrates and Be
- Kaskal kaskal, Rivista di storia, ambienti e cuitura del VIcino Oriente antico, Roma
- Syria Syria. Revue d’art oriental et d’archeologie, Paris
- Cording to the do ul des principle - influence their decisions with appropriate gifts,
- As a means and a way of contacting the gods and influencing their decisions. Cel-
- Inging graphic customs; hence it does not contribute to defining historical
- Later, in the ninth millennium BC, in the Taurus piedmoni and the river valleys of
- Cut by strong leveling or egalitarian proeesses, see Kuijt (ed.) 2000 for a full review of the debate.
- Ports. 1 Links with the Levant (Nahal Hemar) are also evidenced by the stone face
- Ahmar on the eastem bank of the Euphrates already on the Syrian side of the modern
- Does not lie, unfortunately, with yet another stela with sehematic facial features in
- Mellaart 1967: 1.08; cf. also Hodder — Cessford 2004: 23f.
- Uniike the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age anthropomorphic figurines which
- Meskell - Nakamura — King - Fand 2008: 144.
- Many structures discovered at Early Bronze Age sites have been interpreted as
- On long necks. The figurines are found usually in houses, also in buildings inter-
- Tion of metal objects, jewelry, weapons, and vessels made from copper, silver, and
- More is known about the beliefs of this period: the origins and names of prominent
- Ed gods of different origin: Luwian, Hittite, Hattian, and perhaps also from a local
- Anna was the main deity of the city of Kanes, 134 appearing next to Assur as
- Divine patron of the king and dynasty, and the second for a deity of Kanes, com-
- On iconographic similarities sfaould be treated with due caution.
- Century BC. 168 These were the kings who bullt the greatness of the Hittite Empire
- Northern Anatolia both grew from the indigenous Hattian tradition. 1t is quite likely,
- Most important States in central Anatolia, encompassing a considerable territory in
- Hittite heartland, e.g. Ankuwa, Tawiniva and Katapa, as well as the chief god of
- Palhuna / Storm-god of Ziplanda with Katahhi / Ulza, Uliw/pasu, Katarzasu / Su-
- God of Ziplanda, Katahhi of Ankuwa, and Teteshapi, whose main cult center was
- And the Hattians. ” In myths, Hapantali appears beside the Luwian goddess Kam-
- Period the goddess’s name was usually written with the logogram LAMMA, see 3.2.1)
- Theon. Some lists of gods mention Mm next to the Storm-god and the Sun-goddess
- Nerik; accordingly, offerir.gs are made to the Storm-god of Nerik, the Sun-goddess of the Earth,
- Century BC, the ceremonial throne Halmasuit was one of the cult objects in the temple
- Geneous, reflecting the ethnic differentiation of the population of the land of Haiti.
- Tral Anatolia dropped the male solar deity under the influence of Hattian beliefe
- Traditionai structure of the local pantheon with a nature goddess at the head to
- At the time also with the logograms NIN.URTA and URAS started being used
- An unpublished text 1320/z which mentions the Storm-god of Ziplanda (obv. 8’, IO 1 ) and Anzili
- To Hattian Katahzipuri, 298 which may suggest that the goddess, who was worshiped
- Ion and the traditions of local cults in central and northern Anatolia did not change
- With war-gods and sometimes also with the deity GAL.ZU. Finde of zoomorphic vessels
- To one text, it was where people gathered during the day and the gods at
- Ready in existence in Old Hittite times. The Hittite names, however, are unknown.
- SANGA-priests. Cf. also Popko 2001a; -328.
- The cult of specific deities. The tazzeli- priest is encountered solely in the cult of Zi-
- Tions. The gods received loaves of bread and specific parts of sacrificial animals (the
gold, 101 as well as two EB III ‘royal tombs’ in Dorak, on Lake Ulubat west of Bur-
102
sa, “ and another thirteen single and double burials from Alacahöyük, c. 25 km
, 103
North ol the Hittite Capital Hattusa (modern Bogazkale), ’ show social and politi-
Cal transformation in Anatolia of the discussed period. The wealth of the equipment
In these graves of local rulers is in contrast with the paucity of grave goods accom-
Panying ordinary burials from the same period, indicating that the ruler’s fate after
Death was different from that of the subjects. Yet, nothing in the grave goods inven-
Tory can be interpreted as actually connected with cult practices. The so-called Stan
dards from Alacahöyük have been mentioned in this Connection; these are metal fin-
Ials in the form of disks and openwork elements bearing ornamental motifs, as well
As animal images - bulls, deer and leopards. Similar Standards have been found
Alkim 1966; 1968: 94ff.
Seeher 1993.
löl Greavee — Helwing 2001: 477.
Schachermeyr 1959—1960; Lloyd 1967: 29ff.
103 Lloyd 1956: 96ff.; Mellink 1956: 3Sft; Sharp Joukowsky 1996: 167f. See now also Özyar 1999;
Gerber 2006a; 2öö6b.
PRE H i S'TORIC Anato 1,1 \
Also in torobs from other sites in central Anatolia (Balibagi near Qankm, Horoz-
Tepe, 301 Oymaagac near porum, 1 “’’ Mahmatlar near Amasya lj6). Their function con-
Tinues to be unclear. According to Maciej Popko, “the Standards were indeed the
Finiais of cult staffs which are well attested in later Hittite texte, both as Symbole of
deities belonging to the northern, Hattian reiigious tradition and as cult objects.” 10 ‘
If so, the dead buried in the graves at Alacahöyük would not be local rulere, but
Rather representatives of the local priestly aristocracy from the holy town of Zip-
Landa. 108 The theory, however, cannot be verified for lack of written sources from
This period.
Archaeological testimony of burial rites and sacrifices made to the dead is rare.
Pairs of skulle and hooves of oxen, lying originally on the beams covering the graves
1Ö9
at Alacahöyük, can be traces of the former. ' One should also mention in this con-
text a few burials of pairs of oxen from the cemetery at Demircihöyük-Sanket near
Eski@ehir. 11U Local burial customs are proven for the region around modern-day
Ankara, as indicated by round structures with a reet-angular Vestibüle known from the
Cemeteries in the region (Polath, Etiyokugu), possibly acting as funerary shrines.
Early Bronze Age chamber tomb complexes at Gre Virike, c. 10 km to the north of Kar-
Kamis, with chamber rows attached to them indicating a complex structure for the
Cult of the dead, should be considered in the context of similar tomb complexes
On the Middle Euphrates and in northern Syria from the second half of the third
113
millennium BC (Jerablus-Tahtani, Teil Banat, Teil Ah mar, Tall Bi’a, Teil Chuera).
L T. Özgü$ Akok 1.958; Tezci
\ T, Özgü$ 1980.
5 Ko§ay - Akok 1950.
' Popko 1996a: 45f.
I For the Identification of Alac
Haas 1994a: 591ff. However.
The basin of the Zuliya/Qeke
Firming a small distance be
(cf. 3.2.3) probably not too j
Identification of Zip! an da wi
n. 18), or with Qadir Höyük;
) Cf. Haas 1994a: 234.
) Seeher 1991; Seeher — Jansei
L Lloyd - Gökce 1951; cf. Pop’
3 Ökse 2006a; 2006b; 2006c; $
V Cf. McClellan 2004.
an i960; T. Özgü$ 1964.
sahöyük with Ziplanda, see Popko 1994: 13, 29ff., 90f.; 2000; cf. also
, a location of Ziplanda farther to the north or northeast, closer to
;rek river, appears more likely. The testimony of Hittite fcexts con-
Tween Ziplanda and centers in the Zuliva basin, such as Katapa
far to the northeast from Orfcaköy / Sapinuwa, argues against the
. th Ku§akh Höyük, Yozgat (Gurney 1995; Forlanini 2002: 261 with
near Aii§ar (Gorny 2006: 30).
n - Pernicka - Wittwer-Backofen 2000; cf. also Wi'Heitner 1992: 334.
Ko 1995a: 43f.
THE OLD ASSYRIAN COLONY PERIOD
From the outset of the second millennium BC Anatolia (or at least, its central and
Southeastern parts) entere upon historic times enlighten by written sources. Much
|
