Prepare/ prepare for b. a degree in law

Become с time

Gain d. a problem

Give e. examinations

Argue f. a job

Pose g. on one's behalf

Speak h. a profession

Get/ obtain i. guilt/ innocence

 

Prove j. a case

Take/ pass k. experience

Do 1. arguments, documents/ the final exam

Spend m. a lawyer

Упражнение 2. Назовите 5 словосочетаний со словами law и legal.

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски.

1.... is a general term for a member of the legal profession, e.g. a judge, barrister, solicitor, law teacher, etc. 2. The common pur­pose of a barrister and a solicitor is to provide professional service and advice on legal... 3. Barrister is a lawyer who can speak and... a case in one of the higher courts. 4. Attorneys are persons who are legally allowed to act on... of someone else. 5. Solicitors may now have a right of... in certain courts. 6. At present a solicitor may choose any... to advise his client or to appear for the client in court. 7.... is a clerk who has passed the examination to become a solicitor but has to work in a solicitor's office for some years to learn the law. 8.... means protected by privilege, e.g. a letter from a client to his lawyer. 9. Jurors are members of a... 10. Jurist is an ex­pert in... 11. Jurisprudence is science and philosophy of human...

Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски следующими словами: legal, legally, legalize, legalization.

1. To... is to make something legal. 2. To sue means to take... action against someone in a civil court. 3. The directors of large commercial enterprises are... responsible. 4. The... of labour rela­tions is reflected in the law of employment.

Упражнение 5. Заполните пропуски синонимами или словами, близкими по значению.

higher in authority

remove

limit

need / require

hand / give to smb. else

show / direct attention to

some

discuss / debate

rule / order

not general

control systematically

think

Упражнение б. Заполните пропуски антонимами.

sufficient... guilt

incompetent... strength

weak... competence...

lower court... junior

qualify... different

final exam... very small

Упражнение 7. Заполните таблицу на словообразование.

 

Verb	Noun	Adjective
exclude	...
	practice	...
		arguable
	restriction	...
	...	advisory
	preparation	♦ • ♦
specify	. *.	• •.
...	qualification	• • •
weaken	...	♦ • •

Упражнение 8. А. Назовите 20-25 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Professional titles in legal systems».

В. Speak about:

How to become a lawyer in different countries. SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS

To be read after Text 2

Computer crime

Computers can be used to commit all kinds of crimes. It is sug­gested that one could commit murder by computer if one hacked

into an air-traffic controller's computer system and caused aero­planes to crash, with the intent¹ to kill the passengers. Not surpris­ingly crimes that specifically relate to computers are relatively recent creations of statute.

Some specific computer crimes are set out in the Computer Misuse Act 1990. It is designed to protect information kept on computers. There are three particular reasons why such informa­tion needs protection by the criminal law. Firstly it is said to be very hard to safeguard information stored on a computer, particu­larly as often the information is intended to be accessed by a num­ber of authorized people. By contrast information on paper can be kept in a safe or other secure² place. Secondly the ease of destroy­ing or corrupting data on a computer means it deserves³ special protection, particularly as it is not always possible for the owner of the computer to realize that the data have been looked at. Thirdly the highly confidential⁴ nature of the kind of information kept on computers (often concerning many members of the public) is such that it needs particular protection.

The act prohibits⁵ «hacking», i.e., gaining⁶ unauthorized access to computer material. The offence is committed if a defendant is en­tering the computer just to see what he can find. The Act also con­tains a more serious offence of doing this with the intent to commit another offence. The most common example is likely to be a decep­tion (обман) offence or theft. A defendant who obtained data which he intended to use in the future to commit an offence of obtaining property by deception will still be guilty of the more serious offence.

There is also an offence of modifying computer material in an unauthorized way. This section is clearly aimed at people who alter⁷ computer data with intent to corrupt a program. The intent does not need to be directed towards any particular computer or data. Modification is defined as including removal of any program or data on a computer and includes adding to the contents or erasing⁸ them.

It also includes temporary⁹ modification. It would appear to cover sending someone a disc with a virus on it that was intended to damage the working of the computer.

It is possible to be guilty of criminal damage of computers if there has been a physical change to some components of the com­puter.

Notes to the Text

Legal) purpose, intention

Safe

Have a right to

To be kept) secret