Доберіть відповідну форму дієслова.

 

1. She will walk home if it ….. cold.

a) wasn’t; b) won` t be; c) isn’t; d) would be.

2. If I had more time, I …... more books.

a) should read; b) shall read; c) read; d) had read.

3. If men …… no weapons, would wars be possible?

a) have; b) had; c) had had; d) would have.

4. You won `t understand the rule if you ….. to the teacher.

a) didn’t listen; b) wouldn’t listen; c) don `t listen; d) won `t listen.

5. If he ….. the poem, he wouldn’t have got a bad mark.

a) will learn; b) learnt; c) would learn; d) had learnt.

6. If she ….. older she would understand you better.

a) was; b) were; c) is; d) had been.

7. If I could help you I readily …… so, but you know I can `t.

a) did; b) had done; c) shall do; d) should do.

8. If I had known of your arrival I ….. you.

a) should have met; b) would meet; c) will meet; d) met.

9. If she ….. me, I should have been in a very difficult situation.

a) helps; b) helped; c) hadn’t helped; d) would help.

10. I should be delighted if I ….. such a beautiful fur coat.

a) have; b) had; c) had had; d) shall have.

11. If you gave me your dictionary for a couple of days, I ….. this text.

a) shall translate; b) translated; c) would have translated;

d) should trans late.

12. If you ….. the 10.30 train, there is another at 10.35.

a) miss; b) will miss; c) should miss; d) had missed.

13. If it …… very cold tonight, our car won `t start in the morning.

a) will be; b) wouldn’t be; c) were; d) is.

14. I` m sure you could have done it without my help, if you …... It wasn’t difficult at all.

a) try; b) tried; c) had tried; d) would have tried.

 

ТЕКСТИ ДЛЯ ЧИТАННЯ

Marie Curie

 

Marie Curie was born in Warsaw on 7 th of November 1867. Her father was a teacher of science¹ and mathematics in a school in the town, and from him little Marya Sklodovska –– which was her Polish name –– learned her first lessons in science. Marie's wish was to study at the Sorbonne in Paris and after many years of waiting she finally left her native land in 1891.

Once in Paris Marie began a course of hard study and simple living. She decided to work for two Master's degrees² –– one in Physics, the other in Mathematics. Thus she had to work twice as hard as the ordinary student. Yet she had not enough money to live on. She lived in a bare attic in the poorest quarter of Paris. Night after night, after her hard day's work at the University, she would climb to her poorly furnished room and work at her books for hours. Her meals were poor, sometimes no more than a bag of cherries, which she ate as she studied. Though she was often weak and ill under this hard mode of life³, she worked in this way for four years. She chose her course and nothing could turn her from it.

Among the many scientists Marie met and worked with in Paris was Pierre Curie. Pierre Curie, born in 1859 in Paris, was the son of a doctor, and from childhood he liked science. At sixteen he was a Bachelor of Science ⁴ and he took his Master's degree in Physics when he was eighteen. When he met Marie Sklodovska he was thirty-five years old and was famous throughout Europe for his discoveries in magnetism. But in spite of the honour he brought to France by his discoveries, the French Government could only spare him a very meagre salary⁵ as a reward, and the University of Paris refused him a laboratory of his own for his researches.

Pierre Curie and Marie Sklodovska, both of whom loved science more than anything else, very soon became the closest friends. They worked together constantly and discussed many problems of their researches. After little more than a year they fell in love with each other, and in 1895 Marie Sklodovska became Mme Curie. Their marriage was not only to be a very happy one but also one of the greatest scientific partnerships.

Notes

 

^1 a teacher of science (фізики, хімії,біології)	– викладач природничих наук;
^2 мaster's degree	– вчена ступінь магістра;
^3 under this hard.mode of life	– при такому тяжкому способі життя;
^4 a Bachelor of Science	– бакалавр природничих наук (звання, яке надають після закінчення університету);
^5 spare him a very meagre salary	– платило йому мізерну зарплатню.

 

New York

 

New York is not a very old city. It was founded some three hundred years ago. New York, the largest city in the U. S., is situated in the mouth of the Hudson River. The centre of New York is Manhattan Island, which at the same time is the oldest part of the city.

New York, one of the leading U. S. manufacturing cities¹, is the home of great firms and banks. The most important branches of industry are those producing vehicles, paper and paper products, glass, chemicals and all kinds of machinery. The city has very busy traffic, its streets and highways are full of cars and buses.

The mouth of the Hudson River makes an excellent harbour with different kinds of ships not only for passengers but also for much of the materials by which the city lives. Numerous bridges link Manhattan Island with the opposite shores. The sea encircles many of the city's areas, and ships go over or under New York traffic².

Many of sky-scrapers of fifty and more storeys reaching high into the sky house the banks and offices of America's money kings, the richest men in the country. Yet most of the population are working people who carry on a bitter struggle for existence and live in constant fear of misery and unemployment.

Comparatively few of New York's inhabitants live in Manhattan, although the majority spend a considerable part of the day in this centre of business life. Here Broadway begins, here is Wall Street and the Stock Exchange³ filled from ten to three with a crowd of businessmen. This is the financial district, the heart and source of America's imperialist, expansionist policy.

Among the inhabitants of New York one can meet people of almost all nationalities who came here during the immigration in the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century.

Another feature of New York population is the vast number of Negroes living in Harlem, which is the most densely populated section of the city. The houses in Harlem are in worse conditions than anywhere else, yet rents are higher than in any other part of the city. In fact, Negroes are deprived of any rights that are enjoyed ⁴ by the white.

Notes

 

^1 manufacturing city	– промислове місто;
^2 ships go over or under New York traffic	– кораблі проходять над або під транспортними магістралями Нью-Йорка;
^3 the Stock Exchange	– біржа;
^4 to enjoy rights	– користуватися правами.

 

 

Mikhail Lomonosov

 

Mikhail Lomonosov was born in 1711 in the family of a fisherman in the northern coastal village of Denisovka not far from Archangelsk. When he was ten years of age his father began to take him sea fishing. The dangerous life of a fisherman taught the precocious youngster to observe the phenomena of nature more closely. During the long winter nights young Lomonosov studied his letters, grammar and arithmetic diligently.

Since he was the son of a peasant he was refused admission to the town school, so he walked to Moscow. By concealing his peasant origin he gained admission to the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy and for five years lived a hand-to mouth existence on three kopecks a day. The noblemen's sons stu­dying with him made fun of the twenty-year old giant who, despite their jeers and his own poverty, made rapid progress.

After five years came the chance of entering the Academy of Sciences, as there were not enough noble-born students to fill the quota. His ability and diligence attracted the attention of the professors and as one of three best students he was sent abroad. He spent all the time there in delving into the works of leading European scientists, studying chemistry, metallurgy, mining and mathematics. On his return to Russia in 1745 he was made a professor and the first Russian scientist to become a member of the Academy of Sciences.

For versatility Lomonosov has no equal in Russian science. Many of his ideas and discoveries only won recognition in the nineteenth century. He was the first to discover the vegetable origin of coal, for instance, and as a poet and scientist he played a great role in the formation of the Russian literary language. He died in 1765. His living memorial is the Moscow University, which he founded in 1755.

 

 

Great Britain

Great Britain is formed of the following parts: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland and is situated on the British Isles which lie to the west of the continent of Europe. Great Britain is separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. It is washed on the western coast by the Atlantic Ocean and by the Irish Sea, the latter separating England from Ireland.

Great Britain being an island, its climate is rather mild.

There are many rivers in Britain: the Thames, the Mersey, the Aire and others but none of them is very long. Many of the rivers are joined by canals, so that it is quite possible to travel by water from one end of England to the other.

Great Britain is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, the average density being over 2000 people per square kilometre, 80 per cent of the population live in towns. The population of Great Britain is about 56 million.

England is one of the most powerful capitalist countries in Europe. There are many big industrial cities here, such as Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Cardiff, Sheffield and many others. London, its capital, which is situated on the river Thames, is one of the biggest commercial centres of the world.

One of the leading industries of Great Britain is the textile industry. Coal, iron and steel as well as various machines are also produced there. Shipbuilding and motor industry are highly developed too.

Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the queen (or king) but it is the Prime Minister and his cabinet who run the state. The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the Party that has the majority in the House of Commons.

 

 

My First Day in London

I shall never forget, as long as I live, the day when I first set foot in London. I came from a quiet little town in Switzerland and I had never before lived in a big city, so London was a new world to me and I was dying to find out more about it¹ for myself.

The general opinion abroad is that London has fog or rain, or both every day of the year, but on the day that I arrived it was fine and warm, the sun was shining brightly and the sky was cloudless. The next day was just as beautiful; a slight wind was blowing and you could smell the spring in the air. I went for a walk in Kensington Gardens. I found the way there quite easily. When I got my first sight of the gardens² the beauty of it took my breath away³. The trees were just bursting into leaf, fresh and green⁴, and there were beds of spring flowers, red and yellow and blue. People in light spring clothes were walking about, and to my surprise, they were walking not only along the paths but also across the grass. I passed a pool in which ducks were swimming: children were playing in playgrounds.

It was time for me to go home, but which way was it? I hurriedly turned down one path that I thought would take me back⁵ — and found myself in Hyde Park. I ran to the left and to the right, asked several men for the way to the street where I had stayed, but I found to my horror that I could not understand a single word they said in reply. I wandered on till I came to a big open place where men were standing on a chair, or on a platform, or on the ground. They were speaking or preaching, and people of all kinds were listening or asking questions or making remarks and sometimes laughing at the speaker. Other groups were singing loud. This was the famous Hyde Park meeting. Meanwhile, the sun went behind the cloud, I was terribly tired. At last I got to the park gate and came out into the street, but this was worse than ever⁶. Motorcars, bicycles, buses were running, people were climbing in buses or hurrying along. In despair I crossed the street on to an island⁷ where I found a policeman who explained the way to me.

Notes

 

^1 I was dying to find out more about it	– я помирав від бажання дізнатися про нього ще більше;
^2 When I got my first sight of the gardens	– коли я вперше побачив цей парк;
^3 took my breath away	– у мене перехопило дихання;
^4 bursting into leaf, fresh and green	– розпускалися бруньки та з’являлися молоді зелені листочки;
^5 would take me back	– поверне мене;
^6 this was worse than ever	– тут було ще жахливіше;
^7 an island	– безпечне місце, «острів», посередині вулиці, площі.

 

Benjamin Franklin

 

Benjamin Franklin, American statesman¹, printer, scientist², inventor, and writer, was born³ about three hundred years ago in Boston, Massachusetts. At the time of his birth, 1706, Massachusetts was still a colony and the United States had not yet become an independent nation. At that time candles were used for lights in houses and Franklin's father was a candlemaker. Benjamin was the tenth of seventeen children. When he. was only ten years old he had to leave school⁴ to help his father.

Benjamin was not happy working in his father's candle shop, and so when he was thirteen his father sent him to Ben's elder brother where he became a printer. In these years he learned to write so well that he often wrote something for his brother's newspaper.

Franklin liked the work in the printing shop, but he did not get along very well with his brother⁵. At the age of seventeen⁶ he set out to make his own way in the world⁷. He went to New York, but not finding any work there, went to Philadelphia. He arrived there dirty and hungry.

Franklin began working in a printing shop in Philadelphia, but by 1729 he became the owner of a popular newspaper.

Franklin was greatly interested in electricity and is famous for flying a kite during a thunderstorm: thus he proved the connection of lightning with electricity. This was one of the many investigations, which won Franklin recognition⁸ as a scientist.

In Philadelphia Franklin founded⁹ the first public library in America. Franklin served his country¹⁰ as a statesman and as a diplomat. Benjamin Franklin died in 1790 when he was eighty-four years old.

Notes

^1statesman	– державний діяч;
^2scientist	– вчений;
^3was born	– народився;
^4to leave school	– закінчив школу;
^5to get along well with somebody	– бути в гарних стосунках, ладити з ким-небудь;
^6at the age of 17	– у віці 17 років;
^7to make one's own way in the world	– зробити кар’єру, завоювати повагу у суспільстві, отримати визнання;
^8investigations which won recognition	– дослідження, які принесли визнання, славу;
^9to found	– заснувати;
^10to serve one's country	– служити своїй країні.

D. I. Mendeleyev

D. I. Mendeleyev, the great Russian scientist, was born in Tobolsk in 1834. After finishing school at the age of 16 he went to St. Petersburg and entered the Pedagogical Institute. He graduated from the Institute in 1855. In 1866 Mendeleyev was appointed professor at the University where he gave a course of lectures on chemistry. His lectures were always listened to with great interest and attention. Even in a class of two hundred students everyone was able to follow his discussions from the beginning to the end.

Interesting experiments were made in his classes. Both he and his student-assistants worked long hours in preparing the demonstrations so that all would go well.¹

At the University Mendeleyev taught classes in the morning. In the afternoon he made experiments in his two-room laboratory. At night Mendeleyev spent much of his time working with the cards on which he put down information about each of the chemical elements.

Mendeleyev made thousands of experiments with his own hands. He made thousands of calculations, wrote a lot of letters, studied many reports. Everything in the world that was known about the chemical elements Mendeleyev knew. For months, for years he searched for missing data ² All those data were being brought together and grouped in a special way. In 1869 the description of more than 60 elements was completed, and Mendeleyev published his Periodic Table.

The Periodic Table is spoken of as the beginning of a new era in chemical thought.

In addition to this work Mendeleyev paid much attention to many subjects of an applied chemical nature He was the first to put forward the idea of studying the upper layers of the atmosphere.

Mendeleyev was elected member of many academies abroad. He died in February 1907 at the age of 75.

Notes