Іменники власні та загальні, число іменника

Іменники можуть бути власними (позначати імена чи назви унікальних об’єктів) – Peter, Ann, Ukraine, Kyiv, National Aviation University і т.д., та загальними (позначати об’єкти певного типу) – a boy, a girl, a country, a city і т.д.

Загальні іменники, у свою чергу, можуть бути обчислюваними, тобто такими, що мають форми однини та множини, та необчислюваними, які мають лише форму однини. До останнього класу належать іменники, що позначають такі абстрактні поняття, як почуття, явища, стани, науки, мистецтва: love, brightness, chemistry, music, а також, як і в українській мові, збірні поняття (такі іменники позначають сукупність як одне ціле: police – поліція, cattle – рогата худоба, people [*] – люди), та іменни­ки, які називають певну речовину, матеріал: water, air, brick. Окремі іменники, залежно від контексту, можуть позначати або сукупність, або одиничний предмет, наприклад:

Hair – волосся (сукупність): My friend has blond hair.

Hair – волосинка: I see two hairs on my dress.

Brick – цегла (речовина, сукупність): This building is made of brick.

Brick – цеглина: Tom carries three bricks.

Множина іменника, як правило, утворюється додаванням закінчення -s:

sound – sounds, year – years, pencil – pencils.

Якщо слово закінчується на -s, -ch, -sh, -tch, -x, -z, -о, перед s додається e:

bunch – bunches, box – boxes, bus – buses, do – does, hero – heroes.

Виняток – слова piano та photo, які змінюються за загальним правилом:

pianos, photos.

Якщо іменник закінчується на –y, перед якою стоїть літера приголосного звука, -y змінюється на -ies:

try – tries, bury – buries.

Але якщо -y передує голосний звук, множина утворюється за загальним правилом:

buy – buys, pay – pays.

Якщо слово закінчується на -f (-fe), у множині воно має закінчення – ves:

leaf – leaves, wife – wives.

Винятки: chief – chiefs, handkerchief – handkerchiefs, safe – safes, roof – roofs.

Деякі зі слів мають спеціальну форму для множини:

man – men, woman – women, fireman – firemen, policewoman – policewomen, mouse – mice, goose – geese, child – children, ox – oxen, foot – feet, tooth – teeth.

Множина від слів, запозичених англійською мовою зі старогрецької та латинської мов, часто утворюється нетрадиційно. Але такі слова характерні в основному для наукової літератури. У сучасній мові також можлива зміна деяких з цих слів за загальними правилами (табл. 1).

Певні іменники використовуються в однині як збірне поняття. Звичайно це стосується людей, тварин та рослин, наприклад:

Everyone – man, woman, and child– is affected by air pollution.

Student and teacher alike signed the petition.

Mr. Parker hunts elephant.

He catches bluefish.

The Allens planted wheat in their farm this year.

 

Таблиця 1

Latin and Greek words

 

	Singular	Plural (scientific)	Plural (general use)
-a   -ex -is   -um     -us	antenna formula index analysis axis, thesis basis, crisis, parenthesis datum erratum (error) medium, stratum radius nucleus, terminus, fungus	antennae formulae indices analyses axes, theses bases, crises, parentheses data errata media, strata radii nuclei, termini, fungi	antennas formulas indexes   errors   (radiuses)   (funguses)

 

Деякі іменники вживаються тільки у формі множини:

archives, arms (weapons), clothes, congratulations, earnings, looks (appearance), misgivings, odds, regards, shortcomings, thanks.

Окремі множинні іменники (trousers, scissors, glasses, pants, shorts і т.д.) часто вживаються у сполученні зі словом pair – пара, наприклад:

A pair of trousers lay across the back of a chair and his pyjamas were stuffed untidily beneath the pillow.

Слід пам’ятати, що слова checkers (draughts), chess, economics, mathematics, means, news, series – однинні іменники, хоча всі вони мають закінчення -s характерне для множинних іменників.

Низка іменників англійської мові вживається лише в однині, хоча в українській мові відповідні слова можуть мати і форму множини, наприклад, advice – порада, поради, news – новина, новини, або мають лише форму множини, наприклад, knowledge – знання, furniture – меблі, money – гроші.

Деякі іменники вживаються лише у множині: goods (речі), trousers (штани), scissors ['sizez] (ножиці), clothes [klouðz] (одяг) тощо.

Прізвища у формі множини вживаються з означеним артиклем й позначають сім'ю, усіх її членів: the Browns (сім'я Браунів, Брауни), the Kovalenkos (сім'я Коваленків, Коваленки).

Деякі іменники мають однакову форму в множині й однині, наприклад, a deer, a sheep, a means – олень, вівця, засіб; deer, sheep, means – олені, вівці, засоби.

Exercise 1. Give feminine equivalents of the following nouns:

An actor, a man, a husband, a brother, a son, a grandfather, a policeman, a fireman.

Exercise 2. Give masculine equivalents of the following nouns:

A widow, a lady, a girl, English woman, a queen, a cow, a princess, a mother, a hen.

Exercise 3. Give plurals to the following sentences:

1) This man is an engineer.

2) What is that child’s name?

3) There is a match in the box.

4) Has this lady a knife?

5) Does your tooth still ache?

6) This metal is very hard.

7) This gladder is new.

8) I am a pilot of a monoplane aircraft.

Комунікативна практика

Meeting people

Exercise 1. Listen to the conversation. Use it as a model for creating your own dialogues.

A: How are you?

B: I’m fine, thanks.

A: What’s your name?

B: My name is Gregory Orr.

A: Where are you from?

B: I’m from the USA.

A: Nice to meet you.

B: Pleased to meet you.

 

Exercise 2. Write 10 personal questions to ask people in the class, use words from the box. Interview your partners.

any, brothers, can, do, English, father, how, how often, National Aviation University, like, live, love, look, married, single, mother, music, nationality, old, piano, read, self-confident, shy, sisters, spare time, sport, tall, when, where, why, name, family, full name.

Вправи для самостійної роботи

Exercise 1. Translate the following text.

Greek myth about Daedalus and Icarus

Greek mythology tells us that Daedalus and Icarus, father and son were held as prisoners by King Minos on the island of Crete. Daedalus studied birds' flight and made for himself and his son pairs of wings. He used framework of wood covered with cloth, and with melted wax he attached feathers. Before the escape, Daedalus warned his son that if he flew too close to the sea, the spray would wet his feathers and make flying difficult; and Icarus was warned that if he climbed too high, the heat from the sun would melt the wax that held his feathers and flying would be impossible.

In their escape Icarus flew too close to the sea, got his feathers wet, and barely remained airborne. He then flew too high; the sun melted the wax, he lost his feathers, and fell to his death in the sea. This may have been the first forewarning of a need for procedural control over a process as well as a prophecy of a procedural noncompliance.

Exercise 2. Are these statements true or false?

1) Greek mythology tells us about Deadalus and Icarus, two brothers.

2) They were prisoners on the island of Grete.

3) Icarus studied bird's flight and made for himself and his father pairs of wings.

4) Deadalus used framer of wood covered with cloth for the wings.

5) Deadulus warned his son about troubles in which he could get if he flew too close to the sea, or climbed too high.

6) Icarus did everything to avoid troubles about which he had been warned by his father.

7) Icarus fell to his death in the sea.

Exercise 3.Think over the possible dialogue between Deadalus and Icarus.

Lesson 2

ВИВЧЕННЯ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ ЗА ТЕМОЮ МОДУЛЯ

Exercise 1. Listen as you read the text. Find out the meaning of the words you don’t understand.

Heavier than Air Aircraft

In 1866 the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain was formed. This represented the first organized activity dedicated to the research of aviation. During its first meeting, F.H. Wenham, a marine engineer, submitted the results of his research in aerodynamics. His findings substantiated Cayley's theories and the cambered surface wing. Wenham is also credited with building the first wind tunnel.

Alphonse Penaud, a young French person, without reading the papers of Sir Cayley, also had discovered the effects of dihedral and a tail. He also learned that he received additional stability with a negative angle of attack of the tail plane. Penaud had designed an aircraft of considerable advancement, including such features as a single control to move both rudder and elevators, retractable landing gear, a glass canopy, and an engine enclosed within the fuselage. However, because of the lack of an available engine and an unfavorable reception at an 1871 Pries display, he gave up and committed suicide,

Clement Ader, another French person, made claims in 1890 to have flown 165 feet in a steam-powered aircraft. However, the event was not properly witnessed and could not be repeated. He was later considered a fraud.

In 1894 Hiram Maxim, an English inventor, proved the theory of thrust. With a test bed that had a 4000-square-foot lifting area Maxim powered his two eighteen-foot-diameter propellers with two 180-horse-power steam engines. In July Maxim powered his throttles a little too far, and his machine tore through the guard rails, lifting into the air. Maxim quickly reduced the throttles and dropped to the ground. This was a wise act because the machine had no directional controls. With his machine severely damaged. Maxim announced, "I've done it! I've proved that there is lift and thrust for flight. The rest is easy." However, he never pursued controlled flight.

Samuel Pierpont Langley was close to being the first person to design and build a heavier-than-air aircraft that was capable of carrying a person in flight. He was a noted astronomer who became a secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Langley, like the others who pioneered flight, was fascinated with the concepts of flight. He experimented with models that he had created with very good results. However, as many before him, he was plagued by the lack of a capable engine. With help from his assistant, Charles Manly, he attempted to produce the engine they needed. In October of 1903, a 125-pound, 53-horsepower engine was installed into Langley's machine, aerodrome. On the 7^th of October and again on the 8^th of October Manly attempted to fly the aerodrome, catapulted from a converted house bout in the Potomac River. Both times Manly failed but returned from the water unhurt. Two weeks later two young bicycle shop owners succeeded where many great inventors and scientists had failed.

On the 17^th of December, 1903 the brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright, Americans, flew the first propeller-driven heavier-than-air aircraft. The first flight had a distance of 120 feet, at an altitude of 10 feet, airspeed of 30 mph, and a duration of only 12 seconds. This accomplishment proved the theories of flight and led the way for the expedient improvement of designs.

Within the next 10 years aviation reached such great leaps in technology that an emerging industry was created; so was the first legislation.

Exercise 2. Put the events into the chronological order.

1) _ Theory of cambered surface wings was the revolution in fixed wing aircraft design.

2) _ Development of the dirigible was the development of controlled flight understanding.

3) _ The first documented event of crewed flight on balloon was in Versailles, France.

4) _ Successful attempts in the design of propeller-driven airplane.

5) _ Heavier than air aircraft capable of caring a person in flight.

6) _The first organized activity dedicated to the research of aviation.

7) _ The flight on the 17 December 1903 by the Wrights and its consequence.

8) _ Hiram Maxim proved that there was lift and thrust for flight.

9) _ Considerable advancement of fixed wing aircraft.

Exercise 3. Match English terms with Ukrainian equivalents. Then practice the vocabulary. Cover first the right column and translate the terms into Ukrainian, then cover the left column and give English equivalents. Work in pairs, in turn ask each other.

a. fixed, wing aircraft 1) триколісне шасі

b. rudder 2) реактивна тяга

с. elevator 3) дросель

d. lift 4) підйомна сила

e. low-pressure area 5) літак з нерухомими крилами

f. glider 6) зона низького тиску

g. aerodynamics 7) швидкість літака (у повітрі)

h. monoplane aircraft 8) паровий двигун

i. wingspan 9) моноплан

j. tricycle landing gear 10) відстань

k. retractable landing gear 11) шасі, що забирається

1. steam engine 12) розмах крила

m. fuselage 13) планер

n. thrust 14) кермо висоти

о. throttle 15) аеродинаміка

р. altitude 16) фюзеляж

q. distance 17) висота польоту

г. airspeed 18) кермо напрямку

Граматичні відомості